Evaluation of system thinking tools & techniques

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Introduction

'At a broad level, systems thinking encompasses many methods, tools and principles that are oriented to looking at the interrelatedness of forces, and seeing them as part of a common process. This includes brainstorming and discovery techniques, scenario planning and graphs or diagrams representing the system relationships, as well as simply an awareness of unintended consequences.

The value of Systems thinking lies in its ability to assist organizations identify and effectively alter the systems they operate within, as a means of resolving the many challenges that may arise.

Through exploration of the concepts of the Learning Organization, this report aims to evaluate three System Thinking tools; Root Cause Analysis, Causal Loop Diagrams and Scenario Planning.Root Cause Analysis

Many organisations find themselves with unwanted, recurring situations. This is generally referred to as Root Cause Analysis, finding the real cause of the problem and dealing with it rather than simply continuing to deal with the symptoms.

In normal operational environments, it is often difficult to find candidates for root cause analysis as the situations which repeat are either distributed over time so one doesnt realize they are actually recurring, or the situation happens to different people so there isnt an awareness of the recurring nature of the situation. However, 'those situations which are recurring with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify are generally the most suitable candidates for root cause analysis.

An organisations first challenge in the use of any systems tool is that they must establish if the situation warrants the chosen application. RCA is best used on those situations which occur with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify.

On completion of identifying the situation, the overall aim is to find the root cause of the issue and remove it prior to the cycle commencing again. However, it must be determined whether the removal of the root cause warrants the resources required to resolve the problem, rather than continuing to treat the actual symptoms of the problem.

The goal of root cause analysis is to investigate and determine the following;

• What is happening?

• Why is it happening?

• What is being done to prevent it from happening again?

Dealing with a recurring problem is not seen as an acceptable solution. Firstly, it is a requirement that the root cause be identified by the project team. Secondly, a plan is put in place to ensure the surrounding issues do not surface again in the near future.

Causal Loop Diagrams

Causal loop diagrams (CLD) are a way of attempting to understand inter-relationships which occur within all systems and processes. They trace cause and effect through a system and, in particular, attempt to model feedback.

There are two specific types of loops that are generally used to display system variables at work, the reinforcing loop and the balancing loop. The reinforcing loop depicts either growth or decline that is occurring within a system at an ever-increasing rate. A reinforcing loop is applied to a situation in which an action produces a result which in turn promotes more of the same action.

Represented in the diagram below is an assumption, the larger the Population the greater number of Births as there are more people of child bearing age. From our assumption, that any increase in Population will cause an increase in Births, and then a further increase in Population. These increases can be shown on the CLD by a + sign, as below. The positive sign indicates that a change in the causal variable will cause a change in the variable it is affecting in the same direction. That is, an increase in Population will cause an increase in Births.

This is the simplest CLD and represents a Positive Feedback Loop. A change in any variable will cause the system to continually move in one direction either continually increasing (a virtuous cycle) or continuously declining (a vicious circle).

The above example demonstrates a reinforcing loop, in which two factors are identified as an explanation into increased population. The 'elements' in this example are 'Population' and 'Births' and the circle structure represents the forces of influence and the '+ 'indicates that the influence adds to the element, had one element had a subtracting influence a '-'would have been displayed. The above diagram is by no means complete. As Population increases, deaths must also increase. And as Deaths increase, the Population will effectively decrease.

The decrease in Population due to an increase in Deaths is shown in the CLD with a - sign. This sign indicates that a change in the causal variable (Deaths) creates a change in variable it is affecting (Population) in the opposite direction. This second loop is known as a Balancing Loop. Balancing loops can be applied to any situation where an action is used in an attempt to bring the other elements within a system into agreement.

The use of causal loop diagrams should be approached carefully as it will only be with a thorough understanding of the process and the ability to identify leverage points within the system that an organization will be in a position to determine the most appropriate ways of influencing change.

Scenario Planning

Scenarios are stories that pose alternative futures for the organization, based on assumptions about current trends and events. Usually a best-case scenario, worst case scenario, and a scenario somewhere in between are developed to map out the ranges of possible futures the organization might face, the threats and opportunities each future might pose, and what the critical success factors might be in addressing those futures.

One of the benefits surrounding the construction of scenarios is to promote learning by the planning team; sensitize team members to plausible, though perhaps unlikely, futures; and develop strategies better able to handle most eventualities. However, the main purpose of scenario planning is to directly face inevitable uncertainties for long-range future and strategic outlooks. E.g. Global Financial Markets

Acknowledging uncertainty in this respect means thinking in terms of different but equally plausible interpretations of what is happening and the effects it will induce in the long run. In scenario-based planning these subjective interpretations and expectations are reflected as a number of alternative paths for future developments. This approach to planning serves as an aid to develop strategies that promise success under most divergent environmental conditions.

In order for the project to be successful, it was imperative for each team member give adequate contribution on the past history and success of this type of technology in their region. However, it was the project manager's responsibility to ensure that each of the Director's focus on looking towards the many possible futures that lay ahead of the organisation and the possible challenges these futures may bring.

By the end of the discussion, the working group had a number of scenarios to consider, along with the affects that they may have on the organisation. It then comes down to a vote (at board level) on which of the possible scenarios should be researched further and inevitably be invested in. Exploring these scenarios gave the organisation a better understanding of our current goals and strategies in which to forecast our long term strategic position in the market place.

Conclusion

It is common practice for companies to rethink their business strategies. With systems thinking can come new mental models and a shared vision to take organizations into the next century. Through providing its people with the basic concepts and tools, an organization is in effect encouraging them to take responsibility of the environments within which they work.

Each has to do with how we think, what we truly want, and how we interact and learn with one another."

However, some of today's most successful organizations are embracing these ideas to meet the demands of a global economy where the value of the individual is increasingly recognized as our most important resource.

Bibliography

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.systems-thinking.org/rca/rootca.htm

'System Behaviour and Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/ch-1.pdf

James R, 'Validation of Casual Loop Diagrams', www.pmcorp.com

'Scenario Planning', www.planning.mala.bc.ca

Jepsen, M. Turner, T. Marshall, J. Dibley, C. Paterson, H. Calway, B. Brown-Parker, J. Buchanan, N. 'LEB50 The eBusiness Environment', Swinburne University of Technology

'Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.cc.jyu.fi/~aphalo/YMP460/pdf/foilsYMP460_C.pdf

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.materialsengineer.com/A-root-cause-analysis.htm

McNamara, C, 'Systems Thinking', http//www.mapnp.org/library/systems/systems.htm

Senge, P. 14, 'The Fith Discipline Field book', London, U.K.

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The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear

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Desire is a quality inherent to every human being. Each person possesses within themselves certain cravings, whether they be good or bad, saintly or malicious, frivolous or practical. In fact, the play King Lear clearly states that the desire for something greater than basic needs is what separates man from beast. While most people attempt to protect themselves from being overcome with their own greed and desire, some simply give into this deadly vice. They allow their lives to become focused solely upon the quest for money, status, influence, love, or whatever satiates their longing. For many of the characters in King Lear, the desire for power became their most destructive vice and eventually led to ruin, betrayal and death.

In the opening scene of the play, Goneril and Regan, the two eldest daughters of the aging King Lear, are seen contending for their father's inheritance. At Lear's request, they engage in a sort-of contest where they each express why they love him the most. In both of their flamboyantly flattering speeches, they profess undying love to their father who sits by and watches this sickening spectacle. The two sisters, clearly vying for a more lavish part of the inheritance, engage in shameless flattery in an obvious struggle for power (in the form of land). By stating, "I love you more than the world can wield," and "I find myself felicitate in your dear Highness' love," the girls clearly show their brazenness toward their aging father. The comments of Cordelia do much to solidify their falsity as she states, "…I am sure my love is more ponderous than my tongue." When she refuses to take the same path of extravagant compliments as her sisters, it shows that, because Lear favors her the most, her intentions were the most genuine. Thus the play shows that virtue is placed on the one who does not covet greater power.

