Theories of management

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Theories of management.

Back in the early part of the 0th century, organisations had very little structure, and the workers simply did tasks the easiest way, and not the most efficient way. Decisions that needed to be made were simply made on guesses or hunches, with no real thought of what would benefit the company and production efficiency.

Now days due to 4 management theories that have evolved over time, organisations usually have a very defined structure, with managers to make all the important decisions. Before these decisions are made, much consideration and thought goes into the matter, and a final decision will be made, and this decision will more than likely be of benefit to the organisation. There are four main principles that have been created, all of which define processes and ways in which decisions can be made. These four principles are Scientific Management, General Administrative, The Quantitative Approach and Organisational behaviour.In 111, Frederick Winslow Taylor published 'Principles of Scientific Management'. These principles, which formed the basis for Scientific Management, uses scientific method to define the best and most efficient way for a job to be done. Taylor was a mechanical engineer, and he was appalled at how slow the workers were. He thought that if the job was done a more efficient way, rather than the easy way it was currently being done, production could quite possibly be increased. This resulted in him publishing the guidelines, in the hope that efficiency of the workers would increase. One flaw with scientific management is that it treats people as machines.

General Administrative management formed from two main peoples ideas. Henri Fayol and Max Weber. Fayol described management as a set of functions, planning, organising. commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's 14 principles formed the basis for General Administrative. Weber's ideal organisation was one of bureaucracy, where there was a division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules & regulations and impersonal relationships. Weber regarded rationality, predictability and authoritarianism very highly. These idea's created the basis for many of today's organisations, as most organisations have a clear hierarchy, and some rules. The General Administrative approach however, does inhibit creativity and new ideas.

The Quantitative approach uses statistics, optimisation models, information models and computer simulations in order to make statistically the correct decision. While these tools are often very effective in decision making, managers find it difficult to relate to models and computers, in relation to real life situations. Therefore this approach to management is not the most widely used principle.

Organisational Behaviour is concerned with the actions of people at work. It promotes motivation, leadership, teamwork and conflict management. The Hawthorne studies were extremely important to the ideas behind Organisational behaviour. In 14 a study began of the effect of illumination on the efficiency of workers. Despite varying levels of light, over time production continued to increase. It was found that the behaviour of a person was closely related to their sentiments, and that group influences have a significant effect on an individuals behaviour. Not surprisingly after this was found, a new emphasis was placed on human behaviour in the functioning of a company, resulting in the human relations movement, where people believed very strongly in employee satisfaction.

All of these principles of management are used today to at least some extent, and different organisations use different forms of management. For example Macdonald's uses Scientific management mainly, as each task has a specified procedure, with specific times to cook food. This does however limit the amount of creativity that an individual can put into the job. There is one way of doing things, and one way only, leaving no room at all for creativity and new ideas. Whilst Macdonald's uses mostly scientific management, they also use some of the principles of bureaucracy- they have a defined hierarchy, predictability, and a high level of efficiency. As with Macdonald's, most organisations do not solely use one principle of management, but uses portions of many types in order to run their company efficiently.

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Modern Theatre: The Rise of the DirectorBertolt Brecht

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Brecht is one of the greatest influential theorists, but also one of the most misunderstood. To think that Brecht's theatre was fun? Well why not? It was imaginative and intelligent, educational, meaningful and different - the word fun doesn't just relate to escapism and naturalism, but to any type of theatre which engages the audience. Bertolt Brecht first set down his ideas on Epic Theatre in the 10's. Current events, his own upbringing and circumstance helped shape Brecht's personal philosophy and his theory for the stage. In the earlier days, his purpose had been primarily political he had intended to "turn a means of enjoyment into a lesson to be taught, and to transform certain situations from places of entertainment into organs of publicity. Epic theatre evolved as a movement against the naturalist ideas of Stanislavski, which were seen by Brecht as very passive and easy to watch, where the real message of the play was usually ignored by the actors and the audience. Brecht's unique theory of the stage rejected previous theatrical traditions. He created his own style of theatre, which called for an alert, questioning and critical audience. So Brecht developed a range of techniques and devices (which became his distinguishing theatrical features) to intellectually stimulate and politically motivate his audience. A common misunderstanding is that Brecht was more concerned with instruction and education than fun. This is not true. He realised early in his career that audiences still sought out the escapist theatre he had opposed of and as a result was forced to make his theatre entertaining to compete with it. He was, fortunately, a man with an innate understanding of how to entertain and this came through in his plays. He, in fact, believed that entertainment was an undeniable function of the theatre and, like emotion, could never be removed. It must, however, be seen as a requirement, rather than the main objective in an instructional theatre. He never extracted his natural showmanship from his work and indeed the balance between instruction and entertainment became more evident in his work as his career went on.

