Asian women leaders

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Asian Woman leaders the chameleon fighter and the barriers breakers

For most of history, Anonymous was a woman.

Virginia Woolf (188 141)

History has always depicted 'his story' the story of great male figures. 'Her story' has been regarded as the exception. Simone de Beauvoir summed up this distinction "The superiority of the male is indeed overwhelming Perseus, Hercules, David, Achiles, Launcelot, the French warriors, Du Geslin and Bayard, Napoleon so many man for one Joan of Arc"

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The reality for many women leaders is that they often have to perform twice as well as men to be accepted as equals. At the same time, society expectations and maternal instincts require them to shoulder equivalent responsibilities at home as well. Compared to their male counterparts who have always been stereotyped as the gender who leads, the woman's path to power has been onerous. The eternal balancing act women must perform between the domestic sphere and their public sphere has been largely unseen and unappreciated. Hence this paper dubbed them the chameleon fighter and the barrier breakers for the many different roles they play, the barriers they overcome and their perseverance in bringing about excellence in their respective fields.

People have been accustomed to recognizing as leaders only those who hold formal or positional posts on an organizational grid. However leaders can come in many different forms. They are a special breed of people who are willing to spend countless hours in pursuing issues, projects sustained by this vision they believe in and which in one way or another have an impact on the lives of people around them. Woman leaders can either be the President of a country, a democracy fighter, an advocate or even our mothers. This paper wishes to recognize the woman leaders in Asia who have overcome socioeconomic, racial and national boundaries to be where they are today

Whats so remarkable about these women?

In Asia, most countries remain pre-dominantly patriarchal. Women are relegated to culturally defined 'domestic roles' The percentage of women holding local government seats in the Asia-Pacific ranges from to percent, says a study commissioned by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia-Pacific (Escap)

Women political leaders in Asia have mostly rose to power in times of crisis and inherited their family power usually a father or a husband ( e.g Corazon Aquino, Violeta Chamorro, Indira Ghandi, Isabel Peron). Compared to women political leaders in the west such as Margaret Thatcher and Golda Meir, very few women in Asia rose to power without the help of connections from powerful families. Nevertheless that does not make their path of leadership any lighter or easier. They faced even greater challenges as they have to carry on the legacy of their male predecessors or even surpass them in their rule. They may have to rival with attempted coups d'etat or constant opposition from their male counterparts to stay on in power. As President Aquino aptly puts it, holding on to power in the face of illegitimate challenges was a greater challenge than achieving power.

President Aquino The woman who broke the barriers of impossibility

In 186, Aquino became the first woman to be president of the Philippines after leading a peaceful revolution overthrowing the Marcos regime.

The first impossibility a 'peaceful' revolution

Stalin claimed that you cant make a revolution with silk gloves. Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the British 1th century novelist, believed that revolutions are not made with rose water. On the campaign trail and even on the day of voting, it became clear that Aquinos main asset was, quite simply, herself and her faith in God. By reviving the promise of democracy without bloodshed, all too rare in the past, Aquino probably disproved the theories of a 'revolution'.

The second impossibility conquering the male dominated political hierarchy

In a nation dominated for decades by a militant brand of macho politics, she conquered with tranquility and grace. To come to power, Aquino had only to be herself. But to stay in power, she had to transcend herself. She had successfully transformed herself from a self-effacing lady to a self-confident leader. Her success in doing so had gained respect even in the While House. From their initial doubts about this petite grandmother's ability to rule to a state department official's comments on how Aquino had " hard bitten politicians eating out of her hands", she had certainly still many of the doubts about her ability to govern.

The third impossibility picking up the mess

Aquino had also disprove the predictions of her husband, who used to say that whoever succeeded Marcos was doomed to fail because of the troubles the person would inherit. She ended up with that chaos, communist threats and a weak economy. In addition, she enjoyed no transition period and no advance planning. To make matters worse, she has had to manage a three-party government made up of moderates, leftists and the military. However ever since she came into power, her presence and her free enterprise policies have already restored a little business confidence. Despite repeated coup attempts and a mixed record of success, Corazon Aquino remained in office for more than six years.