The desire for power further manifests itself in the sisters even after they gain their respective inheritances. The two, nearly overwhelmed with power and responsibility, still feel the need to manipulate the people around them, namely those who remain loyal to their father. They are under the impression that the Earl of Kent, Lear's most loyal supporter, has been exiled and thus turn their wrath toward the Earl of Gloucester. They know that he maintained allegiance to their father, and took advantage of his weakened state which resulted from his manipulation at the hands of his son. In the most gruesome scene of the play, Regan and her equally power-hungry husband, the Duke of Cornwall, engage in gouging out Gloucester's eyes for aiding her father on his way to Dover. This brutal act epitomizes Regan's struggle for power as she ignores any sense of decency while torturing an old man for looking out for her father. She even goes so far as to reveal Edmund's treachery against him, information she knew would destroy the aged Earl. She does not exercise the slightest amount of mercy in revealing his son as she states that "thou call'st on him that hates thee." By this time, it is obvious that the girls, especially Regan, are completely consumed with the desire for power.

Within that gruesome scene, however, appears a character who exemplifies the antithesis of this struggle for power. The only person in the room during Regan and Cornwall's torture of Gloucester who spoke up against their brutality was the servant of Cornwall. Without doubt, this virtuous man possessed no desire for power or self-advancement, and instead acted based upon his own morals and values. In his plea to Cornwall, he stated that, "I have served you ever since I was a child; But better service I have never done you Than now to bid you hold." Then, when Cornwall refuses to yield, the two fight and Regan, in a fit of rage, stabs the servant. This demonstrates well the infectious and destructive nature of the desire for power as it seemingly triumphs over virtue and humility.

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Another character who embodies the want for authority is the bastard son of Gloucester, Edmund. From the very beginning, Edmund is introduced as different from his brother, Edgar. In the opening scene, Gloucester goes out of his way to label Edmund as a bastard, although he does have feelings of affection for the young man. Perhaps it is this separation that triggers Edmund's feelings of hatred toward his father and his half brother, Edgar, who is Gloucester's legitimate son and heir to his fortune. In his first soliloquy, Edmund reveals his disgust in Gloucester's love for Edgar and his intention to bring him down and win the love of their father.

"Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land [16]

Our fathers love is to the bastard Edmund

As to the legitimate fine word,--legitimate!

Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed,

And my invention thrive, Edmund the base [0]

Shall top the legitimate. I grow; I prosper

Now, gods, stand up for bastards!"

Paralleling the filial infidelity of Regan and Goneril, he too takes advantage of his trusting father and also seeks to destroy his brother. The two plots are very similar, both incorporating the fall of one character and the rise of another. Unfortunately for the risen, they are all eventually brought down; By the end, Edgar himself states that, "The wheel is come full circle I am here." By this he means that he has risen, as if on a wheel, and inevitably descended back to his rightful place.

Finally, the two parallel plots come together at the end as the two sisters battle for the hand of Edmund in order to complete their scope of power. It becomes obvious that Goneril has already established a relationship with Edmund, despite her marriage to the Duke of Albany. And, after Cornwall is slain by his servant, Regan announces her intention to seek the hand of Edmund. The sisters are obviously drawn to Edmund's recent acquisition of Gloucester's inheritance and aim to expand their own holdings by marrying him. Goneril's betrayal of her living husband, though, appears far more scandalous than Regan's intentions of marrying Edmund. Once again, they both show their shamelessness in seeking whatever will further their personal gains. Unfortunately, this struggle would turn the two against each other, as their desires once again overcame familial loyalty. In the final scene, after Edmund has been revealed, and in an ironic turn of events, a gentleman enters and announces to the Duke of Albany that, "Your lady, sir, your lady [is dead] and her sister by her is poisoned; she confesses it." In the end, the common desire that the two shared destroyed them both, as well as destroying Edmund, the object of their yearning. And Albany, who is the voice of reason in this scene, says, "This judgement of the heavens, that makes us tremble, touches us not with pity," because he knows that they all faced the fate to which they had been prescribed. Their actions came full circle and they were destroyed by the vices that they so emphatically embraced.

At the conclusion of this play, the resulting carnage allows the reader to see just how deadly the vice of desire was for the characters. The bodies of Regan, Goneril, Cordelia, Gloucester, Lear and Edmund plainly show the result of striving for power. Lear himself eventually regretted the loss of power, but only because he finally realized what good he could have done with it. Cordelia, like the servant, represented virtue as her loyalty to Lear endured through her exile to France. Unfortunately for her, as well as Gloucester, their loyalty was not rewarded. Gloucester, though, did die happy when he realized that Poor Tom was his true, loving son, Edgar.

Even more than jealousy, ignorance, lust or pride, desire led to the downfall of these characters. Some were the innocent victims, while some were the purveyors of this deadly vice. In the end, though, it was so strong that it mastered all loyalty and love. It ripped apart families, caused murder, suicide and madness. However, the surviving characters learned a valuable lesson. They learned that power does not lead to happiness and that one's family should be the recipient of all loyalty. In one of Albany's final addresses, he states very simply that, "All friends shall taste/The wages of their virtue and all foes/The cup of their deservings." And he was correct the lives of the ones who gave into power were eventually shattered, as well as the lives of the ones they loved.

Please note that this sample paper on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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To Be one

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We all set of around 50 amd meet at kilcoy servostation. we arrived at land cruiser mountain park around 80 and in a short brake in the weather we all set up then it started raining again. it rained for most of saterday. after setting up we all went and watched steve and andrew do SS1 which they broke a cv and snaped a winch cable on the first corner. after fixing the cv we went over to the next two stages. which they blized and were the first to drive SS with some help from a spare tire. they then did SS in the dark and got one of the best scores. after dinner we went to SS4 which was the gorge run it was made quite difficult by the rain. steve and andrew managed to win that that stage. by some clever thinking. on the sunday they hade the vertical asult which caused some damage to some cars. steve managed to make it to the second round and then found a tree after some decent air.

after the vertical asult we all packed up and went to the presentations and then headed of home. We all set of around 50 amd meet at kilcoy servostation. we arrived at land cruiser mountain park around 80 and in a short brake in the weather we all set up then it started raining again. it rained for most of saterday. after setting up we all went and watched steve and andrew do SS1 which they broke a cv and snaped a winch cable on the first corner. after fixing the cv we went over to the next two stages. which they blized and were the first to drive SS with some help from a spare tire. they then did SS in the dark and got one of the best scores. after dinner we went to SS4 which was the gorge run it was made quite difficult by the rain. steve and andrew managed to win that that stage. by some clever thinking. on the sunday they hade the vertical asult which caused some damage to some cars. steve managed to make it to the second round and then found a tree after some decent air.

after the vertical asult we all packed up and went to the presentations and then headed of home.

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Pornography

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In this paper I am going to defend that some but not all pornography is immoral. The pornography that I am going to be dealing with is any that I feel dehumanizes woman as sexual objects.

The main definition that I will be going by is from Judge Frank Easterbrook (Satris, 17). Pornography depicts women "dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities; enjoying pain or humiliation or rape; being tied up, cut up, mutilated, bruised, or physically hurt; in postures of sexual submission or servility or display; reduced to body parts, penetrated by objects or animals, or presented in scenarios of degradation, injury, torture; shown as filthy or inferior; bleeding, bruised or hurt in a context which makes these conditions sexual." He also says that pornography is a kind of act that has certain effects depictions of subordination.