Brecht defined the word 'epic' as "a sequence of events narrated without artificial restrictions as to time, place, or relevance to a formal plot." Essentially, epic theatre appeals less to the feelings than to the spectators reason, "Instead if sharing an experience the spectator must come to grips with things." Brecht was well aware of the problems in his society (political, social, and economical) and motivated by them, Brecht invented his theatrical features to allow audiences to view real life and real issues. His features included the use of a narrator, a detached acting style, symbolic sets with minimal props and costumes, signs and slogans, songs and exposed lighting. His theatre was based on fact not fantasy. A dialectical structure with a narrative punctuated by commentary in which song, dance, and projected films, stills or photos could alternate with speech. Brecht structured his plays around the term epic which he saw as a narrative not to be tied in to time. In epic theatre human thinking is conditioned by their social situation and will change if that changes. The idea was to make the audience aware of this serious issue and persuade them to try and prevent it. During Brecht's experimenting with theatre, two different ideas were explored, "In my view these experiments were pursued along two lines which occasionally intersected but can none the less be followed separately. They are defined by the two functions of entertainment and instruction that is to say that the theatre organised experiments to increase its ability to amuse, and others which were intended to raise its value as education."

Brecht called his theatre presentational theatre because it aims to present ideas. The interruption of action is one of the principal concerns in epic theatre. "Let us treat the theatre as a place of entertainment, as trues aesthetics should, and let us find out what sort of entertainment appeals to us."

Epic theatre relies on the audience constantly being aware that they are watching a performance. To achieve this, Brecht used one of his most distinguishing theatrical features, alienation. He used the Verfremdungseffect, a term used to describe the theatrical effect by which the familiar is made to appear strange. The aim is that instead of responding emotionally to a performance, the audience members will engage their minds with the subject being presented, "I'm forced here simply to state our belief that we can encourage artistic understanding on the basis of alienation."

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The message was the most important element of the play and Brecht wanted his audience to walk away after the performance having learnt something about the world, and really thing about and analyse the performance they have just seen. Brecht intended to his show his audience the faults within society, and then persuade them to go out and change it, "Nothing is irrelevant to society and it's affairs." The audience was to be like a group of observers watching the events of the performance in a completely detached and logical way. His plays moved in a series of detached scenes, sometimes skipping years and time moving from place to place. This technique, along with Brecht's acting style, disengaged the audience from the performance, thus preventing the audience to feel empathy for the characters. The dialectical sense runs through Brecht's theatre the actor who impersonates the character, yet remains them self; the stage which represents reality, yet remains a stage; the characters who are themselves, yet can be something else.

In Brechtian theatre the actors were not to become involved with their characters. The are simply there to demonstrate the words and actions of his/her character. Brecht described this feature using a car accident, "Even the experience of the driver and the victim is only partially communicated by him (the actor), and by no means tries to turn it into an enjoyable experience for the spectator, however life like he may make his demonstration." Brecht described the actor's role as being like an 'eyewitness' at an accident. At no time should the actor, or his audiences, identify with the character. Emotionally everything must be externalised. Brecht would terminate a scene before it's climax; at appropriate intervals slides could be projected bearing a message, which served to underline the point of the scene.

One of the most important features was Brecht's use of a narrator. He used the narrator to comment on the action, emphasise the main ideas of a scene so that spectators cannot fail to miss them, and to reveal the plot so an audience could spend it's time concentrating on meaning rather than what was to happen next. The epic-device of a narrator who is involved in the action, but who stands apart from the rest by addressing the audience directly, destroys the cosy illusion of naturalistic realism. Brecht also achieved this through historification. He set the current subject matter in the past, removing an illusion from the stage. Film and slides were used in conjunction with or without the narrator to again re-emphasise ideas or plots.

