Essay on "Publius" - the Federalist n°69

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Intro

This document is an extract from Publius, The Federalist n°6, entitled The Real Character of the Executive and written by Alexander Hamilton on March 14th 1788, one of the 85 articles of The Federalist Papers written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison and published in New York newspapers. This particular one was published in the New-York Packet. I will go into this later.

Federalist = partisan of federalism, a political system defined by a union of states under a central government, contrary to the individual governments of separate states.

Context

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It was not a certain thing that the Constitution devised by the 56 men of the convention would be accepted. There were many who raised arguments against the new Constitution. To counter this, Hamilton, Madison and Jay wrote The Federalist Papers and had them published in New York. From there they went out to all the colonies. They explain not only how the new government would work, but why it was necessary and how the men who wrote it arrived at the form they did. They are an important part of our history which is sadly neglected today.

The Federalist Papers were divided in 8 parts

- The Importance of the Union (1-14)

- Defects of the Articles of Confederation (15-)

- Arguments for the type of Government contained in the Constitution (-6)

- The Republican form of Government (7-51)

- The Legislative Branch (5-66)

- The Executive Branch (67-77)

- The Judicial Branch (78-8)

- Conclusions and Miscellaneous Ideas (84-85)

Consequences

-Six Acts

Lord Liverpool and his Tory government responded to the Peterloo Massace by introducing the Six Acts. When Parliament reassembled on rd November, 181, Lord Sidmouth, the government s Home Secretary, announced details of what later became known as the Six Acts. By the 0th December, 181, Parliament had debated and passed six measures that it hoped would suppress radical newspapers and meetings as well as reducing the possibility of an armed uprising.

(1) Training Prevention Act A measure which made any person attending a gathering for the purpose of training or drilling liable to arrest. People found guilty of this offence could be transportated for seven years.

() Seizure of Arms Act A measure that gave power to local magistrates to search any property or person for arms.

() Seditious Meetings Prevention Act A measure which prohibited the holding of public meetings of more than fifty people without the consent of a sheriff or magistrate.

(4) The Misdemeanours Act A measure that attempted to reduce the delay in the administration of justice.

(5) The Basphemous and Seditious Libels Act A measure which provided much stronger punishments, including banishment for publications judged to be blaspemous or sedtious.

(6) Newspaper and Stamp Duties Act A measure which subjected certain radical publications which had previously avoided stamp duty by publishing opinion and not news, to such duty.

These measures were opposed by the Whigs as being a suppression of popular rights and liberties. They warned that it was unreasonable to pass national laws to deal with problems that only existed in certain areas. The Whigs also warned that these measures would encourage radicals to become even more rebellious.

-Cato street conspiracy = plot to assassinate the government ministers

-Repeal of Corn Laws

-Reform Act in 18

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Time management

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on time management. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality time management paper right on time.

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Time Management 1

RUNNING HEAD SUCCEEDING AT TIME MANAGEMENT

Succeeding at Time Management

Jeanie Seidelmann

Buy custom time management term paper

July , 00

Time Management

Success of Time Management

Good time management is one of the core differences between success, mediocrity, and ineffective people. In business, money and time are both important. A business may focus on profit, expenses, and budget. A successful businessperson should focus on the effectiveness of spending time (Control your Time, 001-00). To begin managing time, you will need a clear understanding of how to use your time and how to properly plan your day. We will then look at how to use that time more effectively, how to create time, goal setting, and rewards. Effective time management is the focus on results and not the art of being busy.

Planning and Organization

To begin, take a personal survey to track how you spend your time. This will allow you to estimate time spent on current activities, time wasters, and dead time. Use a log to evaluate this, and track your activities for a week or so. Determine what is important, what could enhance performance, what to avoid, and what to eliminate. Know your energy levels, outside stressors, and how to block out negativity. Using time to think, plan, and organize is time well spent. In fact, if you fail to take time for planning, you are, in fact, planning to fail (Prochaska-Cue, 15). Get a system, a planner, or calendar to help stay organized. This will help lay the groundwork for planning and organization your time and goals. Another suggestion is to combine tasks. While commuting to work or school, listen to taped notes or brainstorm. During your lunch break, read some research or a book. While watching television, write out your bills. You will need to prioritize your time and activities. Use the 80/0 rule originally stated by the Italian economist, Vilfredo Pareto. He notes that 80% of the reward comes from 0% of the effort. Prioritize, isolate, and identify the valuable 0%. Once it is identified, you will be able to concentrate on those items that will inhibit the greatest reward (Prochaska-Cue, 15).