This also covers three acts the locutionary act proposition expressed, perlocutionary act what effects our communication and the illocutionary act action preformed in saying words. Pornography is said to shut down or disable these three acts by first, locutionary act it causes fear, intimidation - prevents people from speaking at all, perlocutionary act fails to achieve its intended act, last illocutionary act, you speak but it fails to perform what you said. These are three main reasons why pornography could hurt women.

In comparing this to what Hobbes says, "in our natural state one has their beliefs and values and another has theirs", you satisfy your desires and I will satisfy mine.

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If we used these beliefs there would not be any moral or immoral beliefs for anything and this state of mine would definitely be unacceptable in today's society. On the other hand Aristotle's belief in the ultimate good would probably work better than any of the others that deal with strictly finding pleasure at any cost. I believe Aristotle's idea would work well because he feels that excellence and success should be intertwined with ones ethics and morals. He says you cannot be successful unless you are ethical, so when people are going for their goals or the ultimate good they will at least use judgment in their life. All other Hedonistical ideas would not work in society today. You can try to avoid pain but it always seems to find you and you will never be able to live a completely Europhoric life. Therefore all the ideas I used besides Aristotle's would not work especially if you apply it to pornography, in which case it would become out of control and Hedonistic behavior at any and all costs would be acceptable.

Law has traditionally considered pornography to be a question of private virtue and public morality, not personal injury and collective abuse. The law on pornography has been the law of moral regulation, not the law of public safety, personal security, or civil equality. When pornography is debated, in and out of court, the issue has been whether government should be in the business of making sure only nice things are said and seen about sex, not whether government should remedy the exploitation of the powerless for the profit and enjoyment of the powerful. Whether or not pornography is harmful to the social fabric has therefore been considered; whether particular individuals or definable groups are hurt by it has not been.

Since, in this traditional view, pornography can only violate an idea of the society one wants to think one lives in, the question of pornography has not required looking into who can violate whom and get away with it. Once pornography is framed as a concept rather than a practice, more thought than act, more in the head than in society, its effects also necessarily appear both weak and unsupported. So both what pornography is and what it does, lie in the eye of the beholder, to be a question of ones point of view and moral clause. And since the accepted solution for differing moral views has been mutual tolerance, one mans harm has been anothers social value. This is shown in the form of greenbacks, since the gross profit in the porn industry in the United States has doubled in the last ten years. One can argue this is due to the invention of the Internet and without enough effective interfaces from the judicial system.

The legal conception of what pornography is has convincingly shaped the social conception of what pornography does. Instead of recognizing the personal injuries and systemic harms of those depicted in the pornography, the law has told society that it is a passive reflection or suggestive by-product of the real world. It therefore becomes, a word or picture replay of, something else, which is not real. So its harms have not been seen as real. They have, in fact, been protected under the disguise of the name commonly given to them called speech.

In conclusion I would like to validate why I believe that pornography degrades society as a whole. I am a firm believer of many of Aristotle's ideas and theories. I believe what he says about having to mix success and excellence with ones ethics and morals are extremely relative to anyone in today's society. With corruption at an all time high in some of the most well known business in America today, I find it hard to believe that CEOs and COOs of all major companies consider their own personal ethics and morals when deciding what is best for their company, and ultimately their bank accounts. And I also wonder this; what sort of morals do the porn kings live by? How do they question what is right and wrong in their profession when theyre ultimate goal is to reach a part of society that many consider to be the lowest of the chain?

Please note that this sample paper on pornography is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pornography, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on pornography will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Beyond the Broad-Brush

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The history of humans on Earth is mind-boggling. For more than ninety percent of human's brief history, humans have wandered in small bands, scraping out an existence in a world fraught with danger from animals, the weather, and disease. Only recently did humans decide to settle in villages and grow their food rather than hunt and gather it. And then humans learned to live in larger societies, eventually forming governments, class structures, economies, and empires, and some of these societies came to dominate others, and some got richer than others. When probing into it, one will discover deeper and deeper questions about why Europeans are now in America, why China didnt conquer Europe with its more advanced culture, and so on. Jared Diamond took on the task of having a reasonable discussion about the intriguing question of why Europeans spread all over the world during the past few centuries to a greater degree than ever before in human history? In Diamond's book Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies, he takes a wide-angle view of world history from very high up, in order to provide an overview of human societal development from about 11,000 BC to the present. Its an impressive book, but overall, Diamond's presentation is a little uneven, making this book difficult to rate.

Despite the fact that Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is broad and attempts to cover all major aspects of societal development (including technology, politics, language, and economics), but the book has its limitations. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a book that works very well within the specific range it covers, but it turns out that that range is somewhat limited. In other words, Diamond is guilty of false advertising. The books cover and introduction imply that he is going to tell people why Europeans came to dominate the world in the past few centuries. He does not do this, because his arguments do not apply on that time scale, nor do they apply to such a modern situation. This book is well worth reading, as long as a person is aware of where it fits in the historical landscape.

Diamond focuses on the geographical and environmental factors that affect human societies. These are indeed very important factors. Remember that humans used to live outdoors. Humans used to carry most of our belongings with them. Humans used to know very few humans outside our own group. Humans used to be at the mercy of where the herds wandered, what the weather was like that year, and what the climate was like that decade. Diseases and droughts regularly wiped out whole tribes. Rivers or mountain ranges could literally be uncrossable for years at a time if conditions were not right. For the majority of human history, humans have been profoundly shaped by the immediate surroundings in which they lived.

Diamond makes a great case for why some areas of the world learned things earlier than other areas. How could a society possibly learn to domesticate animals if no domesticable species lived in that part of the world? How could they learn agriculture if few or none of the native plant species were domesticable? Indeed, the distribution of animal and plant species suitable for human domestication was not very equitable in the ancient world. Some areas just had it luckier than others. The winners were in Eurasia, which had the largest number of qualified candidates for domestication. For animals, qualification has to do with reproductive cycles, and other factors that make them easy for humans to adapt and modify to their purposes. For plants, qualification is about having large grains, being cultivable from cuttings, and other factors that make farming better compared to gathering. In contrast to Eurasia, Africa and the Americas suffered from a lack of candidates.

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Geography also affects the spread of information, or it did for most of human history. By looking at archaeological findings, it is possible to trace who knew what when, at least roughly. One can see types of pottery getting passed from society to society, for instance, as well as farming techniques and tools. Thus, large regions tended to share information faster, thus accelerating their development.

Many of Diamond's arguments are believable. The Earth is the way it is, and humans have been amazingly adaptive to be able to live in many diverse regions, from desert to tundra. But that doesnt mean that all humans had an equal shot at developing new lifestyles or at inventing new technologies. It would have been impossible for metalworking to evolve on some Pacific islands since some of them have no metal! In many cases that Diamond describes, those humans who developed certain capabilities are exactly the ones one would expect to have done so, given the physical surroundings they lived in. Thus, Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a detailed, well-researched, and thoughtfully organized book of what one would call physical history. Diamond describes unquestionable advantages that Eurasia had over the rest of the world. As he says, I expect that if the populations of Aboriginal Australia and Eurasia could have been interchanged during the Late Pleistocene, the original Aboriginal Australians would now be the ones occupying most of the Americas and Australia, as well as Eurasia, while the original Aboriginal Eurasians would be the ones now reduced to downtrodden population fragments in Australia. . Its the environment, not the people.