Brecht incorporated other important features to blend in with the disjointed acting style and presentation. One of these features was the use of song, which enabled actors to remind the audience that they are demonstrating not acting. Brecht removed all curiosity by using titles to inform the spectator of the events to come. Brecht decided to make an episode dramatically complete in itself. So the suspense of 'what's going to happen next?' is gone, "In the Threepenny Opera the educative elements were so to speak built in they were not an organic consequence of the whole, but stood in contradiction to it; they broke up the flow of the play and it's incidents, they prevented empathy, they acted as a cold douche for those whose sympathies were becoming involved. I hope that the moralising parts of The Threepenny Opera and the educative songs are reasonably entertaining, but it is certain that the entertainment in question is different from what one gets from the more orthodox scenes. The play has a double nature. Instruction and entertainment conflict openly." The use of titles allows the details and implications of the scene to be seen hand to be more carefully perceived. The simplistic, stylised sets were also used to alienate the audience. Scenery is changed in full view of the audience, reminding the public that it is being staged. Brecht wanted the audience to be constantly aware that they were sitting in a theatre, so he used exposed lighting. The use of harsh white light made the actors on stage look unreal and unnatural. Brecht wanted his spectators to realise that they were in a theatre and at times it was an uncomfortable place to be. The audience could not relate to this, thus creating another form of alienation.

Brecht's main concerns were classism and power, injustice and inequality. Classism and power is used to show the different groups of people within a society, which cause a minority higher group who control and effect the lives of the majority lower group. He based his theatrical productions by his personal feelings. Brecht's productions satirised, questioned and criticised the prejudiced political/social structure of the day and the decay of human and social values. Brecht intensely felt the inequalities of society where those of a higher class were able to use their power to pursue injustice of the lower class. "Enjoyment of learning depends of the class situation. Artistic appreciation depends on ones political attitude, which can accordingly be stimulated and adopted. But even if we restrict ourselves to the section of the audience which agreed politically we see the sharpening of the conflict between ability to entertain and educative value. The more we induced the audience to identify its own experience and feelings with the production, the less it learned; and the more there was to learn, the less the artistic enjoyment." Brecht wanted to bring about social change through the medium of theatre, to challenge people's thinking; arouse their anger so they might improve their world. Each character in The Caucasian Chalk Circle only had one costume, but her the emphasis is always from the minimalistic and is even over the top for the rich/wealthy characters in the play. Thus Brecht has created his own distinguishing theatrical features to emphasise his points. As Brecht once said, "You feel great, but how's the world?"

Brecht Ronald Gray

The Threepenny Opera, with it's mixture of wit, facetious clowning, brash popular numbers, occasional sharp prickings of the audience's conscience, and ultimate vagueness and irresponsibility, to this downright propagation of an ideal. Pg 11

Brecht's view of the function of theatre had changed. It was no longer to be directly political, but rather, as he wrote in the Little Organon of 148, a place which the worker might "enjoy his terrible and never-ending labours as entertainment together with the terrors of his ceaseless transformation." Pg 15

The difficulties have arisen, as will be seen, from the contradictory theories expressed by Brecht at different periods of his life like his plays, his theory changed considerably in exile.

In the earlier days, his purpose had been primarily political he had intended to "turn a means of enjoyment into a lesson to be taught, and to transform certain situations from places of entertainment into organs of publicity. Pg 70

The theatre was to be neither moralising or didactic; it was merely to detach itself from the classical models that had suited former ages, and produce entertainment adapted to our own age. In other words, it was to be a theatre scientific in mood. At this point, Brecht ran into a certain amount of self contradiction. Pg 71

Picasso has explained his own policy in art in terms closely similar to Brecht's. "My Landscapes," he writes, "are exactly like my nudes and my still lifes; but with faces people see the nose is crooked, whereas nothing shocks them about a bridge. But I drew this 'crooked nose' on purpose. I did what was necessary to force people to see a nose. Later on they saw - or they will see - that the nose isn't crooked at all. What I had to do was to stop them from going on seeing only 'beautiful harmonies' or 'exquisite colour'.

To Brecht and Beyond

By the end of the 10's, Brecht had in his lyrics and dramas, as well as in his theoretical writing, recognised that his own work was also pleasurable - if pleasure were no longer opposed to learning.

The time has come to give art, by a pitiless method, the precision of the natural sciences. But the principal difficulty for me is still the style, the indefinable Beauty resulting from the conception itself.

(Flaubert, Correspondence) pg 11

Brecht called the greatest art - the art of living.

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Bias In The News

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There is quite a lot of bias in news articles and it is very effective in stimulating our response to an issue. In the article Rich, famous unite in grief ( West Australian 5 September, 18) bias is included to symathise our response to the victim or victims and to be angry at the people responsible. Reporters can use headlines, Figure of Authority language and the six questions to create a effective slant on an article. All these factors play a huge role in the impact of the bias.