Time Management

Setting Goals

You may also need to adjust your mindset. Avoid being a perfectionist for no one is perfect. Setting unreachable goals or difficult tasks may result in procrastination. You will need to set achievable goals, but set goals that will challenge you. Setting goals will raise your self confidence, help you realize your competence level, and enhance your abilities. Set goals that are specific, measurable, realistic, and achievable. Your optimum goals are those which cause you to stretch but not break as you strive for achievement (Prochaska-Cue, 15). When setting your goals, express them positively and be precise. Schedule dates, times, and write down the end achievement so they can be measured. Noted management expert, Peter Drucker, says "doing the right thing is more important that doing things right. Doing the right thing is effective and doing things right is efficient. First focus on effectiveness and then shift your concentration on efficiency (Prochaska-Cue, 15). Once the goal is reached, you can take complete satisfaction from having it completed.

Rewards

Reward yourself for reaching your goals. Whether it is a small success or great achievement, celebrate your accomplishments. Promise yourself a reward for completing each goal or finishing the job. Then keep your promise. Doing so will help you maintain a balance between work and play. As Ann McGee states, "if we learn to balance excellence in work with excellence in play, fun, and relaxation, our lives become happier, healthier, and a great deal more creative." (McGee, 18). By using effective skills and time management, you will increase your own effectiveness. You will become more productive at work and enhance your job security. Understanding what is expected of you, concentrate on those things, be in control, and reap the benefits.

Time Management 4

Discussion. In conclusion, to be successful at time management, you will need to evaluate yourself, keep a log or calendar, prioritize, set goals, and most importantly, reward your accomplishments. Enjoy and maintain the balance between work and your life outside from work. It is easier to find something to do with extra time then to find extra time to do something.

Time Management 5

References

Drucker, P. (166). The effective executive. New York Harper & Row.

King, R. (00). Make cents of your time. Retrieved July 1, 00, from

http//proquest.umi.com/pqdlink

Prochaska-Cue, K. (15). Thirteen timely tips for more effective personal time

management {Electronic version}. Retrieved July 1, 00, from http//www.ianr.unl.edu/pubs/homemgt

Time management control your time. (001-00). BusinessTown.com, LLC.

Please note that this sample paper on time management is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on time management, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on time management will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hypoglycemia: Will The Real Hypoglycemia Please Stand Up

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Hypoglycemia Will the Real Hypoglycemia Please Stand Up

Three individuals, all located in different jobs on a certain day, begin to experience symptoms of varying amounts of dizziness, shakiness, hunger, and headache, among other things. All three individuals recognize these symptoms, having experienced them in the past at one time or another. In addition, all three treat the symptoms, as experience has taught them, by quickly eating a food rich in carbohydrates. Symptoms in all three, in a short amount of time, begin to alleviate.

Although all three individuals have just experienced classic symptoms of hypoglycemia, only one may actually be suffering from it.

This paper will attempt to educate the reader in exactly what hypoglycemia is, how to treat it, and how it relates to diabetes. In so doing, the hope is that the reader will be able to recognize hypoglycemia and how to treat it, as well as treat the symptoms of hypoglycemia that may be caused by some other condition.

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What Is Hypoglycemia?

The human body requires blood glucose levels to be between 70mg/dl and 110mg/dl (md/dl means milligrams of glucose in 100 milliliters of blood). Blood sugar below 70mg/dl is Hypoglycemia, a condition that occurs when blood does not contain enough glucose for the body's cells. The nerve and brain cells require a continuous supply of glucose and are severely affected by having too little. The pancreatic hormones insulin and glucagons maintain blood sugar in this narrow range (Norman Endocrine Surgery Clinic, 00).

Insulin and Glucose

Hormones from the pancreas called insulin regulate the body's use of sugar and other foods. When food is eaten and absorbed into the bloodstream, the pancreas increases the secretion of insulin. Insulin moves nutrients from the bloodstream to target cells located in the liver, muscle, and fat tissues. Protein molecules known as insulin receptors bind the insulin and activate the receptors which speed up the entry and use of nutrients (World Book, 00). Glucose, produced by the digestion of carbohydrates is then used to provide energy for the body or converted into glycogen. When blood glucose begins to fall, stored glycogen is broken down and used to provide needed glucose (NDIC, 00).

