Britain and Europe

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Does membership of the European Union pose a significant threat to British democracy?

"Many years after Britain joined the community in 17.

We still have our Queen, we continue to eat sliced bread, warm beer, our police are unarmed, we drive on the left of the road, we are not forced to carry identity cards, we vote on Thursdays, milk is delivered in pines to our doorsteps, which is threatened, not by Brussels, but because we drink less every year and because British dairies have chosen to sell milk through supermarkets. Our public houses are opened d at the restricted times that we have chosen, we have our own civil and criminal law, we have Greenwich Mean Time, we play cricket and snooker, the pop has not interfered with our national churches, imported animals are subject to quarantine to keep out rabies, and so on." (Dunn,185; p.6)

This essay will firstly analyze the system within which European Union works; it will look at the different institutions role, for example the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, European Parliament, … in contrast of this, it will look at Britain's main decision-making institutions, for example House of Commons, the British Parliament, etc…I will look at both pro and anti EU views. Following the institutions' analysis, I will try to see in what ways does the European Union pose a significant threat to the British democracy. Thirdly, I will talk about the democracy within the European Union, and how far Britain has been advanced by joining the European Union. To conclude, I would summarize Britain's democratic control and will answer whether or not European Union membership has threatened British democracy.

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Democratic control of decisions made in the European Community. There are two executive bodies in the Community to take the decisions and to carry out them out. They are the Council of Ministers and the Commission. Both hold their meetings in secret. Neither is fully accountable to the public for their decisions.

The commission is run by "Commissioners" who are simultaneously appointed every four years by the heads of each national governments.

The public has no way to express its views about the choice of the Commissioners. Even their elected representatives in the national parliament cannot alter the appointments, which are the gift or party leaders. Not can the public vote directly for the appointment of a Commissioner as the American public can when it elects a President.

However the Commission, as a body, is sensitive to these criticisms. It makes a deliberate effort to consult and to listen to the elected European Parliament although it has the right (from the treaty of Rome) to ignore the Parliament's views. The European Parliament has the formal power to vote to dismiss all the Commissioners together. It does not yet have a formal power to approve their appointment, although in 185 it took upon itself to vote approval of them in any case. (Labour Party, p.6)

As for the council of Ministers, according to the British view is a far more serious problem. It meets in secret. Neither the press, nor the public, nor members of the European Parliament can attend its meetings. In their secret meetings the national ministers or their civil servants habitually abuse the confidence of the public by awarding secret vetoes to each other. These secret vetoes, for the most part, have no legal basis. Nor are the secret vetoes justified to the public afterwards. (Fakuda; 17, p.1)

National parliaments are not able to control the activities of the Council of Ministers. This is accepted by the House of Commons, where only a small proportion of Community matters are debated. The few debates are usually held late at night, this timing being deliberately chosen by the ministers. The final motion after each debate is only to take note of the Community's decision because no national parliament has any power to alter even a single comma of most decisions by the Council decisions are taken in secret, have immediate effect, and are not subject to parliamentary control.

An essential safeguard for stable democracy is that there should be adequate democratic control and proper separation of the powers of government.

In other words, the different powers of government should be kept separate instead of being concentrated in too few hands. Each separate power should be subject to full democratic control.

Curiously, the Unites Kingdom do not enjoy these safeguards. In Westminster both the executive and the legislative arms of government are controlled by the same person, the Prime Minister. (Britain in Europe, webpage)

The leader becomes in effect a short-term dictator between elections because they control both the decision-making machinery and the people's representatives.

Why should we worry about the inadequate democratic control of Community decision-making. We should definitely be concerned the fundamental principle of separate democratic control of each of the powers does not exist in the European Community. The commission and the council of Ministers have executive powers; but the public's representatives in the elected Parliament have only the right to be consulted for an opinion rather than being able to withhold powers from the executive if that is necessary in the public interest. (Wall, 180; p.57)

Therefore, the European Parliament does not need to take any powers away from the national parliaments of the member states in order to correct this situation. It simply needs an increase in its responsibilities in order that the executive decisions of the council of Ministers and of the Commission shall be made subject to separate and full democratic control.

Why are certain national leaders in the Community including Britain's leader opposed to this increase in responsibility for the European Parliament, the answer is simple, it is because their own personal power would become more subject to control, which is something they would not enjoy.

The pro-EU view explains the EU democracy rather differently. The nature of EU-level democracy must necessarily be judged on different criteria to that of states. Weiler et al suggest that three 'levels' within the EU are each characterised by different forms of democracy. The first is the intergovernmental level; conventional diplomacy and international politics. The second level is the supranational level. This revolves around the institutions of the Union, and the member states. The third level is that of Union itself, where it behaves in a similar fashion to a national assembly, replete with interest groups and technocrats. I find such a view unhelpful the interpretations of democracy offered at these different levels correspond only marginally with what citizens of Member-States experience. Such conceptualisations of democracy as 'pluralist' or 'neo-corporatist' attempt to side-step the real issue. This is defining democracy with reference to the EU, when the process should be reversed a single and coherent form of democracy should firstly be defined, and then applied to all levels of the EU. A formulation of democracy should respect the principles of the separation of powers, and of broadly reaching representation. This, however, would suggest a Euro-federalist agenda. (Dunn, 185; p.6-65)

The democratic nature and mandate of the EU institutions bears consideration. The Council, as representative of the elected governments of member states has a democratic mandate. The Parliament, constituted by direct election, has an even stronger claim to legitimacy. The problem arises when one considers the Commission. It exists as guardian of the treaties and to ensure the long-term goals of the EU, without being swayed by short-term national political interest, and as the major legislative initiator of the EU. These arguments sounded hollow when advanced for the preservation of an unreformed House of Lords in the United Kingdom. As Paine suggested, representation should be directly proportionate to power; an unrepresentative body should have no power at all. Yet in the Commission we see a body with broad legislative and executive powers. (UK membership of the EU, webpage)

There is also a positive side of Britain joining the EU. EEC membership has meant a constitutional revolution in the United Kingdom. Quite apart from a major changes like the cession of treaty-making powers to the Commission, and the acceptance of the European Court as the supreme court in the British hierarchy, membership has fundamentally altered the role and function of the house of Commons over matters of Community legislation.