The headline is the first place in an article where the bias first starts. The size of the headline varies on the importance of the article and various poetic tools in a headline give the article a impact and a extremely strong determining point for the bias.The headline Rich, famous unite in grief uses strong words and alliteration and is typed in big, bold, black letters. This and the journalists impacting words make us feel angry at the people responsible for the Swissa disaster.

The way a headline is written and displayed aids in impacting the readers reactions to the article.

A Figure of Authority is used quite often in a article to help convey the bias. All direct quotes from these people are added in with the article to give the reader some proof. As an audience or readers we tend to believe and agree with what these people are saying because they are important and we as readers trust them. In the article Rich, famous unite in grief there is a direct quote from Mr La Motta I had four daughters but only two sons, and I lost them both in just seven months It shows how much pain and loss has happened to one man but then there are many others like him who have lost just as much. This quote makes us feel very sorry for the victims parents and love ones and extremly angry at the people responsible. The quotes in articles influence us to believe things about the people in the article.

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Every journalist chooses his/her different style of language to influence the reader in many various ways. Persuasive, descriptive, factual, emotive and poetic are the different language styles used by journalists. Each of theses styles has a different impact on the readers thoughts and responses to an article. In Rich, famous unite in grief an example of this is As grief counsellors helped the families of those killed. This is showing us that the families are helpless and shaterd at the loss of their loved ones. The uses of these writing techniques the journalist is able to create an impacting bias.

As the six questions are mostly factual but they however do contain some bias. They are normally in the introductory paragraph and are very simple the answers to the questions who?, What?, When?, Where?,Why? and How?. In the Rich, famous unite in grief the answers are in the first whew paragraphs which say that no survivors survived the Swissair disaster and that the families are under great grief. This however doesnt have a great impact on the bias but is factual in the article.

Therefore the bias in articles has a great influence on the readers response to the issues in articles. Headline and font, figure of authority and finally the six questions make up the bias in newspaper articles. As each factor plays a different role in impacting the bias.There is definitely a lot of bias in news articles and news just wouldnt be good if it didnt make you feel something for the story.

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Frost's "Mending Wall" vs. Floyd's "The Wall"

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Frosts Mending Wall vs. Floyds The Wall

Essay written by Luke Bialek

From Robert Frosts Mending Wall to Pink Floyds Another Brick in the Wall, humankind erects and maintains real and symbolic barriers to protect and defend opposing stances, beliefs and territories. Although each wall is different they serve the same purpose and both Frost and Floyd oppose them. Robert Frosts Mending Wall is a very popular poem. This poem consists of two characters the narrator and his neighbor. In this poem the two neighbors are mending a stone wall that separates their property. The wall mending has been a pastime of the neighbors for many years and occurs every spring. Over the winter the wall has fallen victim to both hunters and the frozen ground and, therefore, contains gaps that must be filled.

In the poem the narrator questions the sense of even mending the wall . He concludes that neither of the farms contain animals, only trees, which would be enough of a boundary. There is no physical need for the wall, so why go through the trouble of fixing it every year for no apparent reason. Although the narrator is right the ignorant neighbor insists that they mend the wall by saying Good fences make good neighbors.(Frost) The neighbor repeats this saying although he doesnt know why the wall is necessary nor does he know why it will make them better neighbors . Frost is criticizing the ignorance of the neighbor here. Mending Wall, although it doesnt appear it on the surface, almost parallels to a popular Pink Floyd song, Another Brick in the Wall. The speakers of the song are students and the poem is directed towards teachers. In this song, as in Mending Wall, a barrier is discussed, but this time it is a phsycological barrier instead of a physical one. This barrier has been put up by society and is being built up by the teachers. The students are calling out against this building up of the wall.

As it is stated in the song

All in all youre(teachers) just another brick in the wall.(Floyd) This barrier being put up is restraining the students freedom of thought, a process that has gone on and become reinforced over a long period of time. Floyd has realized this barrier and is calling out against it as he says

We dont need no thought control.(Floyd)

The barrier put up by education is just as unnecessary to Floyd as the stone wall is to Frost. The teachers in the song are doing the same thing that the neighbors father did in the poem, reinforced and insured a lack of communication and ,therefore, ignorance in the next generation. The neighbor is a perfect example of the product of these barriers, he doesnt know truly know why the wall must be there but he never questions his fathers words and understands that the wall is really keeping him and his neighbor from having a better friendship. Frost describes the neighbor like an old-stone savage armed. He moves in darkness as it seems to me.(Frost) This darkness is the ignorance that he displays as he mends the fence. Floyd relates to this dark ignorance with the No dark sarcasm in the classroom!(Floyd) The neighbors father and they teachers parallel and the neighbor is their product.