The fourth impossibility maintaining a balance between her private life and her public life

Aquino recognized that in mastering politics, there is a danger of politics mastering her. She may become less and less the ordinary person attending PTA meetings, making pasta and praying with her children. Her struggles in trying to maintain this balance between acting like a President and like a mother to her children or even a friend to her close ones suggests the challenge of the many different roles she has to play and play it well.

Aung San Suu Kyi Burmese dissident leader The woman who breaks the barrier of oppression

Aung San Suu Kyi is the leader of the pre-democracy movement and co-founder of the National League for Democracy of Burma. She has been under house arrest for nearly 6 years because of her attempts to introduce democratic reforms into her country. Her courageous leadership of the nonviolent struggle for the restoration of human rights and democracy in her country has won her the Nobel Peace Prize in 11.

Making a difference in the lives of oppressed people in her country Her moral courage and activism

She is an inspirational leader who identifies with the struggle of her country. She took it upon herself to form a democratic system of government in which all the regions and ethnic groups of Burma would be represented. Her single minded persistence in attaining a goal, an unswerving determination and steadfastness of purpose prevent her from giving up even in the face of persecution and adversity.

She has also pleaded with leaders around the world to support the Burmese quest for democracy and unity. For her courage, determination and perseverance, she is internationally recognized and countries all over the world have supported her cause. Her activism is a symbol also of the greater political role women can play in Asia and how women are capable of making a difference.

Anamah Tan solicitor and more importantly, the woman who breaks the barrier of woman's under representation in Singapore.

A leader in the legal circle.

Anamah Tan is a leader in the many different roles she play. She started up her own company Ann Tan & Associates in 184 and has been well known in the legal circle as a devoted and dedicated family lawyer. Her passion for her legal work and the desire to do service to the community led her to become one of the founders of the Singapore Association of Woman Lawyers. The clinic was started years and till today has grown into 17 centres supported by woman lawyers giving free legal aid to the community.

A leader in the community of woman, an activist for the rights of woman

Anamah is also benevolently known as the 'mother of all woman's organisation' in Singapore. She was the President of the Singapore Council of Woman's Organizations from 1 to 000. It is an umbrella body of 40 womens organizations who is committed to advance the cause of women. One of its many goals is to promote and improve the status of women especially in education, economics, social welfare and community involvement, culture and sports. Her popularity and her excellence in this field is seen in her recurring nominations for President four times in a row a feat no other female achieved!

A leader in her family

Anamah has been a single parent for more than 10 years. She was not put down by her unhappy and painful experience. She learned how to cope and more importantly gathered courage and determination in these difficult years. She did not go into pieces but picked up her pieces and painted a beautiful picture with all that she has achieved thus far. She has succeeded not only in the different contributions she made to society but in her family she is the leader to her children, a courageous mother who had overcome the odds of being a single parent.

A leader to the young woman of Singapore

For all her successes in the legal circle or her active fight for the rights of woman, she is friendly, humble, kind and approachable. She is not your hard and aggressive fighter for woman's rights instead her matronly approach has win her support young and old, political and apolitical alike. She is the epitome of a true woman leader dedicated, fervent and enthusiastic in pursuing her goals yet humble and never forgetting her roots at the end of the day.

Mothers the unrecognized leader in the household

Mothers are women leaders of the house. Their leadership in their homes has more often than not been overlooked and discounted. They play a great and crucial role in shaping their children to be what they are when they grow up.

All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother.

-Abraham Lincoln

Modern mothers often have to make sacrifices in their careers, some even giving up their dreams completely in order to nurture their children and take care of the household. For the million things she gave up and give to the family, for the perseverance in managing the household, for the heartache and unseen tears shed for her children, for the love she emblems, for the role model she always has to be, mothers truly deserve our respect and recognition for the providing the guiding light in all the children's lives

What can be done to recognize and improve woman leadership roles in Asia?