Legislation is no longer exclusively prepared and drafted in Whitehall, and debated and voted upon in Westminster. Legislative proposals, in many important areas, not originate with the Commission, are considered by working parties comprising civil servants from the member countries, are discussed by the European Assembly and are finally agreed upon in the Council of Ministers. (Labour party,p.65-66)

The really revolutionary aspect of the change is however the fact the House of Commons is quite superfluous to the legislative process as far as the Community legislation is concerned. The conventional doctrine that all legislation requires Parliamentary assent no longer applies and the House of Commons has to that extent seen one of its main powers and one of the main instruments by which it exercised control over the executive disappear.

Community legislation is either directly applicable in the law of member countries or imposes an obligation on member countries to give effect through domestic legislation to chat has been agreed. Once a regulation has been agreed in Brussels, there is no way in which the House of Commons can intervene, as the ineffectiveness of the House of Commons resolution condemning the notorious skimmed milk powder regulations shows. In the case of directives, however, the house of Commons does sometimes have the chance to intervene and this will inevitably lead one day to a conflict between Community and domestic law.

To conclude I would say that the sovereignty of the British people is not at risk so long as they lived democratically.

The misunderstanding about sovereignty surely arises because it is the sovereignty of the British national parliament which is shrinking. This is born out if one observes who is voicing the fears about national sovereignty the fears are voiced by Westminster politicians who blame the European Community for their own decline. There is a danger that our national British politicians are putting their own interest at Westminster above their interest of the British people. For example, a senior conservative M.P told conservative M.E.P including the author at the start of March 18 that there would not, under any serious circumstances, be an increase in Britain's gross V.A.T payment to the European Community, whether or not that brought greater returns and benefits to the British people.

Why? because, it was specifically stated by the explainee, and increased gross V.A.T payment to Brussels would be a transfer of Westminster sovereignty.

It is true that our sharing in the greater European sovereignty will threaten some of our national British institutions. (Labour party, p.65-70)

Those threatened will included our British passport and customs officers. The public has been brain-washed by government into forgetting that these are devices for limiting their freedom. The European parliament looks forward to the day when all such restrictions on movements by British and other European citizens inside the community will have been abolished .

The major reason for founding the Common Market, which has developed into the European Union, was to build a political framework which would make it impossible to repeat the devastating wars which had torn Europe apart during the first half of the twentieth century. The irony is that it is not political structures which stop wars breaking out. It is democracy which fulfils that role. Functioning democracy allows tensions and conflicts of interest to be solved by compromise, in a civilised and generally acceptable way. It allows new ideas, new trends, and new people to come to the fore peacefully, without the use of force and coercion. The major failure of the EU is that it has tried to centralise power, without corresponding democratic control. This is why it is responding so inappropriately to the biggest dangers facing Europe. These are not nowadays the prospects of wars between Member States, although Yugoslavia, in Europes hinterland, is an awful reminder of how easy it is to slip backwards. The great threats to Europe are civic disorder and crime, racism and extremism, corruption and cronyism. Their causes always are a combination of economic failure on the one hand and on the other a breakdown in civic trust and confidence in the ability of the democratic process to respond. These are the dangers which the EU now faces as the safety valve provided by democracy is eroded away, and the EUs self serving elites foist on the EU a combination of economic prescriptions, social policies and political structures which do not work, and which are not what the people want. (Britain in Europe, webpage)

Another key point to mention is the increase of globalization, which is can threaten a country's democracy. Which is not only the case for Britain but other EU countries have kind of partly lost their control over decision-making ,therefore loss of democracy. And few argue, loss of sovereignty because of the introduction of the Single Currency, Euro.

The Labour party , 177; The EEC and Britain a socialist perspective, chap "Membership and Parliamen"t P.6

H.Fakuda, 17; Britain in Europe, chap. "Britain, the common Market" p. 51-56

H.Fakuda, 17; Britain in Europe, chap.4 "Association with the EEC" p.1-14

W.Wali, 180; Britain in Europe, chap. "The Balance of Payments and British Membership of the European Community" P.57-7

N.Dunn, 185; Greater in Europe, chap.5 "An alarming gap in Democratic Contro"l p.50-55

N.Dunn, 185; Greater in Europe, chap.7 "Sovereignty, the Misunderstood concept" p.6

N.Dunn, 185; Greater in Europe, chap. "Who is afraid of a United States of Europe?" p.8

Britain in Europe ,

URL http//www.northislington.freeserve.co.uk/party/peo/fws.htm ,consulted1-0-0

Britain in Europe,

URL http//www.britainineurope.org.uk/templ.phtml?id= ,consulted 14-0-0

Britain and Europe, URL http//www.liu.se/isk/eng/cs/cshome8.html , consulted-0-0

History of UK membership of the EU,

URL http//www.cec.org.uk/about/history.htm, consulted-0-0

David Lennon, Tony Blair's Britain,

URL http//www.eurunion.org/magazine/71/p08/p08-71.htm , consulted 6-0-0

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Great Gatsby: Nick as Narrator

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"Im one of the few totally honest people I know. Nick Carraway says this early in the novel in order to establish himself as a dependable character. It also comes to light that he is the only character who has maintained most of his morals throughout the book. He reserves his judgements and does not express them vocally, but rather to the reader in his thoughts.