There are many specific issues that can to be brought up to react to Diamonds thesis. First of all, there are a lot of supporting factors that are important in societal development that cannot be explained by geography, local wildlife, and climate. They include factors like religion, the number system and languages. In the factor of language one could only wonder why did some parts of the world end up with alphabets, and others sets of characters? This may have had a deep effect on which societies were able to record and share information most easily. In the factor of the number system, the roman numerals are notoriously tedious for doing calculations. Arabic numerals, in contrast, are still in use today because they proved to be much easier and more adaptable. This may contribute to the dominance of Middle Eastern science a few thousand years ago. "The remaining way for kleptocrats to gain public support is to construct an ideology or religion justifying kleptocracy." In the factor of religion Diamond makes the fascinating point that religion evolved in parallel with systems of state government, primarily as a means to justify military action and class differences. This is a broad explanation for the development of complex religions designed for mass appeal in societies of thousands of people. Why did Buddhism and Taoism evolve in East Asia, while monotheism arose in West Asia? Did these differing worldviews shape the societies that practiced them, perhaps contributing to their paths of development?

Diamond did bring up these very points, but he does not do much with them. He has little to say beyond setting up the structure, such as why state religions evolved in the first place. In these cultural cases, Diamonds view is simply too little.

The bottom line is that physical arguments are very broad-brush. They are entirely acceptable when considering large area of history that cover thousands of years during which humans were totally dependent on their environment. But they cannot help on short time scales, where local cultural effects matter a lot. Nor are they relevant in the modern, interconnected world where geography plays much less of a role. That is not to say that it has no effect, only that it has less effect now than it did when humans were wandering around in groups of 40 people or so. Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies doesn't give one a complete answer to Yali's question in full, but explains different cultures limitations and advantages geographically and environmentally. So Guns, Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a solid book to explain such things as why Native Americans developed agriculture after the Chinese did, and why some Pacific Island cultures never developed it at all. It explains why small pox and syphilis were so devastating to tribes of the New World, while their diseases rarely did so much damage to people of the Old World. It explains why cultures that had agriculture could go on to develop complex states, which supported specialist classes, including the class of soldier. But do not expect to learn why Britain hates France or why China adopted Communism. These things are beyond the broad-brush of physical analysis. So in the end, one will stick to what one said at the beginning that this is an excellent book for the range it works in. But that range is a bit limited.

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Legalize Marijuana

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Right now, many people are being fined or imprisoned for trafficking marijuana, especially in southwest Saskatchewan. If marijuana were legalized, how much would the crime rate go down? Also, many people die from legal "drugs" such as alcohol and tobacco, yet there has never been a recorded death from someone just smoking marijuana. To overdose on marijuana you would need to smoke fifteen thousand pounds in fifteen minutes. This drug has also been proven to help patients who have cancer and are taking chemotherapy, because smoking marijuana makes you hungry, or gives you the "munchies". The Canadian government has recently been discussing legalizing this drug. There are many advantages and many disadvantages on this drug being legalized.

There may be some problems to legalizing this marijuana. One problem would be abusing the substance. It may become like a new tobacco and people could start smoking packs a day. Should children be allowed to buy it or smoke it? Or shall there be an age limit like alcohol and tobacco? When someone is high off of marijuana, the user's reaction time slows down and perception of time is off. This would make driving dangerous.

There would have to be a way to solve these problems. To solve substance abuse, the government could make a limit on how much you could buy at once. If you were required more for medical purposes, the doctor could write a prescription out for you. If you did not want young people to buy or smoke it, you could do an I.D. check before they buy it. To keep people from driving while under the influence of this drug, there could be strict driving laws against it, which would make you pay heavy fines.

Marijuana should be legalized, because the crime rate will go down. In Amsterdam, Holland, after they legalized marijuana, the crime rate dropped forty per cent. Have you ever heard of someone dying from marijuana?

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The Great Portrayal of Women

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If someone were to look up the word woman in the dictionary they would get some thing similar to this "an adult female human being. (Microsoft Encarta) There are also many other words to describe a woman from today's words like chick and girl to back in the middle ages and medieval times when women were known as maidens or damsels. For many years women have not been viewed as equals to men up until the last century, and yet the role of women in society is still constantly changing. Geoffrey Chaucer gives his readers a slight glimpse into the life of a few women of the medieval society in his collection of stories known as The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer portrays the men and women of this time period quiet accurately. Chaucer gives his readers a glimpse into the lives of a nun, a monk, a friar, a lady known as "the wife of bath" and a group of merchants and their wives. While letting the reader into the lives of these people Chaucer makes quite a bit of a difference in the way he describes different sexes; Chaucer, seemed to lead the reader to believe that women had an evil-like quality, and that they always tempt and take from men. They were depicted as selfish, spiteful and vain. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales in the late 1400s. Chaucer cleverly reveals a particular social condition of England during the time; in this period, the status, role, and attitudes towards women were clearly different from that of today. Women were seen by many to be inferior to men during the middle ages. Women were taught by the church that they should be humble and compliant to their fathers and husbands. However very few of the women during the middle ages could stay quietly at home because most of them had to work for a living. The women would work in the fields beside their husbands and fathers, while at the same time feeding and clothing their family. The wives and daughters of the craftsmen were often employed and operated as tradeswomen on their own. In the towns, women worked in a variety of occupations. Some women were shopkeepers, others were spinners, while some were bakers. Both married and unmarried women were expected to work for a living. Often women would do a combination of several jobs because they were paid less than men. The women also dressed differently depending on their status, their status being whether they were married or not. Young single women often wore their hair loose where as married women were expected to keep their hair covered at all times in a linen as a sign of modesty. Many unmarried women entered convents and nunneries where they would live their lives in a similar way to a monk. Nunneries offered women the opportunity to lead a religious life, obtain an education, and take on responsibilities they would not have been able to in the world out side of the nunnery. As local landowners and employers, many nuns played an important part in the community. In reality landowners whether they were male or female were powerful figures in medieval society. An unmarried woman of property had the equal rights of a man. However when a woman got married she gave up all her land and rights to the man she married. On his death she was entitled to one third of his land upon which to support herself.

Women according to Chaucer, were selfish, spiteful and vain. All women to him possessed these qualities but he choose to bring one out more than the other two in each woman he wrote about. The first woman he wrote of was the prioress, she was a selfish woman who did not honor her vows to her church. Chaucer says it best when he says "Her greatest oath was only "By St. Loy!""(line14). In her using "By St. Loy!" Chaucer is making reference to St. Eligius, patron of goldsmiths and courters. This is just one way the prioress is shown to be selfish, in it her love of gold and herself is shown. Nuns during those times took a vow of poverty and celibacy, in the prioress's love for gold and herself she breaks those vows many times. The first thing we see is that she feeds herself only fine things like meat and white bread and then we see that she wears a trinket with the inscription "love conquers all" which shows that she longs for a love. The prioress to many is very selfish for doing those things. She knew how she would have to live and she still went along with becoming a nun. In her wanting to both be a nun and live a wealthy life of fine things she shows that she is selfish and believes she should always have things her way.

The wife of Bath is a very spiteful women, who desired only a few simple things in life. The wife of Bath is a tough woman with a mind of her own and she is not afraid to speak it. She intimidates men and woman alike due to the strength she possesses. But instead of showing this as a positive characteristic, Chaucer makes her toothless and ugly. However, Chaucer, instead of portraying her low-social class as shameful, showed that she is actually prudent and eloquent. The wife of Bath has also had five different husbands and countless affairs, thus breaking innocent men's hearts. Chaucer tells about her many affairs best when he states "And knew the remedies for love's mischances /An art in which she knew the oldest dances" Chaucer portrayed her as spiteful but in reality she was just a woman trying to make a better life for herself in a society where women were looked down upon.