In the political arena, perhaps Asia governments could take a leaf from Norway to impose a minimum number of female representatives in the government in order to encourage female leaders to rise up and not be overshadowed by barriers posed by the patriachial societies. This will enhance a qualitative change in decision-making through womens role as transformative leaders, promoting a gender agenda and good governance.

In the business arena, barriers to equal access to credit, finance, science and technology and market development are still very real. Women entrepreneurs need to come together and forge alliances to support other aspiring women entrepreneurs.

Government and economic communities should not impose glass ceilings and must recognize that female can play a potent role in leading the economy as well as the country. Women can be more consensus oriented and empathetic than men. Even as some of the countries in Asia such as China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia have signed and ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) many of these have not taken specific steps to implement the Convention. E.g. Women still form a very small minority in the governments of the countries mentioned.

Conclusion

The legacy the above women left which make them such great leaders is their ability to break the insurmountable barriers which challenge them in their individual role. All of them tackled their barriers or even unpleasant experiences with equanimity. President Aquino overcame the male dominated political hierarchy to be the President of Philippines. She also overcame all odds by gaining the respect of even the first world countries leaders. Aung San Suu Kyi bore the barrier of opposition and persecution from the Burmese militant government in her pursue of democracy for her country. Anamah Tan recognizes the unequal playing field for woman in Singapore and speaks up for it in the various women organizations she took part to form. Lastly, a tribute paid to all mothers who are leaders in the hearts of their little children.

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Gary's House ( Australian contemprary playright, Debra Oswald)- The Symbolic significance of the house

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The major setting of the play, 'Gary's House' is a house. It is rather symbolic on many different levels throughout the play, and in particular, for the characters.

The house holds quite importance to the character of Gary. For the character of Gary, it symbolises a new start and direction for his life. The house is a labour of love for his partner, Sue- Anne and his unborn child. Through building them a house, Gary tries to achieve the kind of life for his family that he feels he himself never had. Gary, who had lived in foster care throughout his childhood builds the house from his family so they would have a comfortable life, living in their own and feeling as if they have their own place in the world, unlike Gary, who in his childhood felt as if he didn't belong.

The house is also symbolic of life, change and the journeys taken by each of the characters. Through the play as the house develops, so too does the characters and they become even more vital independently in the play. As life, the house and the notion of building a house is symbolic of the great Australian dream that many people, throughout their lifetime try to achieve. The idea of the achieving the great Australian dream instils a great sense of bliss and prosperity within the characters and storyline. This is especially shown in Act 1 scene , page 1- where Gary holds a conversation with Sue - Anne about the house and says " Soon- and I'm not promising when, I'll put a verandah on 'round here'..." (Gary holds the gas lamp up to show their way).

This also shows the determination and pride that Gary feels towards building the house. When Sue- Anne leaves Gary, he sees no point to continue and takes his life in the very place where he was to achieve the "perfect" life.For Sue- Anne the house is just somewhere for the family to live and does not hold much significance, but for Gary's sister Christine, it provides the beginning of a new journey, especially after Gary commits suicide as she take it on to finish what he started, creating a home yet again for Sue- Anne and the baby. In Act two, scene ten, when Sue- Anne announces that she is moving to the city with Vince and the baby, Christine loses the plot and feels like she has wasted her time and feels completely let down and used. She takes to the house and begins to smash it to pieces. It is the way Christine vents her feelings of anger and frustration which has built up inside her.

On a technical level, the house provides the play with a central focus- something that remains constant and grows throughout. The setting of the house is where all the tension and atmosphere for the play is created- especially in the first scenes where a frustrated Sue- Anne tries to maul Gary with a chainsaw. The conflict is created because of and around the constant setting of the house.