Nick, throughout the novel separates himself from the rest of the characters. He is involved in all the controversy first hand, but manages to take outsiders view on things. For example, he does not think it right that Jordan Baker, the woman golfer, should cheat in a golf game, but on the other hand he does remember that it was only an accusation. When Nick finds out about how Gatsby makes his money overlooks he dishonest business dealings, with certain relationships and with organized crime. Gradually through the novel Nick looses his innocence, and in turn his morals. It can also be said that throughout the book that some his facts may be distorted or even lies. For example, one day Tom drags him along to Myrtles apartment in New York. While he is there, he gets drunk, so this is a prime area for twisting of facts. Another example is when Daisy runs into Myrtle in Gatsbys car. Lots of what we hear is gossip and from the recycled facts from bystanders.

Nick's western roots do, however become questionable as the novel progresses. For instance when Tom is having an affair he says nothing to Tom about how it's sinful and wrong. Instead, Nick goes along with Tom and waits while Tom is in the bedroom with Myrtle. He speaks of the immorality of it, however he never says anything. Another example is when Gatsby is trying to court Daisy. Nick introduces them knowing full well how Gatsby feels about her. However, Nick fails to remember that Daisy is someone's wife and that she is bound to Tom threw their vows.

An aspect of Nick's character that also perplexes the reader is Nick's level of friendship, trust and tolerance to Gatsby that he offers no one else. At the end Nick is quick to dismiss Tom and Daisy. Nonetheless, no matter what Gatsby does Nick finds a way to rationalize his actions for the better. This influences the reader because we grow to empathize with Gatsby. He seems to have worked hard for the love of Daisy. Whether it be because we know she would never love him as a person or because we feel sorry for him and the life that he has degraded himself to. To her, he is still that poor boy from many years ago and in her head she is still thinking, "Rich people don't marry poor people."

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Nick Carraway, the novels narrator, may not have always had the most impartial opinions or the views on certain topics but he was continually loyal. Not loyalty in reference to his relationships with the other characters, but in being loyal to himself. He did not get involved with the corrupt ways of the others and he did not loose all his morals and ethics. However, when he realized how they had declined he made the decision to move back home, to the West, where he could regain all that he had lost. "Thats my Middle West … the street lamps and sleigh bells in the frosty dark…. I see now that this has been a story of the West, after allTom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and perhaps we possessed some deficiency in common which made us subtly unadaptable to Eastern life."

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Analysis of Dickenson's "When I heard a fly buzz

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Analysis of Dickenson's "I Heard a fly buzz-when I died"

"I Heard a fly buzz-when I died" depicts a 1th century woman "…recalling her own deathbed scene, focusing on the suspenseful interval during which she and loved ones await the arrival of death..." (Arp 4). Death in Emily Dickenson's time was very much unlike death today. Instead of the typical deathbed scene of today, complete with a relaxed hospital patient soothed by painkillers, "before the age of powerful anodynes death was met in full consciousness…," (Leone 7). Because of these differences in the past and present day, the reader gets the chance to be exposed to the character's inner thoughts and feelings during this time. Through her use of theme, symbolism, and poetic devices Emily Dickenson explains her views on death and dying, in the poem "I Heard a fly buzz-when I died."

First, throughout the poem, the central theme is death. More specifically it details the struggle in belief of an afterlife and the unimportance of material, earthy possessions. First, the narrator's disillusion with the promise of a Christian afterlife becomes apparent to the reader throughout the poem. "As consciousness fades, the world fades and vice versa; as the world and consciousness ebb out, the promise of Christian immortality (represented by the King) also disappears" (Budick 171). Also illustrated throughout the poem is the idea of the uselessness of material possessions of this earth after death as the narrator describes them in the lines "/…I willed my Keepsakes Signed away What portion of me be Assignable," (Dickenson 8-10). The narrator is now aware that these

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possessions serve no purpose after death. Through these central themes Emily Dickenson creates a central theme revolving around death.

Also, symbolism plays a central part in the poem explaining aspects of death and dying through the symbols of silence and the fly. First, reference of silence is used through the lines "/…The Stillness in the Room Was like the Stillness in the Air"(Dickenson -) as a symbol of impending death and the silence after it happened. In contrast, the fly portrays a symbol of life that is blocking death. "We know nothing about the fly's buzz yet except that its sounds stands out against a background of silence. The room is silent because the persona is nowhere…," (Weisbuch ). The fly's buzzing is all that stands in the way between the narrator and her death and separate her from her awaiting heaven. "Even so small a demonstrative, demonstrable creature is sufficient to separate the dying person from "the light," i.e. to blur the vision, to short-circuit mental concentration, so that spiritual awareness is lost," (Leone 75). Through these symbols, silence and the fly, Emily Dickenson further elaborates on death.