In these two works both speakers are attempting to halt the reinforcement of ignorance and the limiting of thought. These speakers each represent the view and message of their writers. Both Frost and Floyd want to break down the barriers set up by humankind. These barriers are what keep people from questioning or even contemplating things that happen in every day life. These barriers are often subconsciously put up and strengthened by society and may control ones thought. These techniques may be used by governments and other institutions to insure that someone doesnt know too much or uncover certain conspiracies. Frost and Floyd have provided us with two very different situations in which this technique may be used as a warning to help us to prevent the further control of our thought and to help us eventually attain freedom of thought.

Although they are two diferent forms of literature both Frosts Mending Wall and Floyds Another Brick in the Wall send the same message. That message is to think.

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Euclid

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Geometry is the branch of mathematics dealing with the relations, properties, and the measurements of solids, surfaces, lines, points, and angles. The mathematician Euclid is often considered the Father of geometry. He is most well known for his book, The Elements. He was also the author of the most successful textbook next to Autolycusi's Sphere.

Euclid was born around 5 BC and died about 65 BC in Alexandria, Egypt. His birthplace is unknown. Very little is known about Euclid's life because the name Euclid was very popular at that time5. He was most likely a Greek that traveled to Alexandria to learn and teach. In Alexandria, he most likely founded a school of mathematics. Also, it is a possibility that he studied with Plato's students due to his familiarity to the geometry of Eudoxus and Theaetetus5.

Euclid wrote his famous book The Elements when he was around thirty years old. It is quite long, spanning thirteen books. In it, Euclid compiled and systematically arranged many of the major mathematical results known during his time, besides adding his own findings. His book makes up the core of basic mathematics even today. Unfortunately, no original copies from his time have been found. However, some fragments of The Elements have been found in potshards in Egypt and on pieces of papyrus dating around 100 BC. The earliest copy of his book dates around 888 BC. The Elements has been used in schools until 1014.

The beginning of his book starts with a list of definitions, postulates, and axioms, which he used to prove proposition after proposition. His method has served as the standard for scientific argumentation for other generations (proofs). The volumes are Books 1-6 Plane Geometry. Books 7- Number Theory. Book 10 Euxodus' Theory of Irrational numbers. Books 11-1 Solid Geometry.

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The first five postulates in his book are these1

1. (It is possible) to draw a straight line from any point to any point.

. (It is possible) to produce (continue) a finite straight line in a straight line.

. (It is possible) to describe a circle with any center and distance (radius).

4. All right angles are equal to each other.

5. If a straight line falling on two straight lines make the interior angles on the same side less than two right angles, the two lines, if produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which are the angles less than the two right angles.

The first three postulates are postulates of construction. These postulates assume the existence of points, lines, and circles as well as other geometric objects that can be derived from the fact that these exist. The fourth and the fifth are very different from the first three. The fourth postulate look obvious, but in truth, it assumes that space is homogeneous. The fifth postulate is one of the more famous ones and basically states that one and only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to a given line5.

Euclid also included axioms, which Euclid called 'common notations'. Common notations are not specific geometric properties, but are instead, general assumptions that are the basis of mathematics and which allows it to continue to be a deductive science5. His five common notations are1

1. Things which are equal to the same thing are equal to one another.

. If equals be added to equals, the wholes are equal.

. If equals be subtracted from equals, the remainders are equal.

4. Things which coincide with one another are equal to one another.

5. The whole is greater than the part.

Euclid was often portrayed as a kind, fair, and patient man who was quick to help others and to encourage and praise them. However, he was rather sarcastic as well. One well known story about his sarcasm was when one of his students complained that there was no point use for any of the mathematics he was learning. Euclid then called his slave to give the boy a coin because "he must make gain out of what he learns." Euclid was man of great wisdom who has greatly affected, modern mathematics. He will live on in the books of history forever.

References

· 1http//alpha.furman.edu/~jpoole/mth15hp/mathematicians/euclidsmathematics/eubk1/defposcn.htm

· http//physics.hallym.ac.kr/reference/physicist/Euclid.html

· http//www.lib.virginia.edu/science/parshall/euclid.html

· 4http//asijonline.net/math/euclid/euclid.htm

· 5http//www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathemetician

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A THEOLOGY OF SUFFERING

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A THEOLOGY OF SUFFERING OR JESUS HEALS TODAY

The theology of suffering always coexists with a powerless and ineffective church which apologizes for its lack of power with mystery and intellectualism. And it produces a powerless and ineffective church. One writer commented on this mind set of suffering.