The house provides the audience with a constant symbolic object throughout the play to which they can relate. Symbolically it is important as it is a vital aspect for the audience to grasp the true realities of the play and provides a visual idea where the audience can realise how significantly it is to providing the tension and conflict within the play, Gary's House

garys house- debra oswald

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Hate Speech

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Hate speech, I have to say is one of the most controversial arguments when considering the fine line that we have to draw when people claim that it is their constitutional right to oppress others with their words based on their religion, nationality, gender, sexual preference, or skin tone. Since 14, where the Supreme Court ruled in favor of New Hampshire in the Chaplinksy v. New Hampshire, fighting words were considered to be outside our first amendment rights, but this was overturned in the 1 case of R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, where a teenager burned a cross in the yard of a black family, and since then hate speech, categorized as "fighting words," has become a constitutional right

I personally think that hate speech is one of the things that we are going to have to accept, because it is entwined to other forms of derogatory statements that keep America in balance. Political satire for example, hardly ever true and often misleading, holds Americans to a shred of the fundamental political world that most would forsake altogether. Americans tend to turn a cold shoulder towards politics today due to its reputation for deceit and lies. Political satire keeps politicians on their toes, showing that they are not above the law and keeping them wary not to step out of line, because they are being watched. For these reasons political satire in my mind is fundamental in the world.

Tying political satire to hate speech, we must all recognize that the American government cannot go on a crusade to stamp out everything it considers calumnious. When it does, legislation generalizes, and hate speech's "fighting words" are applied in broader terms.

Here's an example to support my statement. "Fighting words" aren't limited to hate speech, there are other areas where people have felt offended and legislation has been applied, such as the political scene. John McCain's vendetta for campaign finance reform is a great example of the government's legislation decisions on "fighting words." Campaign finance reform has gone so far to limit "fighting words" that opposing parties cannot fund ads publishing an incumbent's voting record. THEIR VOTING RECORD! I highly criticize government legislation on hate speech and "fighting words" because it has been abused in these other situations.

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What is that old proverb? "Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me?"

So what's a university to do when someone wishes to express a recusant view that might disparage a certain group unfairly? Print it, assuming of course it is professional, worded and organized educationally to the standards of all other articles. But if the school believes the information to be misleading and incorrect, or contrary to the beliefs of the majority, seek someone to write a contrasting article beside it, making the proper counter-points and providing another perspective for the students to choose from, deciding on their own what they think is the most logical conclusion. This is the way the mass media works in America today, providing different perspectives on news. If you don't like listening to them, obtain your news elsewhere. If you want to here a liberal spin, tune in to MSNBC, ABC, or CBS. If you want fair balanced news, tune in to FOX. It's your decision, and similarly it can be a student's decision to provide two contrasting opinions when releasing controversial information.

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Abortion is Bad

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Do you consider something with a beating heart a living creature? A babies heart forms and starts beating in the fifth week of pregnancy, therefor, that would make abortion murder. The baby that is growing inside of you is depending on you, so when you make the choice to end that life, you are making the choice to murder another person.

Someone that believes in the pro-choice theory would say that the decision is up to the woman, but the person with the pro-life theory would say that it is murder no matter what the situation. Would you consider it murder to kill a baby the day after it is born? Then why would it not be murder to kill it before it is born? "If it is impossible to abort a baby in the ninth month, then what makes it ok to do in the fifth or sixth month." (Carl Sagan & Ann Druyan).

Many abortions are perormed each year in the United States. 75% of all abortions in the U.S. are performed on women over 0 years of age, but the lawmakers try to concentrate on the 186,000 teens that have an abortion each year. In 10, there were nearly 400 abortion bills were introduced to 41 legislatures. So far, as many as 0 states have passed laws that requires a teenager to have a parents consent before having an abortion. This may help reduce the number of abortions each year, the people that passed these bills feel that maybe the parents will feel differently about the situation and be able to talk their child out of it. 0% of teens that are sexually active do not use any form of birth control, these are the teens that end up getting pregnant and getting an abortion. If these girls would use some kind of contraceptive it could stop a lot of the abortions performed each year. If you think about it, it is so much easier to take a pill then it is to be pregnant and have to decide on the life of another person. When you feel that you are responsible enough to participate in sexual activity, you should also feel that you a resonsible enough to deal with the consequences that follow.