Lastly, the poetic devices, such as rhyme scheme, dashes and onomatopoeia, used throughout the poem also contribute to the feeling of death and dying. First, the rhyme scheme is very deliberate through the course of the poem. The second and fourth lines are rhymed while the first and third are not. "The approximate rhymes provide a formal unity even as they convey an atmosphere of unease, an uncertainty and fear in the face of imminent death," (Arp 50). Also, the dashes littered throughout the

passage for emphasis "contribute to the poem's measured, stately rhythm," (Arp 50). Onomatopoeia, the use of words that produce sounds, is also employed frequently to add

to the scene. The word buzz is scattered through the poem to illustrate the constant sound of the fly in the room. "This outburst of onomatopoetic effect consummates the aural imagery promised in the opening line," (Arp 50). In the last line, there is the fly, blocking the narrator from quiet thoughts of an awaiting heaven, so that she "/…could not see to see," (Dickenson 16). Through the use of poetic devices Emily Dickenson is able to further enhance the meaning and atmosphere in this poem.

To conclude, the poem "I Heard a fly buzz-when I died" is a classic in literature. Through this poem people today are able to experience the death and dying of a woman like it was over 100 years ago. In her writing of this poem Emily Dickenson contributes to this portrayal by her use of death as a theme, symbols of silence and the fly and poetic devices like rhyme, dashes and onomatopoeia.

Please note that this sample paper on Analysis of Dickenson's "When I heard a fly buzz is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Analysis of Dickenson's "When I heard a fly buzz, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on Analysis of Dickenson's "When I heard a fly buzz will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Violence in hockey

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Violence In Hockey

With the increase in society taking a stance against violence, the sport of hockey has become an area where some feel that violent acts such as checking, fighting, and overall body contact occur too frequently and should be eliminated. Lately, NHL officials have lowered toleration to these acts, by issuing heftier fines and suspensions, but not enough to make a huge difference. Many fear that this violence is negatively affecting the youth of America and is contradicting the teachings of good sportsmanship that is encouraged by today's amateur coaches. However, players, and most people close to the game, are in opposition of these feelings and believe that violence is a vital part of the sport and its history. So I pose the question Should violence in Hockey be banished? My feeling is NO.

Before thinking about the obvious pros and cons of violence in hockey, think about what it would be like to be in the skates of a fighter in hockey. The six-theory method designed by John Schneider, is designed help explain how a fighter might feel and what choices he has to make.

According to Mr. Schneider, the reasons that so much violence is occurring in sports is due to these six theories The violence in sport mirrors violence found in society, violence occurring as the result of economic incentives, the influence of crowd behavior on player violence, genetic causation for player aggression, and psychological stress and player violence (Lapchick 0). Of Schneider's six theories, I feel that three are important in explaining my research. They are the theories of sport mirroring society, violence as a result of economic incentive, and the influence of the crowd behavior.

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The first theory, the theory of sport mirroring society, explains that the same reactions of everyday humans to certain situations is very similar to how a hockey player would react to a similar situation in a game. Most people when involved in a highly stressful situation where violence is around would probably resort to a fight to resolve their differences. In sport, why should we expect any different. In events such as hockey games, where people are expected to hit and make body contact all game long, sooner or later some type of altercation or disagreement is bound to take place. Like anything, if people are being pushed around and called names etc. it is only a matter of time before the opposition gets into their heads and retaliation is expected.

In hockey especially, economic incentive plays a big role in the violence level. There are some players whose only role on a team is to protect and enforce the unwritten rules of the game such as taking a cheap shot at a teams best player, or running into another teams goalie etc. When dirty acts by the other team take place, a "fighter" is immediately summoned by the coach to go out onto the ice and take care of business. If a fighter chooses not to fight, he will be unemployed. A fighter can also receive a bonus in pay if his teams star player stays injury free (Staudohar 116). In most cases though, fighters are often being bounced around the league, but if you are a known tough guy, you will always have a job in hockey.

The third theory, the influence of crowd behavior, plays a smaller role than the proceeding two theories, but nonetheless, is often a factor in violence promotion.

Like most people, when being applauding for a certain act, we will try to repeat it. In hockey the concept is no different. When the home team is taking a beating from the other team, the fans know what's coming. They cheer and chant for the fighter to be put into the game, and when he gets his job done, he is rewarded by the fans. One fighter said "the adrenaline rush you get from 0,000 screaming fans is unbelievable; you don't want to let them down" (Lapchick 47). This quote is a perfect example of how a crowd can be a huge factor in violence promotion on the ice.

All three of those theories relate closely to the role of the fighter in hockey and why it is that he does commit these acts of violence. They tend to take most of the blame off the fighter, as it almost seems as if he has only one route to choose; to fight.

When leagues such as the National Hockey League (NHL) are asked to try and remove the violence from their sport, they are hesitant because it is not what the fans want. Why should these leagues remove the violence that is occurring if they are making money and keeping most fans happy. "Bryant and Zillman report that television viewers enjoy NHL plays more when they are rough and violent. Two of the best-selling videos in parts of the Northeastern United States have been a collection of The Best Fights in the NHL and Hockey's Greatest Hits" (McPherson 4). The fans of the games love to see these situations and eliminating the fighting aspect would hurt the support. Even former NHL president Clarence Campbell felt that the violence taking place in his sport was called for and was reluctant to remove the fighting and the body contact because he knew that it is what the majority of hockey fans want. His feelings can be summed up in this quote "Not that fans don't enjoy scoring and good play, but fighting is a major part of hockey's entertainment. If violence ceases to exist, it will not be the same game. As long as fighting is part of the show we will certainly be able to continue selling it. As we also continue to not promote it. We tolerate it and we bring it under disciplinary control which we believe satisfies the public" (Snyder 01).