The will of God has been a deep shadow ... obscuring ... blessing with its decrees of sorrow .... The will of God is associated with sick rooms, poverty, loss. bereavement, funerals, the open grave. The will of God, to such has are schooled in this mind set], is always dressed in black. And this conception of His will gives us sickly Christians, weak faith, empty joy. puny, conquests .... When we say in prayer. Thy will be done, are we always impressed with its significance? Gods will is not ... vindictive ... His will is a blessed companion, which illumines our way, cheers our spirits, makes glad our lives and brings fruitfulness to all that we do (Pentecostal Theology, p. 7 7).

This thinking robs evangelism of its most effective and compelling witness. Healings are powerful, authenticating both the message and the messenger of the gospel.

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Matthew 816-17 When evening had come, they brought to Him many who were demon-possessed. And He cast out the spirits with a word, and healed all who were sick,17 that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying He Himself took our infirmities And bore our sicknesses. NKJV

I. DIVINE COMMISSION

When Jesus commissioned the disciples; he told them to heal the sick in the houses into which they were received, saying to them The Kingdom of God has come near you (Lk 10).

The issue of faith is of great importance in healing. Jesus said, Your faith that has made you whole, 1) to the woman with the issue of blood, ) to the leper who returned and gave thanks and ) to blind Bartimaeus. People came to Jesus for healing and requested it. Even the man at the Pool of Bethesda was not healed until Jesus had asked him. Do you want to be made well? In fact, as far as we know, He healed only the one in that vast place filled with the infirm.

Paul, preaching at Lystra. perceived a lame man who had been listening to him had faith to be healed. Paul then commanded him in a loud voice to stand to his feet (which he had never done) and the man leaped to his feet and walked (Acts 148 10).

All things are possible to those who believe (Mk ); if we have faith in God anything is possible (Nu 11 4); and Jesus makes clear that faith is necessary even if it is only the size of a mustard seed (Lk 176). We must pointedly preach about mans condition before God and lay out Gods requirements of repentance and faith. We included Gods promises to the believer and how Jesus had paid the price for sin in His atoning sacrifice.

Healing was never presented as just prance in sick and prance out healed.

The issue today, as always, is one of believing God. God helped only one widow woman, and healed only one leper (Naaman) in the days of the prophets. The issue was not need. It was faith. Having a need has never been enough. God is not moved by need…if that were true all who needed money would be blessed and all who were sick would be healed.

Many prayers are not prayers of faith. Many will add, If it be thy will, to the end of their prayer. This is the standard Bible school prayer. This is actually a prayer of unbelief. Consider that to pray and receive you have to know the will of God… Jesus was asked once, "If you can do any thing have compassion on us and heal us…He responded, "If you had faith…etc."

The if" nullifies faith in almost every realm. The Bible clearly teaches the will of God and His commission to heal the sick. Believers are to use this knowledge and move in authority against sickness and disease. Hosea' says God's people are destroyed for a lack of knowledge.

Jesus, called His twelve disciples together and, after giving them power and authority over diseases, sent them to preach and to heal the sick (Luke 1 ), saying to the them, The kingdom of God has come near to you (Luke 10). To the healed leper Jesus said, Arise, go your way. Your faith has made you well (Luke 171).

Once you discover the believers authority in Christ, it changes how you pray.

II. THE SPIRITUAL NATURE OF DISEASE

In the Bible record of healing, we see clearly the intertwining of the spiritual, physical and demonic. Lukes gospel documents Jesus casting out an unclean spirit, rebuking a fever (physical disease), and speaking to and commanding demons which came out of people (41 41). Jesus is dealing with spiritual forces as personalities, not as germs. He deals with them as enemies, not as benefactors. Matthew calls these spiritual powers "tormentors", not comforters (185). They are realities, not superstitions. They are direct demonic links to disease and are somehow able to exercise a tangible dominion over a persons body and life.

Medical researchers have confirmed in many different ways that chronic feelings of hopelessness or unforgiveness can affect the immune system. Holding, retaining, grasping and nurturing bitterness and resentment releases a hormone which suppresses the activity of the immune system and makes man susceptible to disease. Upwards of 85% of those visiting doctors do so because of guilt and shame. People working with chronic pain sufferers, especially lower back pain, point out that much of the pain is related to stress. Current research is bringing to light many such connections between health and spiritual factors.