Abortions are considered "the easy was out." I feel that abortions are just selfish. There is no easy way out. I could not imagine living with the guilt of taking anothers life, especially the life of something that I created, and that is dependant of me. There are so many people out there that wish they had the chance to get pregnant. If you really feel that you are not ready to be a parent then you could atleast give the baby up for adoption, and make your life, that babies life, and the family adopting the babies life a lot happier.

I believe that when conception occurs, it is Gods will. He would not have provided you with the joys of having a baby if he did not feel that you could handle it, and he definetly would not provide you with the joys of having a baby if he thought that you had any intentions of killing it.

Many of the people that have abortions take advantage of it and use abortion as a form of birth control. I can understand that having a baby might ruin your life, or so you think, but what about the life that you are ruining when you have an abortion. In a way, it is taking away a piece of you, a piece of you that you will never be able to get back. This might sound humorous but it is not meant to be, what if the baby that you killed could have grown up to be the president of the United States, or discovered a cure for a disease that you might have when you are older? There are so many things that need to be considered.

Have you ever really thought about having a living being sucked out of you? Have you ever seen the results of an abortion? It is scary. Maybe if the results of abortion were more widly discussed then it might change the way people think and feel about the topic. Maybe if people really knew what happens to their baby, they would consider it murder too. Just think of all the lives you could change if you were more conscious about your actions.

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Love in A Doll's House

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Love and Decision Making

Love impairs decision making. This statement is one of truth although the victim of the impairment does not want to admit the fault. Obviously love holds precedence in "A Doll's House" yet when decisions have to be made, love can also cause mistakes. Love requires you to make decisions with someone else in mind, thus priority lies in fulfilling another person's happiness and dreams rather than your own. In Henrik Ibsen's "A Doll's House" a perfect example of love's biased opinion unfolds.

Nora, who gives the impression that she "wears the pants in the relationship (www. Allsands.com)," manipulates people and lies in order to obtain money, with her undaunted love for Torvald as her one and only justification for her crimes. The entire story leads up to an legendary discovery in the final acts of the play. According to one literary review Nora's "epiphany" is that "…throughout the last eight years of her life, she has been blind to who is in control of the marriage (www.Allsands.com)." Once Nora understands that she cannot influence Torvald as much as she had previously believed, she reaches her epiphany.

Not only does Nora risk her own integrity to assist Torvald, she also unwittingly allows him to treat her with ruthless disrespect. Torvald controls Nora's life economically, and subjects her to verbal and emotional abuse as he blames Nora's scandalous behavior on incompetence because she is a female. He also dominates her physically by initiating sexual relations even when Nora refuses his intimacy, "What's that? You're joking, my little Nora! You won't…? Am I not your husband (Ibsen 55-56)?" Torvald believes that as Nora's husband he is entitled to "have her" physically when he desires and is very surprised to discover that Nora does not share this belief.

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He reinforces his attitude about women by stating, "That is like a woman!" when Nora tells him of the purchases she has made and by calling her a "spendthrift (Ibsen 4)." Torvald undermines Nora once again as she states, "everything I think of seems so silly and insignificant" and he responds with "Does my little Nora acknowledge that at last (Ibsen 6)?" Yet his condescending attitude is one that Nora tolerates with absolute acceptance as Nora succumbs to Torvald's relentless control when she states , "Everything you do is quite right, Torvald (Ibsen 55)."

Each of these situations show prime examples of how Nora uses her love for Torvald to try to better her situation. Her life is completely centered around Torvald's wishes and concerns rather than achieving and maintaining a mutual relationship based on love and respect. Ibsen uses "A Doll's House" to show that seemingly "happy" marriages can be complete and utter farces, yet also shows that these relationships can be restricted and remedied when the abused person exhibits individuality and control over their own life.

Works Cited

Alderson, Ruth Sadelle. "Torvald's Methods of Control in Ibsen's A Doll's House." April 00. http//www.graphousa.net/rsadelle/essays/

Ibsen.htm.

"Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House book review." April 00. http//www.

allsands.com/Literature/henrikibsendol_vuo_gn.htm.

Ibsen, Henrik. "A Doll's House." Four Great Plays. New York Bantam, 181.