Also, its better that the violence takes place between two willing combatants as in hockey, rather than in other sports where bench clearing brawls, and hit batsmen take place. Allowing people not to be able vent their frustrations through sports in my mind would also increase the violence that is happening away from the playing field. It is a known fact that sports do keep kids off the street and away from gangs, which is why you see so many athletic and boxing clubs being run out of the inner city. It is allowing the youth to take their energy and hostility out on a willing opponent who is ready and consenting rather than against an innocent bystander.

Some individuals have gone as far as saying that sport in general is creating a deviant subculture where these athletes are becoming the opposite of what was intended for them. The emphasis in formalized sport on victory may, in fact, promote deviant behavior and poor sportsmanship (Snyder 101). This is a direct contradiction from the main argument of those opposed to hockey violence. While most feel that this violence is teaching the youth of today bad sportsmanship, they fail to recognize that the emphasis on winning is what is really corrupting the games. Too many kids these days aren't having fun in sports, as the emphasis on winning has become too serious.

The violence that is occurring today in Hockey is not occurring more than it was ten or twenty years ago like some people might suggest. It is only being highly publicized and talked about more by the mass media. If there is one group to blame for the increase in violence I feel that it would be the media, not the athletes themselves. If you turn on the television to watch a sports channel now a day, we have all these talk shows with violence as the topic. These channels host calls and hold rap-sessions on how violent sports has become, but when you watch the 1100 Sportscenter, it will always glorify an act of violence like a hockey hit of the night or repeat some clips from a good fight or a good hit. I can recall numerous occasions where the media has hyped up a hockey game involving two tough guys and creating hysteria between two teams based on what happened the last time they played. Isn't this wrong for the media to be trying to prevent violence, but at the same time encouraging and glorifying it? Look at sports like boxing for example, which rely on the media to increase the sports fans interest in an upcoming match. When you can only fit approximately 17,000 people into a Las Vegas boxing arena, the money is not made at the gate. Millions and millions of dollars are gathered from pay-per- view television where again millions of spectators are waiting to see the outcome of a match (McPherson 101). We as society, the fans, media, players etc. have to face the fact that majority of people are attracted to this sort of violence in sports and there is nothing we can do to change it.

Should we take steps to discourage the violence in hockey? Yes, but not by trying to do away with it. We must keep penalties and suspensions harsh, but at the same time, realize why fights sometimes have to take place. Its not every day when certain events like the University of Moncton-University of Prince Edward Island hockey game where a referee was assaulted on the ice after disallowing then allowing the same goal takes place (Lunney 1) . People have to realize that this is not a true representation of hockey, and that crazy acts like this happen in any league, or sport. This kind of violence occurs very little in the sport of hockey considering the amount of games that are played throughout the year and they are of course not the norm.

Violence in hockey is not having a negative effect on society, it is only allowing players to protect their teammates and fans to enjoy themselves while they are watching a particular sport. Yes there are instances where players and fans do go overboard and get carried away causing scuffles, but it is not very often. When it does happen, it is blown-up so that people think hockey is played by bozos and goons who can only fight. The violence that is in sport is here to stay and should be left that way so that the real fans and those who understand what is going on can enjoy the sport. The media and people opposed to this violence, should start looking for better ways to demote such actions and start realizing that the NHL is also. They should also stop worrying about the professionals and start teaching their own kids that sports are to have fun, and that winning isn't everything. That is the more important issue.

It would be hard to eliminate violence in hockey because it has been a popular and long-lasting part of the game. Players know that a good, solid hit or a bit fight can sometimes put momentum on their side, and giving them extra drive to turn a game around. Most importantly, Players, Fans and those close to the game do not want to see it be removed because not only is it entertaining and a momentum builder, but it has forever been a part of the games heroes, history and rich tradition. Hopefully, people will let go and wake up to realize that the players aren't responsible for any of the hoopla going on and that they are just making the issue much worse than it really is.

Annotated Bibliography

1) 17 Information Please Sports Almanac. Wilmington, MA. Inso Corp., 18

This book gives statistics and records for a whole year in sports; includes every sport. I used this for statistical knowledge and a grasp for the difference between home and away records for sports teams.

) Gongola, Eric. "Sports can turn dreams into nightmares". The Standard Times 0

Apr. 000 (http//www.s-t.com/projects/DomVio/sportsdreams.HTML)

This article tells speaks of how aggression in sports should stay at the games instead of on the streets. It gives a story supporting its opinion. I used it to show how violent aggression should be taken care of during games, because if not, it may result in a worse situation after games.

) Lapchick, Richard. Fractured focus. Lexington, MA. Lexington Books Ed. 186

This book talks about how sports are becoming more violent. It gives specific examples and theories on the subject matter. I used this in my paper to talk about the six theories of why violence is occurring in sports.

4) Lunney, Daniel. Refs on run Abuse of officials on rise in Manitoba. Winnipeg Sun,

pg. . March 6, 16.

This book talks about the abuse of officials and concentrates on an event that happened in the Canadian province of Manitoba. It also tells stories that were never released before to the public. I used this book to get an idea of some bad effects of on ice aggression in sports.

5) McPherson, Brian D., James E. Curtis & John W. Loy. The social significance of

sport. Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics Books. 18

This book argues that violence in sports is a part of history and the game. It gives examples from the past, reactions from people close to sports, and supports its opinions. I used this book as background for talking about how most people connected with a specific sport and its history feel about violence.