I am convinced that it is the spiritual issues which are most important in healing.

Proverbs 1814 The spirit of a man will sustain him in sickness, But who can bear a broken spirit? NKJV

Proverbs 17 A merry heart does good, like medicine, But a broken spirit dries the bones.

III. THE ROLE OF THE DEVIL

James says that "the life of the body is the spirit. So long as that life, or spirit, remains in the body, the body continues to live. But as soon as the spirit leaves the body, the body is dead; it decays and returns to the dust.

Many human sicknesses and diseases begin from a tiny germ, an evil satanic life, sent to live in and possess the host body and destroy it. As long as that life, the spirit of infirmity, exists in the body, the growth or disease lives and continues its destructive work.

But as soon as the evil spirit, the evil life, or spirit of infirmity, has been cast out of the body in Jesus name, that disease or growth is dead. It will decay and pass from the body. This is the process of healing.

It is my firm conviction that the devil is the author and perpetrator of all disease. Disease had its opportunity in the Fall of Man and exists as incipient (initial, embryonic) death. Prior to the Fall there was neither disease nor death. No injury, accident or illness was able to strike man until he fell and became vulnerable because of sin. With the Fall came the curse and accident, injury, sickness, weakness and infirmity, all foreshadowing death which came upon all. Physical death is a shadow of spiritual death. All sickness is energized by a spirit of death. Man is a being composed of spirit, soul, and body. He is not primarily a physical being with a spirit but rather a spiritual being inhabiting a physical body. This is not merely words. It is necessary to change our thinking on this issue. This will change the way you deal with the sick.

IV. MAN HAS DOMINION

God gave man dominion with a condition. Disobedience brought death. A clear connection exists between sin and sickness, which is incipient death.

Then the LORD God took the man and put him in the garden of Eden to tend and keep it. And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden you may freely eat, but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil you shall not eat, for in the day that you eat of it you shall surely die (Ge 15 17).

A. THE PROMISE OF HEALING

And the LORD will take away from you all sickness, and will afflict you with none of the terrible diseases of Egypt which you have known, but will lay them on all those who hate you (Deu 715).

A sound heart is life to the body, But envy is rottenness to the bones (Prov 140).

Surely He has borne our griefs And earned our sorrows; Yet we esteemed Him stricken, Smitten by God, and afflicted. But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement for our peace was upon Mm, And by His stripes we are healed (Isa 54 5).

And He said to them,

Go into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature. He who believes and is baptized will be saved; but he who does not believe will be condemned. And these signs will follow those who believe In My name they will cast out demons; they will speak with new tongues; they will take up serpents; and if they drink anything deadly, it will by no means hurt them; they will lay hands on the sick, and they will recover. So then, after the Lord had spoken to them, He was received up into heaven, and sat down at the right hand of God. And they went out and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them and confirming the word through the accompanying signs. Amen (Mark 1615 0).

Is anyone among you suffering? Let him pray. Is anyone cheerful? Let him sing psalms. Is anyone among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith will save the sick, and the Lord will raise him up. And if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven (James 5115).

B. GOD WANTS ME HEALED!

The necessary revelation is simply, God wants me well. One writer put it The devil wants you begging; Jesus wants you living. The devil wants you crawling; Jesus wants you walking. The devil wants you whining; Jesus wants you dining. The devil wants you down; Jesus wants you up. The enemy is the devil.

God is not punishing with sickness. At the root of all sickness is the devil. He gives energy and power to all disease and infirmity. The Bible is Gods self revelation. In its pages we learn how to relate to and approach God in obedience to his revealed will and not according to our feelings, moods or human reasoning. The lack of power in many churches is because many are unaware of who God is and how to approach Him. They have lost the revelation of The Lord Our Healer and the truth of Jesus dynamic healing ministry someone has counted twenty seven miracles attributed to Jesus in the Scripture as well as ten occasions of general healing in large numbers of people with a wide variety (every kind) of diseases. Jesus, never passive about sickness, treated it as the enemy. There are two primary hindrances to treating those who are sick.

First is ignorance concerning the will of God.

Lilian Yeomans said, I believe that one of the greatest hindrances to healing is the absence of a certain definite knowledge as to Gods will. There is lurking in most everyone a feeling that God may not be willing, that we have to persuade Him to heal us.

Secondly, we tend to be very passive about disease and infirmity. There is a reluctance to believe and aggressively pursue healing.