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US Trade with Bosnia & Herzegovina

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Just as service activities have been major engines of national economic growth, so too have they become an increasing factor in international trade flows and economic interdependence. (Human Geography, pg.4) The political, economic and social map of the Bosnia and Herzegovina State was changed to a great extent by the war. The country is therefore in a period of transition, with programs of reform and reconstruction in progress. Before the war Bosnia and Herzegovina was a medium-developed industrial and agricultural state with about 1,000 industrial organizations. After the war it was left with economic output at less than 10 per cent of its previous record. The country is therefore currently under economic recovery, with the revival coming about through the combined efforts of the governments (Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and Republika Srpska), the international financial institutions, international donors and foreign investment.

Economic infrastructure (power, roads, railways, telecommunications, water supply etc) has been reconstructed giving a possibility of economic recovery and realization of projects. The number of the unemployed is extremely high; therefore tax concessions are available for potential investors who are opening new working places in the country. New employment as well as market ambience and institutional and political frameworks for fast economic and social transition are all priorities of the reconstruction process in Bosnia and Herzegovina. http//www.linkexports.co.uk/countryprofiles/regions.asp?lsid=5

US Reaches Out to Bosnia and Herzegovina Companies

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By Violeta Kovaçeviç for Balkan Times in Banja Luka -- 0/05/0

The US Embassy in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) organized a series of presentations on programs the US government is sponsoring to support local economic development and co-operation between BiH companies and US. Led by Ambassador Clifford Bond, the delegation of US trade and commercial agencies began the US Commercial Outreach events in April.

The presentation held in Banja Luka on 4 April at the Republika Srpska (RS) Chamber of Commerce addressed companies from the greater Banja Luka region. The delegation discussed business development funds, preparation of feasibility studies, equity financing, business partnering, generalized system of preferential tariffs, environmental partnerships and trade lead facilitation. RS Prime Minister Malden Ivanic and BiH Ambassador to the United States Igor Davidovic attended the opening event.

Trade and business have always played an important role in bringing people together, said US diplomat Bond. He emphasized that the revival of BiH's economy is an important factor in stabilizing this region.

Beryl Blecher, a commercial counselor with the US Commercial Service (CS) at the US embassy in BiH, explained her office's role in facilitating economic co-operation between the two countries. CS offers a variety of sources for local companies seeking to establish contacts with US suppliers of equipment or services, such as registration in the BuyUSA.com database and CS-sponsored visits of delegations from local firms to major trade shows in the United States and Europe.

Jeanette Miller, director of business development for Southeast Europe at the US Trade and Development Agency, reported that the agency has invested more than $11m in feasibility studies and technical assistance to BiH since 17.

The Small Enterprise Assistance Fund, another US government-sponsored program, provides equity capital and technical assistance to small and medium enterprises with the goal of promoting sustainable economic development by encouraging business activity in transition economies. This program also provides marketing assistance to start-up businesses.

Harvey Lee, economic counselor at the US embassy, explained the system of preferential tariffs aimed at encouraging BiH exports to the United States. The generalized system of preferences program provides tariff breaks on BiH-produced products exported to the United States. The audience was particularly interested in this, as it provides the opportunity for local companies to place their products on US markets duty-free. (http//www.balkantimes.com/)

At the end of 00 and during 00 there are 7 countries in economic transition. Some of them are on the surface of the central and Eastern Europe. The report of transition that EBRD issued for year 00 was encouraging. Some of those 7 countries have improved their economic for ,5%. However, European union region countries have grown their economy for ,%. Less growth rate than in other countries in transition was resulted mainly because of floods that occurred during 00.

At the same time, countries of Southeast Europe, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, recorded the growth of ,5% in 00. The economy growth for 00 is expected to be 4%. This is a result of stabilization of political situation that offered more foreign investments. The rise of trade and export of goods is expected as well. Through a survey that shows the progress of transition, it has been proved that Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the most active countries dealing with the same problem. Bosnia and Herzegovina was the strongest reformer in year 00. http//www.zivinicebih.com/bh/

Legal regulations defining the economic relations with foreign countries are compatible with regulations of the European countries.