6) Snyder Eric E. & Earl A. Spreitzer. Social aspects of sport, Englewood Cliffs, NJ

Prentice-Hall Inc. 18

Similar to the proceeding book, this book talks about the pressure to win and perform in a sport and how this brings out violence. It also gives examples. I used this book as background for people opposed to such violence in sports, and to show how those connected with a sport can sometimes be held responsible while they might not even be playing.

7) Staudohar, Paul D. Playing For Dollars. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press 186

This book talks about the financial significance of sports and also how money plays a huge role in sports; it argues against the changing face of athletics, and is not for it. I used this book to gain background knowledge on how money can relate to violence, and to get a negative view on how athletics is changing.

Abstract

In this research paper, the main topic was to show that although there is an increase in society opposition to violence that in hockey, it should not be eliminated from the sport.

Although there has been a call by some to have violence such as fighting, checking and body contact eliminated from hockey, they have to realize that most of what's going on with violence in hockey has nothing to do with the players and a lot to do with the media and those opposed to it. The violence that is being displayed in hockey should stay in the game, and for those who believe that it should be eliminated should realize that it is a vital part of the game and its history.

While this is only my opinion, I have researched the pros, cons, theories, and the facts, and hope I have swayed your opinion on this issue.

Please note that this sample paper on violence in hockey is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on violence in hockey, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on violence in hockey will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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"Overwhelmingly, and worldwide, human communities and cultures were at that time so engineered as to give immense advantages to men"

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Overwhelmingly, and worldwide, human communities and cultures were at that time so engineered as to give immense advantages to men (p.5)

Throughout history, in cultures across the globe, women have always been looked upon as seconds in society. Ever since the beginning of time it seems as if the role of a woman has been limited to baring children, cooking, cleaning, and performing all other domestic tasks. There has never been a time or place when women shared complete equivalence with men. Males have invariably been considered more intelligent, mightier, and more competent than women.

During the Middle Ages woman were treated very bitterly. The wife would have to give all her land to her husband after getting married. The woman lost her legal standing and did not have a say in her life anymore. Medieval women were appointed to household jobs while the men held high positions in society such as judges, doctors, and military leaders. Young girls were not allowed to go to school and learned how to sew and cook at home. Married off by the age of thirteen to men sometimes as much as twenty years older to them, females never had a say in their lives.

In eighteenth century America, women had a fixed purpose in society. They were to perform conventional tasks such as preparing and serving food, making clothing, and rearing the children. The men enjoyed their lives ungratefully while their wives, mothers, and sisters did laborious and exhausting jobs at home. Women had no say in household earnings, property, or inheritance. Husbands could legally beat their wives. Soon women had to add the task of farming to their list of unjust chores. Later female slaves were brought to the colonies. They were forced to do a mans work in the fields and bare children so that the slave owner would have more property.

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The issue of education also played a role in inequality between men and women. Women were considered inconsiderable and intellectually challenged. Later, women began to protest and gained the right to go to school. But even after the victory there was gender bias in education.

In many Indian textbooks it was found that men were the main characters in most of the lessons. They held high positions and were described as powerful, daring, and clever. When women were included in the lessons they were portrayed as weak and impotent, and they were mistreated and abused. In Thailand all men had the chance to study at the local wat, or temple to become monks. They learned the sacred languages of Pali and Sanskrit and obtained knowledge in astrology, medicine, poetry, and law. Women were barred from all this because of their sex. They were not allowed to learn anything that did not pertain to the home and farming.

Even in more modern times women were pressured to stand in the shadows of their husbands. During World War II, American women moved away from the traditional domestic conception that society had about women to a more modern image. After the war and the return of their husbands, women did not want to go back to the role of a housewife. Society urged women to go back to a more family oriented lifestyle, but females refused to listen. They were blamed for alcohol abuse of men and bad marriages. Men were given better jobs and pay. The women were discouraged, but society believed that a females job was to stay at home and tend to the family.

Although the future of the role of women looks more pleasant than the past, there is still inequitableness in the job market and in many underdeveloped countries all over the world. Many cultures and societal norms are still so engineered as to give immense advantages to men.

Please note that this sample paper on "Overwhelmingly, and worldwide, human communities and cultures were at that time so engineered as to give immense advantages to men" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "Overwhelmingly, and worldwide, human communities and cultures were at that time so engineered as to give immense advantages to men", we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on "Overwhelmingly, and worldwide, human communities and cultures were at that time so engineered as to give immense advantages to men" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Colors in The Scarlet Letter

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Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter is story about Hestor Prynne, a woman who

commits a sin and is filled with many feelings, including pride, surrounding that sin.

Many of those around Hestors sin reflect similar emotions and feelings. Hawthorne

employs many symbols throughout The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne uses the colors red,

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black, and white to represent Hestors emotions and the emotions of those around her.

The most frequently employed color symbol by Hawthorne is red. Red most obviously

represents Hestors sin, as shown by her scarlet A she is forced to wear. Her scarlet

letter, like her sin, is something she must always deal with and is something she can

never escape. Pearl, the product of Hestors sin, is usually dressed in red clothing,

representing the sin. Pearl is also called the names Ruby, Coral, or red Rose, and a

little bird of scarlet plumage, further extending Pearl as a red representation of Hestors

sin. Red is employed by Hawthorne to show passion and sensuality. The sin is also

represented by the letter A being formed in the sky by meteors, and an A appearing

on Reverend Dimmesdales chest. The first encounter with red is the description of a wild

red rosebush growing outside the prison where Hestor was imprisoned. This is

representing Hestors pride and passion, growing in a place not fitting, similar to how

Hestors passion did not fit in with the Puritan society. As the sunlight shines through a

red and yellow window in the governors house, a red light shines throughout the room.