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Liberal Values in Quebec

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In Claude Ryan's manifesto, Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec, he describes concerns and progress through the years of the Quebec liberal government. Ryan outlines ways in which they have addressed (or, very infrequently, plan to address) these issues in his essay. Explored here will be two of the central contexts of social welfarefeminism and an aging population ( as illustrated in Armitage's Social Welfare in Canada ) and how they are reflected, attended to, and cause conflict in Ryan's views of Liberal values in modern day Quebec.

In a dissertation dissecting a paper on liberal values and social welfare, it's difficult to pinpoint exactly what constitutes a feminist issue. All fundamental problems in society, one might argue, are gendered and deal with oppression and therefore fall under the umbrella of feminist issues. Ryan does, however, seems to be appealing to the feminist readers when he discusses in his essay the increased amount of women in universities, citing free primary and secondary education as well as subsidized tuition and access to financial assistance as the main reasons why (6). He also stresses the rights enjoyed by women, stating that the "Liberal Party was the principal architect of the changes which led to the recognition of the equality of men and women" (). Ryan goes on to describe women's suffrage, the current laws making men and women equal partners in marriage as well as the recognition of same-sex civil unions, all laws serving to protect women's rights in society. The author also credits the Quebec Liberal party for adopting the Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms, which protects citizens from discrimination based on sex, age, race, etc. which benefits all people in society, particularly those at risk of marginalization like women and the elderly (). He also stresses the right of every individual to " health services, free….education, to help from the government when an individual is in dire need,….to various assistance measures for housing, to a guaranteed pension for seniors..."(6)

Providing affordable housing for low-income families, or income supplements to those whose rents were higher than average, are measures the government in Quebec has taken to assure that disadvantaged people have access to housing. However, Ryan states that "the principal provides of housing facilities should be in the private sector" (7). While Ryan states that public housing increases the divide between privileged and underprivileged people, history has shown that any measure at privatization in social services with regard to housing is detrimental to those in true need. Landlords in this system may discriminate against tenants in need, such as seniors and single parents.

Ryan also addresses the needs of women and those of the elderly when he discusses the support of the government for income security programs. For the elderly, Ryan points to the Quebec Pension Plan as the main source of financial assistance to seniors. He notes that each worker contributes to the Plan in their lifetime and thus receives income support post-retirement. (7) He doesn't discuss though the effect on the QPP of the increasing size of the retired population due to the aging baby boomers, and whether or not the government program will be able to support them all, and further, whether it will be able to support future generations of retirees. Ryan also fails to question the bias against women of a system that compensates workers according to number of years in the workforce ( proportional to the amount paid into the QPP), neglecting to account for women who must leave paid labour positions to raise children. How will women who take time out of the paid workforce be fairly compensated?Ryan delves at length to government income security program for underprivileged individuals and families. He claims that the current government, through reform of this program, has achieved two goals. First, that the Liberal Government has increased the benefits received by needy families. Second, that disadvantaged families including children too young for school have received special attention increased payments, which would be of particular interest to single mothers. (7) Ryan goes to state that the Liberal government has "…cut off many beneficiaries who were not eligible for financial assistance…" (7). It is difficult to see by this statement whether these reforms have truly benefited the public after all, when he is vague about the reformed qualifications for receiving income assistance in the first place. Perhaps these stricter qualifications also serve to discriminate against the very populations that the reforms claim to assist. Further, Ryan does not discuss how the elderly receiving an insufficient pension might be assisted through the income supplement program.

The maintenance of the population in Quebec is a serious problem. Birth rates are low, and with the increasing number of elderly and deceased among the baby boomer era, the province must encourage family growth and immigration if it hopes to maintain the current population. Ryan points to several initiatives of the Liberal government that aim to achieve this end. Examples include providing tax breaks, financial support and birth allowances to families with young children, aiming to increase the resident population, and providing a welcoming environment to immigrants without whom the population would be decreasing each year. By subsidizing day care, the province hopes to ease the financial burden on families, thus encouraging growth.

Very few solutions to social problems are proposed Ryan's manifesto. Overall, the author is trying to applaud the Liberal government for it's achievements thus far, ignoring the fact that many of the target population for these programs are falling through the cracks. He fails to propose how our healthcare system will adapt to serve the needs of the growing aging population, among many things. One suggestion he does make, however, that is very intriguing is that the Liberal government adopt elements of proportional representation to better reflect the population and diversity in the National Assembly (Ryan, 11). Proportional representation systems often increase the number of women and minorities to a given body, thereby serving to give them voice in government (Sodaro, 10).

There are many conflicts between ideals represented in Ryan's Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec and the context in which the government must act; the most prominent of these is the clash between the need to place more funding into public social services and the government and public resistance to increased taxation. Ryan writes of the reforms instituted during the Bouchard and Landry governments

The reduction of the assistance given to welfare recipients who were unable to join the work force, the savage deinstitutionalization of patients in psychiatric hospitals, the deterioration of services offered for students with learning difficulties in our schoolsthese are some of the measures whose negative effects will be felt well into the future. (7)

While Ryan condemns these program cuts of previous governments, he makes no indication that any attempts are being made to repair the damage. He also discusses cuts that the Liberal government has made and points out that "the sectors of education and healthcare received special consideration".(1) While this may be true, it's obvious by the wording of this statement that cuts were indeed made to core social services. When we reflect on rising prices and cost of living, even maintaining the budget for social services at this point is depriving those in need of the care they deserve. Money that should be flowing into these programs has only two sources in Ryan's opinion" taxation and borrowing " (1). He also states that "taxation has reached the saturation point"(1) yet suggests no practical solution to finding funding, preferring to instead praise the Liberal party for it's so called program support and pointing out the difficulties with solutions proposed by other parties.

Claude Ryan's essay, Liberal Values in Contemporary Quebec outlines ways in which the Quebec Liberal Party has used liberal values to steer their policy making and budgetary focus. While the Liberal Party may have an impressive record for creating laws and programs to support the most vulnerable portion of the population, there is little being done now to allow these same programs to evolve and adapt to fit the contexts of social welfare outlined here, feminism and an aging core population. Perhaps instead of researching the past and applauding achievements made then and there, it would have been more useful of Ryan to focus his propaganda on the future of the Liberal Party and their vision of social welfare as it applies to today's and future generations of voters.

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Essay for AP History

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Ill try to help you the best that I can, but I recommend going to your local library and just go over some books that contain documents that are around the Civil War era and speeches of some candidates like Douglas. Ill help you with the first since you seem to know about #.

. The South said that they needed slavery to keep their economic growth. The South had always relied on farming and agriculture for its economy. It had no other way of earning money at that other time. The fertile soil down there in places like Mississippi was ideal for agriculture. With agriculture, they needed some workers. Because of that, they came to rely upon slave labor. They didnt have the high quality machinery we have today so a large majority of the work had to be done using manual labor. Well, the farmers didnt like it and the slaves were working quite well. They would pick cotton and other goods because they were scared of getting a beating. Because of that, they worked really hard. With the slaves, the farmers didnt have to worry about their economic growth. They would just treat the slaves harsher in order to get a better harvest. Without a mass of slaves to do the work, farmers would have to work by themselves or risk hiring more people and paying them more money than the cheap labor of slaves. In effect, the slaves were running the economy for the South. Without the slaves to help them work in the fields, they were hopeless because a single family of farmers couldnt compensate for the loss of hoards of slaves. The South had no factories to rely on like the North. The North was a highly industrialized place without the need for any slave workers.