The trade is largely liberalized. Import and export are free and, in some exceptions, there can be quantitative limitations in the protection of domestic market or protection of people, animals and environment.

Advantages of doing business with Bosnia and Herzegovina are

ɨ Stability of the exchange rate (national currency KM is linked with EURO),

ɨ Orientation of economic policy is free and open market,

ɨ Foreign and domestic legal and physical entities are equal in their rights and obligations in business operations.

There are some examples

Foreign trade exchange

in 000 KM

1. 000. 001. 00.

IZVOZ

Export BiH

(F BiH + RS+BD) 1.75.61 .64.1 .4.405 .08.65

F BiH 50.1 1.4.55 1.644.576 1.54.005

RS 45.406 85.6 58.8 565.647

BD BIH .000

UVOZ

Import BiH

(F BiH + RS+BD) 6.047.1 6.64.76 7.080.088 8.167.867

F BiH 4.458.76 4.85.6 5.8.6 5.70.500

RS 1.588.6 1.70.500 1.67.455 .164.67

BDBIH - - - 7.000

Most important foreign trade partners of B&H

EXPORT in 000 KM

Countries 000 001 00

Italy 515.014 51.171 46.54

Yugoslavia 464.80 4.568 417.71

Germany 6.061 5.878 6.60

Croatia 17.41 .61 11.55

Switzerland 84.856 8.647 .65

Slovenia 150.614 170.048 174.070

Austria 74.14 80.5 8.54

USA 0.65 .74 6.50

France 16.1 1.64 41.707

Macedonia 4.575 1.44 1.500

Turkey 40.707 10.667 1.0

Hungary 7.1 .41 1.1

Other countries .70 76.711 50.718

TOTAL EXPORT .64.1 .45.545 .08.65

IMPORT in 000 KM

Countries 000 001 00.

Croatia 5.14 1.05.85 1.64.487

Italy 704.14 .84 777.850

Slovenia 8.717 88.68 85.40

Germany 805.186 78.748 86.65

Yugoslavia 4.8 476.58 644.84

Austria 68.070 85.44 455.84

Hungary 07.711 11.88 406.11

Switzerland 167.48 04.4 148.51

USA 117.748 16.5 155.04

France 10.18 4.001 1.8

Turkey 4.406 57.557 114.646

Macedonia 5.57 44.0 40.76

Other countries 1.58.5 1.515.788 1.870.71

TOTAL IMPORT 6.64.76 6.811.0 7.84.867

MOST IMPORTANT EXPORT PRODUCTS OF B&H

No. Custom tariff Goods

1. 7601 Aluminum alloys

. 4407 Wood roughly trimmed-coniferous

. 716 Electric power

4. 401 Seats

5. 4101 Hides and skins of bovine animals

6. 40 Furniture, other and parts

7. 8708 Parts for vehicle

8. 640 Leather footwear

. 440 Wood in the rough

10. 60 Suits

MOST IMPORTANT IMPORT PRODUCTS OF B&H

No. Custom tariff Goods

1. 710 Oil from petroleum and bituminous minerals obtained by distillation and refinement

. 870 Vehicles, Motor cars

. 004 Medicaments put up in forms for retail sale

4. 40 Cigarettes

5. 1701 Sugar, beat, cane

6. 40 Furniture, other and parts

7. 5 Cement portland, slag,supersulfate,

8. 8471 Automatic data-processing machines and units thereof

. 0 Waters containing sugar or flavored

10. 8704 Motor vehicles for transport of goods

http//www.komorabih.com/en/economybih/foreigntrade.html

Before the war, as the name indicates, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was a socialist state, nevertheless with an interventionism less strong than in communist countries. Of course, this was also so in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The main indicators of this policy were the small numbers of privately owned firms, the high degree of social re-distribution and the predominance of heavy industries, as in Zenica (BiH Steel) or in Mostar (Aluminji). Furthermore, in his desire to strengthen the unity of the whole country, Marshall Tito spread out the points of fabrication of consumer goods among the whole of Yugoslavia. Thus, to quote a Zastava car as an example, the chassis was manufactured here, the engine there, and the tires in a third republic of the country.