This is symbolizing Hestors passion spreading throughout the Puritan society.

Hawthorne also uses black and darkness as symbols throughout The Scarlet Letter. Black

is used to represent evil and hiding. Hawthorne calls the prison the black flower of

civilized society, meaning it is evil and a place concealing the truth. Frequently

Hawthorne makes references to darkness turning to light, suggesting darkness as a state

of hiding where the person will not accept lifes experiences and holds back. Pearls eyes

are called a small black mirror, meaning they are empty and filled with sin as they

reflect Hestors scarlet letter. Hawthorne explains black weeds growing from a sinners

grave as evil coming out and dying hope. The Puritans describe Satan as the Black Man

in the forest. Black is used to symbolize the worst and most evil part of an object or

person.

Hawthorne employs white and light to oppose darkness as a state of self- containment.

White most clearly symbolizes purity. Pearl, who has not committed any great sins nor

does she hold herself back from anything, is always portrayed with the light shining on

her. When Hestor removes her scarlet letter and faces her sin and pride, the sunlight

shines on her for the first time. The sunshine is used to express a moment of

enlightenment and change.

Hawthorne uses reds, darkness, and light, to express characters emotions and the state of

their spirit. Red is passion and sin. Darkness represents a poor state with self-denial, as

well as representing simply evil. Light symbolizes a state of enlightenment and a

refreshed spirit, as well as purity. The color symbols in The Scarlet Letter help to transfer

certain themes and ideas to the reader, as they are easily recognized and identified.

Hawthornes symbolism shows the simplest events of one person permeating throughout a

society.

Please note that this sample paper on Colors in The Scarlet Letter is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Colors in The Scarlet Letter, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Colors in The Scarlet Letter will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, paper right on time.

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Islam and Modernization

Assignment no.

The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.

Question a) Give differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.

Buy custom The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, term paper

Answer a)

One of the main differences the author points out is the fact that the individuals belonging to the orthodox, strict constructionist school, emphasize on the literal translations on the Holy Texts. Their emphasis is on the "literal interpretation and application" of the word of Allah, the Quran, and the Sunnah, the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH).

Individuals part of the liberal constructionist school, on the other hand, emphasize on understanding the deeper meaning of the Holy Texts. According to the author they emphasize to "comprehend the underlying moral philosophy of Islam…" They instead of literal translation and application, look at the Texts in a more contextual sense.

Another difference lies in the debate over the original intent of Allah's commands. The orthodox constructionists believe that all the laws can be derived from the plain meaning of the Holy Text. Even though there are several verses in the Quran which may be contradicting each other, the individuals following this school of thought do little to reconcile such differences, as they believe that all the answers lie in the literal translations.

The liberal constructionists believe that the verses have to be studied with a much more in depth analysis, and they need to be enhanced with the understanding of the society at that time. According to the author, these individuals believe that "the texts do not speak unequivocally…" by this he means that the liberalists are of the opinion that the Quran speaks ambiguously and thus we cannot rely solely on the pure, literal interpretation of the Holy Texts.

Stemming from the same argument, the author points out a third difference. The liberalists, he says, believe in a comprehensive approach to the interpretation of the Texts. They propose to "recontextualize" the Texts. They believe, that in order to make the Word of Allah "…a living guide for contemporary times…" we need to look at the society at the time of the Revelations, and how it applies to us now, in the modern day. According to the liberalists, certain laws were era-specific, and need to be looked at in a different light to make it comprehensive to us now.

The traditionalists strongly believe that Allah's Word holds true, and "…good for all times and milieu." They do not believe that any law is era specific, and therefore there is no need for to recontextualize. Instead, such an approach according to them is un-Islamic. They believe that there should be no "…deviation from the historical understanding and application…" of the Law.

Question c) Give reasons why Babar feels that the 'institution of ulema' is not desirable. How would a traditionalist respond to such criticism?

Answer c)

Babar feels the ulema have been granted a "…monopoly over religious understanding and interpretation…" The author also states the fact that Islam does not allow any form of institution to "…guard or interpret the message of God." This brings us to the first criticism of the ulema. The ulema, is known to pass fatwas or opinions on the subjects of faith and interpretation. According to the author these "self-styled" ulema, do not provide any form of explanation while passing any of their fatwas. Also the authenticity of the verses maybe questioned. These opinions can very easily influence the Muslims to go against the non-Muslims, in the name of Islam. They can then use Islam as a justification for their various violent acts.

In order to rectify this problem, the ulema have been given ultimate authority on the subject of Shariah and the laws derived from it, on the basis of usul-al-Fiqh (principles used to derive Islamic Law from the Shariah.) This authority, though different from the state and Siyasa (policy), helped in reiterating the authority of the rulers by "…producing convenient interpretations in line with state policies." This led to a branching of the Shariah, and thus a potential conflict between the two. This gave the ulema an authoritative role in the process of interpretation, understanding and application of the Holy Texts while allowing the state to legitimize their actions and policies in the name of religion.

This according to the author has ultimately led to the "cognitive decay" of the modern day Islamic societies. This has been due to the vertical authoritative system put forward by the ulema. This resulted in the stifling of the individual intellect, and the individual Muslim no longer held responsibility in understanding the "eternal truth". Thus no matter what the ulema says, their word is taken as the "gospel of truth". As the author states, the Quran emphasizes the subject of individual responsibility and accountability, and the existence of the ulema discourages the very issue.