As for a legal approach, Im not exactly sure on this, but I think I might have an idea. In colonial times, this topic was debated too. Thomas Jefferson wanted to add in an anti-slavery clause in the Declaration of Independence. However, he was stopped by John Rutledge and other Southern delegates. They mightve taken that into scope in this situation. Slavery had been allowed since the colonial days. Washington had them and so did Jefferson and many others. They couldve argued that the founding fathers had used slaves themselves and that they were just doing what was in the aspects of the law. The Southerners took a loose representation of the Constitution and other documents like the Declaration of Independence. If something like slavery wasnt outlawed in any legal document, they felt that they had the right to use that task. Since slavery was never outlawed by anyone yet, they were free to do so. Since slavery had never been punished for even in the colonial times when the country was being built, they had felt that they were entitled to engage in the act of slavery.

With a religious aspect, I have nothing in my mind except for the possible idea of the slaves of Egypt under Rameses. Since the slaves had worked quite well with the Egyptians in building everything, they probably thought that the prosperity of Egypt could also be brought to America through the act of slavery.

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1. Well, in the 1850s, the Underground Railroad was bustling and very busy at that time. All the slaves were escaping and the Northerners were outraged by the passing of the Fugitive Slave Act. In their mind, they felt no need to release slaves back into the oppression of the South. Besides that, there were more and more states being admitted. Nebraska had been debated over forever. The North kept arguing for a free state of Nebraka while the South felt that Nebraska needed to have slavery legalized. Such arguing broke up Congress and the nation. Everytime a state was called into statehood, people would gripe about it being a free or slave state. They would move into the states in order to sway the public vote into being a slave or a free state. There was constant turmoil. Out of the political scope, there was a piece of literature that would enrage the South. Uncle Toms Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe had debuted to the outer world. She had expressed her deep feelings about the evils of slavery. She had never visited the South before and hadnt known of anything Southern. The Southerners felt that was a book of slander meant to sully the reputation and pride of the South. With Fort Sumter, South Carolina had already seceded from the Union. They wanted to get rid of the Union troops. They felt that since they had left the Union, Fort Sumter (a Union military base) shouldnt have been on their territory. They ordered the evacuation of the fort. They wanted the Union troops out of their property now. Fort Sumter really wasnt a force to be reckoned with. It was undersupplied and really wasnt a huge necessity for the Union. It was just your average fort that wasnt even a threat to South Carolina. During the standoff, Robert Anderson, the leader of Fort Sumter, refused to give up the fort. As a result. the Southerners attacked and won against the weak fort. Anderson had surrendered. This got the Unions blood boiling. Other Southern states who also felt oppressed by the nations government eventually got the confidence to leave the Union. They had seen how the Union army could have been defeated so easily by a single state. With that victory, Southerners got even more rebellious and seceded. All these events escalated to war.

I hope this helps. You may want to go more in depth into the topics that I just brought up.

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Returning to School As an Adult

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1. What are some of your fears about returning to school? What negative and positive experiences have you previously had in school?

I foresee Time Management being my biggest challenge. I have been working jobs the last couple years and have been able to successfully balance my career and personal life. But with my new, relatively unstructured schedule, I will need to learn to manage my time in a completely new way. I guess, organization will be the key to my success. I will need to set my priorities, create my own study schedule, and discipline myself to stick to it.

I have only had positive experiences in school, hence, my constant aspiration for learning.

. How does a team concept impact the way you learn? What is the value (if any) of diversity in a team?

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I remember finding the team learning concept challenging, back in my first year of college, but ultimately very rewarding. I am sure that the BSA program at UoP Online will in its time present a demanding workload. I hope for my team to provide me with a personal and academic support system to help me balance my academic, career and family commitments.

The value of diversity in a team is in interaction with peers who possess different perspective and expertise, which can give you practical and applicable experience as a team player.

. What do you expect to get out of this class?

I chose to look for personal development though formal education so that I may maintain and improve my job-related skills and enhance my ability to compete for reasonably attainable jobs within my organization. In my first class at the University of Phoenix (GEN00) I expect to improve my competencies in communication, teamwork, research and other core skills that are necessary for being a successful student at the UoP.

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Why the marketing of soccer in Australia is going " downhill "

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Evaluate how successful the marketing of soccer in Australia has been

Hypothesis

"The Marketing of soccer in Australia is going downhill because of lack of TV, Media coverage, limited media attention, not enough support from fans, and lack of sponsorship to support the market".

Soccer as we know it today began in England about halfway through the present century. There are records of earlier forms in China, at least two thousand years ago, in ancient Greece and Rome. But it was in England that soccer began to take the shape as we know it today. Soccer has become a very poplar sport world wide, in some countries soccer; you could say is considered a religion.

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The purpose of this assignment is to evaluate the marketing of soccer in Australia, Find out why soccer is not as big or as popular as it is in other countries and determine why the marketing is going downhill. The assignment will consist of 4 main focus questions which are listed below and will hopefully prove my hypothesis correct. Although there are many other factors which are currently affecting the marketing of soccer in Australia I feel as though the chosen topics are the most obvious and major reasons.

1. Not enough TV coverage of soccer in Australia

. Lack of sponsorship to support the soccer market

. Not enough Fan support

4. Not enough media attention

1. TV coverage of soccer in Australia

For a Sport to popular in Australia or anywhere world wide, it seems essential that there has to be enough Television coverage. The NSL used to broadcast on Channel Sevens TV sports channel, but that no longer exists, leaving Soccer Australia desperately looking for another way of getting its sport on the box. This is one major reason the marketing is going on a downhill ride. Although standard TV channels have seized the viewing of soccer matches associations such as Homeart have agreed to show the 00/00 National Soccer League championship Series (Top 6 Finals Series) and Grand Final (delayed coverage) on the Expo Channel via the Optus cable and satellite service (Channel 47) and regional Austar Pay TV (Channel 1).Homeart, an Australian specialty retailer, has agreed to sponsor the significant production costs of the television production for coverage of the matches, in addition to providing the NSL Champions with a bonus winners cheque of $50,000 upon winning the 00/00 NSL Grand Final. Companies doing generous things such as this will surly help the soccer market, by making the sport more popular. But the market is always heavily relying on sponsorship such as this to remain even on pay TV. Where as sports such as cricket, AFL, NRL, are sponsored and shown on local TV channels on a regular basis, making it very hard for Australia's soccer market to ever compare with other sports. Why would a TV station want to show soccer games if they can't see any improvement in the popularity of the sport in the future.

The below quote will back the theory that TV channel producers aren't prepared to support soccer on TV as they feel its not popular enough to be a success

We are not prepared to devote that sort of money and resources to a national soccer team when there doesn't appear to be any light at the end of the tunnel in terms of pay-TV coverage and major corporate support. Fitzgerald says

Quote from (Daily Telegraph - Mirror Australian Telegraph Publications) Wednesday 4th

. Lack of sponsorship to support the soccer market

Soccer clubs in Australia are having a huge downfall with sponsorship. An excellent example of this would be the fight to try save the Melbourne based team, the Carlton Blues.

"Carlton is one of the more cosmopolitan teams of the league; its not tied to any particular ethnic group and has aimed to establish a broad appeal. It wins games, holds a respectable fifth place on the ladder and yet it hasnt been able to pay its players now for six weeks".

The soccer club was relying on a transfer from an international player Simon Colosimo to Sunderland in the English Premier League. A fee of more than £1 million sterling would have taken care of Carltons crisis but the deal fell through.

(ABC NEWSPAPER) Web page in bibliography

All in all, transfers are an unreliable source of funding for Australias National Soccer League teams but there seem to be few other funding options. Lack of available sponsorship is effectively caused by lack of media and TV coverage, if the sport isn't going to promoted and seen on TV in prime time big companies will never want to take part in supporting soccer teams as they will get little or nothing out of it return

In July 18 Australia applied for the opportunity to host the world cup finals. If a privilege such as this were to be given to Australia and they were aloud to host the world cup finals the sponsorship, TV coverage of soccer would boom and you would find that soccer teams in Australia would find it much easier to find sponsorship.