Another specific point was the existence of the so-called payment bureau, which collected all the bills and taxes from the citizens and paid part of this revenue directly to the Party.

But BiH remained a landlocked country, with no access to the sea, no highways, few railway lines and only two ports on the Sava River, Samac and Brcko.

Is that to say that economic and social situations are frozen and that there is no chance of improvement? Certainly not, for a lot of things have recently changed for the better. Of course, its always more difficult to go towards an unknown system than to come back to a previously well known one. During more than 50 years - about two generations -, citizens of this country only experienced war and communism, and sometimes both together. Such moves, however as normalization of the dismantling of payment bureau, Air Space co-ordination, privatization, and the march for joining the Council of Europe are many examples of the efforts of the common institutions to reach western standards.

The HR (High Representatives) himself adopted a new concept of ownership, which means the progressive withdrawal of the international community and more responsibilities for the state institutions.

Another positive point was the creation, in July 1, of the Stability Pact, which deals with all the countries of the Balkans through a regional approach. There is virtual unanimity, in southeastern European countries, that the way forward is integration into Europe.

References

B&H Economics, Industry, Agriculture. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7//0,http//www.zivinicebih.com/bh/

Export Zone, Bosnia & Herzegovina.Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7//0, http//www.linkexports.co.uk/countryprofiles/regions.asp?lsid=5

Felman D.G.,Getis A.,& Getis J.,(updated sixth edition),(001)Human Geography, Landscapes of Human Activities

Foreign Trade Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Foreign Trade. Retrieved form the World Wide Web on 7/0/0, http//www.komorabih.com/en/economybih/foreigntrade.html

South East European Times, Balkan Times (News Article) Retrieved from the World Wide Web on 7/5/0, http//www.balkantimes.com/

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The Nazis made valuable use of the time they had in parliament and became a strong party. When the Munich putsch failed in September 1, they learnt that they would have to try to gain power by lawful means. They used propaganda to gain support and also came up with a 5-point program that appealed to everyone.

Germany tried to pay the reparations by printing more money but when that failed, America gave them loans to ease the economic problems. At the time of the loans, America was financially secure but in 1 the Wall Street Crash sent America into depression causing them to recall their loans. Having to repay the money put Germany into greater financial difficulty and they had to try unpopular economic policies.

The Depression derived from the Wall Street Crash, when people rushed to sell their shares because they realized the companies were doing badly. Thousands of businesses and people were ruined. This affected Germany because America withdrew its loans and the German economy collapsed. Millions were left unemployed. The new Weimar government broke down and people were ready to listen to groups like Hitlers Nazis, who promised a strong government and a better way of life. People who had never been interested in politics before found themselves listening to extremist groups because the government had collapsed. The Depression was a tremendous piece of good luck for the Nazis, because it enabled them to get the majority of the vote in Germany (4.%).

During the Depression the German public was not so concerned with the detailed aims of the Nazis when in power. They just wanted a new government and leader who could help Germany from the great Depression.

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The Depression led to high unemployment because factories had closed down, and farmers and many businessmen could not sell their goods.

The reparation payment in particular caused great difficulties for the government and the people. When Germany failed to make a payment in 1, the French and Belgium army marched in and took control of the Ruhr, a key industrial area of Germany. The Germans responded with passive resistance but that again was expensive.

The Treaty of Versailles made it almost impossible for Germany to recover financially, largely because all Germany's colonies were taken and they were made to pay reparations. In order to try to pay the reparations, Germany started to print money and ended up with hyperinflation. The economic instability added to the political instability.

The Nazis cleverly delivered the idea that if they came to power there would be something for everyone. For example farmers were promised higher prices for their goods and shopkeepers were offered protection against big businesses.

The Nazis, now more organized and efficient, were ready for this opportunity to gain power and made promises of jobs and bread.

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