V. AGGRESSIVE CONFRONTATION

Jesus makes aggressive action a necessary ingredient for kingdom living, saying

...from the days of John the Baptist until now the kingdom of heaven suffers violence, and the violent take it by force (Mat 111).

Likewise in Luke, The law and the prophets were until John. Since that time the kingdom of God has been preached, and everyone is pressing into it (1616).

Aggressive, or violent, action in the company of faith pleases God and he anoints it.

See how ... God anointed Jesus of Nazareth with the Holy Spirit and with power, who went about doing good and healing all who were oppressed by the devil, for God was with Him (Acts 108).

Importantly, Jesus heals because he God The Healer. He does not heal as some special event but because it is His nature.

A. JESUS BORE OUR SICKNESSES

The language and context of Isaiah's great Messianic prophecy clearly point to Jesus actually carrying our sicknesses and diseases. In His death, and shed blood, is provision for physical healing as part of salvation.

Surely He has borne our griefs And carried our sorrows; Yet we esteemed Him stricken, Smitten by God, and afflicted. But He was wounded for our transgressions, He was bruised for our iniquities; The chastisement for our peace was upon Him, And by His stripes we are healed (Isa 54 5).

Matthew applies this prophecy directly to the healing ministry of Jesus. They brought to Him many who were demon possessed. And He cast out the spirits with a word, and healed all who were sick, that it might be fulfilled which was spoken by Isaiah the prophet, saying He Himself took our infirmities And bore our sicknesses (Mat 816 17). Peter also uses this scripture, only he applies it to believers. [Jesus] bore our sins in Ms own body on the tree, that we, having died to sins, might live for righteousness; by whose stripes you were healed (I Pet 4). The story of the leper ties the nature of God together with his willingness. Jesus, moved with compassion, stretched out His hand and touched him, and said to him, I am willing; be cleansed (Mark 141).

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The World

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History

Erling Persson, founder of H&M, started out as a salesman in Vasteras, Sweden. While traveling in the United States, he was inspired by a new type of clothing store. The store had high turnover in merchandise and kept its prices low. Upon his return to Sweden, he opened the first Hennes store on September 1th, 147. It was named Hennes (the Swedish word for hers) because it only sold womens clothes.

Hennes expanded steadily during the 150s and 60s. When the company was seeking to expand in 168, Erling Persson bought Mauritz Widforss, a hunting and gun store located in Sergelgatan, Stockholm. A stock of mens clothing came with the store, so the company began selling mens and womens clothes and changed its name to Hennes & Mauritz.

Since 18, H&M has continued to rapidly expand with Erling Perssons son, Stefan Persson, as Managing Director. In March of 000, we opened our first US store on 5th Avenue in Manhattan. Cheap College Papers on The World

Due to our overwhelming success here in the US, we will continue our aggressive expansion. Currently, H&M has over 4,000 employees. We sell clothes and cosmetics in over 800 stores in 14 countries worldwide. Last year sales amounted to 4.4 billion dollars.

Concept

The H&M concept is fashion and quality at the best price. Our design and buying departments create the H&M collection and make it possible to offer the latest fashion for women, men, teens and kids as well as cosmetics at the best price. We offer a wide range of products, and new goods are delivered to our stores every day.

A number of measures have been introduced to secure and raise the quality of our goods. H&M has the resources to carry out careful and effective quality control. Our garments are manufactured under good working conditions without the use of environmentally hazardous chemicals or harmful substances. H&M does not own any factories, but works with approximately 00 suppliers in Europe and Asia.

H&Ms code of conduct outlines the demands we make of our suppliers. We aim only to work with suppliers who can live up to our high production standards.

Our primary objective is to ensure that our customers get a good deal. We also believe that shopping at H&M should be an easy and pleasant experience. Great importance is attached to the layout of the stores and the way in which the garments are presented. It should also be easy for our customers to find an H&M store, so the principle of best business locations applies whenever opening new stores.

H&M is Europes leading fashion retailer, and our proven business model recently earned us a spot on of Forbes lists -- The Worlds 400 Best Companies and The Worlds Best Retailers.

Marketing our own brand for women, men, teens, kids and cosmetics, we offer fashion and quality at the best prices. But thats just part of our story. A major reason weve been so successful is our unique work environment based on flexibility and common sense, where employees are valued, supported and, most importantly, heard.

In March 000, we opened our first US store on 5th Avenue in Manhattan. Since then, weve begun rapidly expanding. Were looking for talented and motivated sales associates, department managers, store managers, and store-line visual merchandisers that can start and grow with the company.

this is not original work. it is from H&Ms site

internet sources

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