What can be said is that the NSL, as we know it, has no future. Australias oldest national sporting competition is showing its age. The bubble economy that raised hopes around the turn of the century has burst. Full-time football has gone, taking six-figure salaries for coaches and players with it. Without a solid foundation, a genuine pro league was always going to be a mirage.

Newspaper article "Power for sale" By Dean Ritchie

7nov0

. Not enough Fan support

Having a large number of fans for any particular team is almost impossible for Australian soccer teams. Due to the lack of TV and media coverage soccer teams have trouble getting a crowd to support them. An average Australian soccer game pulls in a cheerless 500 fans. If you compare fan support of soccer to another sport, Football for example which has a smaller number of registered players with only 14,0 appose to soccer's 87,74. Surprisingly the average attendance level for football is much higher pulling in an average of almost 11 thousand spectators per game which is over double that of soccer's. The huge difference is obviously because caused from lack of media, TV attention. In the past 7 years due to the poor attendance of Fans watching soccer games in Australia the currant 17 soccer stadiums was reduce from the original which cost soccer Australia thousands in lost revenue.

"The Power, who average between 500-000 fans to each home match, entered the NSL on the back of early success of Sydney rivals the Northern Spirit. But hopes of immediate success like the Spirit sank due to average results and poor home attendances."

Newspaper article "Power for sale" By Dean Ritchie

7nov0

4. Not enough Media attention Soccer Australia

Having a good solid media attention is essential for a successful sporting market. Not only does it help with the sports popularity but also attracts much needed sponsorship to the game. Media attention can really boost and make a particular sport more popular, normally when there's big events coming up there's commercials advertising it, for example the State of origin that's coming up there is adds on all the time in prime time promoting there games. This really attracts football fans from everywhere to either watch the games from there home TV or to actually go to the stadium and see the game live. This could be one of the main reasons soccer has such poor fan support and spectator attendance, due to the lack of media advertisement. Using football for an example again TV/media shows such as the very famous "footy show" really helps the sport of football although the show has turned into more of a comedy show it runs for an hour Giving results there thoughts and stacks of information about what has been happening in that week of the football world. If only soccer could have a show as popular as this for example media attention, sponsorship would come to players a lot easier. Having lack of media attention seems to relate to having little fan support and perhaps because of little fan support there is no or little chance for soccer teams or individual players to get adequate sponsorship. Its clear that the sport needs all 4 of these points working together to create a successful market in soccer for the future.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http//www.dailytelegraph.news.com.au/printpage/0,54,55658,00.html

Wednesday 4th 11 pm

http//www.gloryboys.net/forum/topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&TOPIC_ID=18

Wednesday 4th 4 pm

http//www.abc.net.au/pm/s0100.htm

Tuesday rd 600pm

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Jaded

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I was born December 7, 185, in Tulsa, Oklahoma, at Saint Francis Hospital. My father gave me my first name, Miranda, naming me after a place in New Mexico. My mother gave me my middle name, Kyle, saying she liked it because of its Irish sound.

My father was a salesman who greatly enjoyed the things of the world. My mother was a loving mother who worked when she was told to do so, and took care of my brother and me.

I lived the first four years of my life in Prue, Oklahoma. My younger brother, who was born just fifteen months after me, made the remaining two years and ten months a living nightmare. For example, one early Christmas morning I jumped out of bed eager to see what gifts Santa had left me the night before; only to find that a small monster had crept in just after Santa Clause had left and mangled all the gift wrappings, tearing them to shreds.

My father was a salesman who greatly enjoyed the things of the world. My mother was a loving mother who worked when she was told to do so, and took care of my brother and me at home when she was told she could no longer go to work.

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When I was five years old we moved to an old racehorse farm west of Mannford, Oklahoma. There was one huge barn with two separate sides and twenty horse stalls total. Behind the barn there was a horse walker, a device made to exercise horses without doing much itself, and about a hundred feet away from the walker was a round pen and also an arena. There was even an average size dirt racetrack in a small pasture to the south side of the house. I used to take my horse, Drifter, on this racetrack and we would play all day. When I would get tired of riding him, or just thirsty, I would stop, wherever I was in the pasture, get off of Drifter and walk to the house. Fifteen or twenty minutes later I would go back out to the pasture and there Drifter would be in the exact spot I has left him, just waiting on my return.

When I came to Mannford was also when I met my first best-friend, Aubree. Aubree and I were inseparable. We would play in mud puddles for hours on end, we rode horses together, and we caught tadpoles together. I was there the first time Aubree got kicked by a horse, and she was there the first time I was bit by a horse. We would race my horse against her pony and we would always argue over who had won the race.

I about second grade my younger brother started playing flag football for the Mannford Pirates. Two weeks into his practices I started playing too and became their quarter back. We weren't very good, not as good as the Raiders anyway, the Salvation Army and Mannford's number one team, but we tried very hard. So when most of our players switched coaches and team names in my fifth grade year, our determination paid off and we won first place in our class.

My mentors throughout my childhood were my grandma Cozetta, my Mom, and Elmo. My grandma Cozetta is the kind of grandma that tries her hardest to pump you full of the most unhealthy food known to mankind the minute you walk through the door. She would always take my brother and me to pool every day of the summer that we were at her house when we were little. My grandma Cozetta was the first person to teach me how to use a cash register; she would go through her convenience store like she was a customer and come to the counter to pay. She even taught me how to watch for "those sneaky people" who would hide their things in front of the register so the cashier couldn't see it. My mom influenced me throughout my childhood through her love of animals. Mom could never do an animal any harm. Our animals were always the fattest, and when people would come over and say, " Oh that's a pretty horse, she's a chunk though, isn't she." Mom would just say, "No, she's just spoiled."

Other influences or mentors from my childhood would have to be any of my elementary school teachers. Mrs. Gorney, my kindergarten teacher, was almost always in a good mood and was always patient with us five-year-olds. Mrs. Bowen, my first grade teacher, stern, but always kind and helpful and made you want to do better at everything. Mrs. Pallodino, my second grade teacher, made everything fun. Mr. Dorsey, my third grade teacher, was…a character. He always made everybody laugh. Mrs. Muirhead, my fourth grade teacher, let our class do a lot of hands-on projects like collecting spores from mushrooms, adopting a bat, and making homemade ice cream. Finally, my fifth grade teacher, Mrs. Whitenberg, who made me cry because I made a C in English, made me sit next to her desk all year long, and made me want to pass her class with an A just to prove her wrong.

TODAY

Today I have learned that life is more than just playing flag football, riding my horse up to the house after school, and playing in tadpole ponds. Life is about everything you do and the people around you. Life is working hard to get what you want and where you want to be and then working a little bit harder to get or go somewhere better.

Today I have learned a lot about love too. Love is what holds the world together. Some people look at the world and see a big mess of "people, who just don't care anymore," but if you think about it, if people didn't care anymore what would the world have done the day the World Trade Center was leveled by terrorists. The world would have gone on like nothing had happened. American flags would not have sold out at every sore in the country, mass aide would not have been given to New York City, and we would have been the same as we were September 10, 001. Love holds the nation and the world together in times like those.

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Was up?