Therefore, according to the author, the ulema have been a negative influence on the Islamic societies of today. It has failed to make the understanding of Islam and its Holy Texts easier, and has failed to play a horizontal and cooperative role in the law making. It instead is rigid in its stance and questioning the ulema is like questioning the word of Allah.

Traditionalists' main argument is based on verses such as

"…if you do not know, ask the people of religion…" (17)

The "people of religion" is what the ulema claim to be. They feel that they are the most knowledgeable and pious to have authority over interpretations and application over law making from the Holy Texts. They may argue that they can certainly gauge the gravity of the problems faced by the common man, and it is only them who can pass any form of verdict or opinion. They may argue that the modern man is too engrossed in his material problems, that he is incapable of putting in adequate effort and thought to interpret and apply correctly. It is therefore the job of the ulema to play the role of the religious authority. In the end the ulema may also argue that by passing fatwas, and their authoritative role will eradicate all sorts of confusion the modern Muslim is faced with.

Question d) In your opinion, how can the differences between the liberal and traditional school of thought be bridged as regards the vision of Islam for the individual and collective life?

Answer d)

The differences of the two schools of thought, basically stem from one major fundamental difference of the interpretation and thus the application of the Holy Texts, the Quran, the Sunnah and the Shariah, to the lives of the Muslims today.

The traditionalists believe in the literal interpretation and application of the texts. They believe that the Words of Allah, and His Prophet (PBUH), transcend through space and time. They are unchanging, and apply universally despite the differences in the society and the times. They according to Lone, believe in adhering to "…the principle of interpreting Islam without any foreign influence."

The liberalists on the other hand, believe in the fact that some of the commands given by the Almighty were era specific, and thus the Holy Texts should be interpreted through the historic context, and we should reinterpret them to make them applicable today. As Naim in his article 'Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns', says

"The most that shariah could do… in that historical context…"

And again in the following paragraph;

"…shariah…was justified by the historical context, it ceases to be so justified in the present drastically different context."

Therefore this school of thought refuses to "adhere to and apply literal dictates" basing them on historical context. (Babar)

The traditionalists' main argument lies in the fact that Quran is it self explanatory, and if there is a conflict then we may turn to the Sunnah, the sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). As Imam Ibn Taymiyyah mentions in his article 'How Tafseer is Performed';

"…the best way is to explain the Qur'aan through the Qur'aan. For, what the Qur'aan alludes to at one place is explained at the other, and what it says in brief on one occasion is elaborated upon at the other. But if this does not help you, you should turn to the sunnah, because the sunnah explains and elucidates the Qur'aan." (Taymiyyah, 1)

This is further supported by the following verse;

We have sent down to you the book in truth that you may judge between men, as Allaah guides you; so don't be an advocate for those who betray their trust. [Al-Qur'aan, 4105] (Taymiyyah, 1)

Also;

So set your … There is no altering (the laws) of Allahs creation. …" [Surat Al-Rum0] (Idris, 140)

This therefore supports the view of the traditionalists', that we should only look at the Words of Allah and His Prophet's, without any questioning, and that His laws are immutable.

Therefore in a nutshell the main idea behind the disagreement between the two thoughts is whether or not our present day lives and laws should be dealt literally with regard to the Shariah, or whether the Shariah needs to be rebuilt.

Enver Masud in his article 'Shariah or Islamic Law' defines Shariah as;

"... [Islamic jurists] recognized such a conceptual separation and divided the body of Shariah rules into two categories religious observances and worldly matters. The first,... they observed to be beyond the scope of modification. The second [subject to interpretation] covers the following…" (Masud)

According to him the second category involves criminal law, family law and transactions. Therefore I believe that there are certain aspects of the Shariah that have to be followed without questioning. But also on the other hand there are certain aspects such as those regarding to slavery, women's issues and the issue of non-Muslims. (An-Naim)

The traditionalists could argue to Masud's opinion by regarding those who act in such a way, would be bound to engage in secularism. This implies that for them religion is only a matter of private life and discourages any form of religious intervention in our public lives.

This may not hold true, as what the modernists believe is to reinterpret the existing laws so that they can make current laws in accordance with Islamic understanding. The traditionalists in this context should try and look at things more objectively, and should be prepared to listen to the various points of view put forward by other learned and modern scholars. Debate should be welcomed but within certain boundaries so as to reach a proper conclusion as to what and how should the laws and the Texts be applicable today. Also we know that the Prophet advocated the use of our own intellect in matters where the Quran or the Sunnah may not be able to give adequate answers. We also know that the primary sources of law are the Quran and the Sunnah, thus without the interpretation of these, the Muslim community would be a lost soul. It is also true that pure literal translation can not in come subjects stand on its own, for which we do require the Sunnah, and if that is not adequate we need to delve deeper into the meanin and the contexts od the various Texts. We thus come to the subject of Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtehad, which is collective thinking, and debate. This is necessary for the Modern day Muslim, where both the schools need to sit together and realize their differences, their drawbacks, and discuss within the boundaries of the Quran. We obviously cannot change the law according to our whims and fancies, but there are certain aspects which can be delved into so that we may apply it to our modern day problems.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

• An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed; "Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Idris, Dr. Ja'far Sheikh; "Secularism and Moral Values" Islaam. Rabii Awal17, 140. Gulf Times. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

• Lone, Amar Ellahi; "The Sacred and the Secular." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Masud, Enver; "Shariah or Islamic Law." The Wisdom Fund. Visited on May 1, 00

• Sattar, Babar; "The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Taymiyyah, Imam Ibn; "How Tafseer is Performed." Islaam 1. Al-Hidaayah. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

Please note that this sample paper on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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