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Good evening, my name is Jane Goldner. I usually celebrate the 11 o'clock Mass so you 5 o'clockers may not know me. Also I usually park on Jewett Ave., enter Church through the Jewett Ave door, and sit in my designated 5th or 6th pew (wherever my mother is since she normally arrives ahead of me). Tom and Judy Lickona, Matt and Michelle McSherry and their children, Marge Colasurdo, the Starmer family and Rosemary Healy are typically in the surrounding pews. Like many of us I am a creature of habit. I can not recall the last time I sat in the far corner of our church. I do not know the people in the back corner. What does this have to do with RENEW? I was asked to speak about what I liked about the 1st season of Renew. I liked getting to know 4 members of my church family - 4 people I did not know until being in Renew. I liked hearing how their lives are centered around God. I liked hearing how prayer is a major part of their lives. I liked learning how they try to follow Jesus' example in their daily lives. I liked being inspired by them.

Betty Brevett is the host of my Small Group. We met at her home on Wednesday evenings. I always felt welcomed and comfortable in her home. Our sessions included prayer, reading and reflecting on Bible passages, and discussions about living our faith. I am looking forward to Season II. The topic of Season II is Conversion and the Small Groups will start meeting the week of February 10th. Cards are in the pews. You can fill them out now. Ushers will be by soon to pick them up. If you participated in Season I and have filled out a re-registration sheet, you do NOT need to fill out another card.

I encourage you to participate - you will be glad you did. Just think, you folks on that side of the Church might get to know some of the folks on the Jewett Ave side of the Church. Maybe some the 5 o'clock Mass people will become acquainted with the 8 o'clockers. And maybe, just maybe I will sit in the back pews one of these days. Thank you.

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Involvement is the key

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Involvement is the Key

American children and youth are bombarded with immorality. In many cases children and young adults are faced with making moral decisions. Many times children and youth are not equipped with the proper guidance and wisdom needed to make good decisions. The absence of church and parental involvement is creating an attitude of apathy and violent aggression among America's children; parents as well as community leaders should mentor our youth by offering advice into the lives of these children every day to give them this positive influence. The activities that we can build in our society are after school activities at the church, fifth quarter after high school football games, a day of help or community service, summer programs, Wednesday night praise band and Sunday afternoon youth choir. These are events that I have participated in over the years with my church that have allowed me to grow into a person with high morals and standards.

I feel that I have turned into a responsible young adult, but without the push and influence from my parents I might not have turned out so well. As a child I was taken to church every Sunday. My parents went to church with me, and if they could not go my grandparents would take me. I was also involved in Wednesday night church activities and summer activities such as Vacation Bible School. These activities are fun and exciting; at the same time they teach young people about what it is right and wrong. We were taught Bible stories, the Ten Commandments, and songs that were about the teachings of God. The Bible stories always teach a lesson and if the Ten Commandments were taken seriously in the lives of everyone, the world could be changed from a world of hate into a world where everyone wants to be the perfect neighbor and friend. The singing of children's church songs helps children to learn bible verses and stories from the Bible. It helps them to remember the teachings of God. Perhaps children's praise songs should be taught at after school programs instead of letting them listen to secular music. By incorporating songs of a heavenly nature, a nonviolent, nonracist, and nonsexist attitude would be instilled in the minds of young people. Also during these after school projects, problems that children face in society should be addressed. Children are faced with many problems that spur violent and irresponsible behavior. For example, young people should be taught about the consequences of sex, drugs, cliques, peer pressure, and child abuse. Peter Elikann asks the question in the essay "Children as the Enemy" "Are we raising a nation of increasingly sociopathic children without feeling, repentance, or empathy?" (05). Elikann continues by suggesting that we intervene in the lives of children, providing role models and mentors to bother and love them in order to help the children before they get into trouble (11-1). I feel that the above activities suggest one possible way to influence and teach children a sense of emotional feeling, repentance, and empathy; adults must take on the responsibility and make a difference.

Teenagers face different problems than younger children. They have already passed through childhood and must be influenced by more mature activities. I was always involved in youth choir, Wednesday night fellowship, and several trips with our church. I really enjoyed being involved in the church's activities. We had fun, but also incorporated teachings from the Bible on what is right and wrong. We would also talk about issues that teens face today. If a child is not raised in church, it is very difficult to get them involved as a teenager. We had a youth minister who saw the lack of involvement as a challenge. He developed ideas on how to reach out to the uninvolved youth of the community. He would visit the school and encourage us, the youth of the church, to witness to others and invite them to church. He didn't really stress Sunday morning church, not that he didn't want them to come, but he did encourage us to ask them to our Wednesday praise and worship band. He felt that they would be more comfortable in a more relaxed environment. Youth should feel comfortable in the church and should want to go to church. What we have to realize is that it is the church and the people of the church who must take on the responsibility and reveal a warm welcome to the troubled youth of the community. Getting teens off the street and into these programs should be our number one goal. Projects lead them to want more out of life because of the example that is being set. Positive activities also give teens the opportunity to meet friends. Meeting friends is very important. Adolescents who are not socially involved tend to build up violent aggression inside. If youth and children are not introduced to church by parents or other members of the church, then why should the child be held responsible for not having strong morals and values?

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Now we must figure out why the church does not want to get involved in the lives of problem children? I believe that they are just scared of what might happen if they do get involved. We might actually find out something we do not want to know. For example, we feel more comfortable thinking that child abuse and pre-marital sex is occurring somewhere far away. Once we are exposed to people who are actually living life in a less than perfect world, we are forced to acknowledge the existence of the problem and our responsibility to that person who is living a less than perfect life. The problem is not that we are not helping; the problem is that we are helping in the wrong areas. Annette Fuentes writes in her essay that adults are focusing on all the problems that children cause in our society instead of how to fix them (). Fuentes reveals that older adults don't want to spend the time on these teens because when something goes wrong they do not want to be held responsible for the mistakes(5). She expresses that locking children up and punishing them with adults and not preparing them for life is wrong (4). In situations such as the ones afore mentioned, the church could get involved. I suggest that the church should take groups of adults to mentor to juveniles in juvenile detention centers and those in adult prisons. I think mentoring programs are something that is necessary. When delinquent teens get back out on the street, we do not want them to go back to their delinquent ways of living. If we teach delinquents who are in detention centers and prisons the right way of doing things, then maybe upon their release they will want to help other children with problems.

In contrast, many people do not feel that church involvement necessarily produces the effect many claim it does. Children of pastors and deacons often end up in as much trouble as those who never attend church. It could be argued that the influence of the church is seen more in words than in reality. The change should be seen in reality rather than a biased claim. Some critics believe the strict standards often imposed upon children in church can lead to rebellion. Children may feel that they are not given enough space for self expression. They feel that the rigid influence of the church retards their maturation and individual growth. Unfortunately, some demand an answer regarding the reasons differing behaviors are deemed to be right and wrong. Most importantly, parents and church members must realize that their responsibility is not to please their children. It is to raise them in the biblical manner.

Everything has a starting point. I know that it is too late for many, but we have to focus on the future leaders of our society. How do we want our nation to be run? Would we prefer a group of non-christian young adults with no morals, or would a group of Christian young adults with morals and high standards be more acceptable? Of course, we want our nation to be run by responsible Christians who live by God's standards and have His influence in the government. Early childhood teaching of how to live responsibly in the community would benefit the entire nation. Church involvement is the answer to the problem that our society faces with violence and aggression among young children and youth. In the above writings, I have given many ways for churches to get children and teens involved. They all worked for me; maybe the ending results will be the same for many other youth.

Works Cited

Elikan, Peter. "Children as the Enemy." The Contemporary Reader. Seventh Edition. Ed. Gary Gosgarian. New York Longman,

00. 18-1.

Fuentes, Annette. "Crackdown on Kids." The Contemporary Reader.

Seventh Edition. Ed. Gary Goshganian. New York Longman,

00. -6.

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