Some symptoms of hypoglycemia are hunger, headache, nervousness, and perspiration. Because these symptoms are so common for many ailments, people are often misdiagnosed with hypoglycemia (Sizer & Whitney, 00). The most common symptoms of hypoglycemia are nervous or shakiness, dizziness, sleepiness, confusion, and difficulty speaking. People who do suffer from hypoglycemia also experience confusion, amnesia, poor coordination, and slurred speech. In severe or advanced cases, loss of consciousness and convulsions may occur, and extremely rare cases may result in death or brain damage (NDIC, 00).

Causes of Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia often occurs in people who are taking medicine for diabetes, as these people have too little insulin. Because a diabetic's blood contains too much sugar they take insulin to lower it. Hypoglycemia may occur if the dose is too large and this can result in loss of consciousness unless treated immediately. Most people with diabetes know well how to spot the early signs of a hypoglycemic reaction and how to treat it, usually by consuming a carbohydrate (NDIC, 00).

Aside from diabetes, there are traditionally two cases of hypoglycemia, organic and functional (World Book, 00). Organic hypoglycemia is the more severe form and is the result of a physical abnormality such as liver disease. Since the liver stores glycogen and converts it to glucose before releasing it into the blood as needed, a diseased liver may fail to release the proper amounts. Tumors in the pancreas can also cause organic hypoglycemia, because the tumors may cause the pancreas to release too much insulin. This can be effectively treated by having the tumors removed (World Book, 00).

Reactive hypoglycemia is the major form of functional hypoglycemia, an exaggeration of the body's normal reaction to eating (World Book, 00). Few causes of reactive hypoglycemia are certain. Because of the rapid way in which food passes into the small intestine gastric surgery may be one cause. Some rare enzyme deficiencies such as fructose intolerance may also be a cause of reactive hypoglycemia (NDIC, 00) .

Along with the medicines used to treat diabetes, salicylates, sulfa drugs, pentamidine, and quinine may cause a hypoglycemic reaction. If using these medications causes a drop in blood glucose a doctor can prescribe a change in dosage or stop them all together. Alcohol is another cause of hypoglycemia because the way the body breaks down alcohol interferes with the liver doing its job of raising blood glucose (NDIC, 00). This is one more way that excessive drinking can be fatal.

Diagnosis

For many years doctors relied on the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) to diagnosis hypoglycemia. Unfortunately that test was not reliable, and could actually trigger hypoglycemic symptoms. Doctors today perform a more thorough exam that includes checking blood sugar at the time the person is having the hypoglycemic symptoms. A doctor will also consider what medications are being taken, the patients medical history, and the severity of the symptoms (Milton, 00). Laboratory tests to measure insulin production can also be performed.

Hypoglycemia is actually quite rare, and research suggests that some people are just more sensitive to the body's normal release of the hormone epinephrine after a meal.

Medication Side Effects

Hypoglycemia is not a disease by its self; it is a condition that is the result of low blood sugar levels. One disease that can cause hypoglycemia is diabetes. When the blood glucose begins to fall, glucagon signals the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose. This causes the blood glucose levels to go back up to normal levels. In a person with diabetes, this glucagons response to hypoglycemia may be impaired, thus making it difficult for the glucose levels to return to a normal range (NDIC, 00).

Hypoglycemia occurs in people who use insulin to lower the blood sugar. The reason for the insulin is to help lower high blood sugar levels; either insulin or oral drugs can do depending on the type of diabetes this. Hypoglycemia can occur several different ways, taking too much medication, missing or postponing a meal, eating too little food for the amount of insulin taken, exercising too much, drinking too much alcohol, or any combination of these factors (Web MD, 00).

Treating Diabetes Related Hypoglycemia

People with type 1 diabetes are more susceptible to insulin reactions that can cause loss of consciousness. Some people with long-standing insulin dependent diabetes can develop a condition known as hypoglycemia unawareness. This is when they would have some difficulty recognizing the symptoms of low blood sugar. A physician may prescribe an injectable form of the hormone glucagons. This injection can quickly lower the symptoms of low blood sugar by releasing a burst of glucose into the blood.

In order to reduce episodes of hypoglycemia, the blood sugar levels should frequently be monitored. The person should also learn how to recognize symptoms of low blood sugar and the situations that may trigger it. Hypoglycemia can be treated quickly by eating or drinking something with sugar in it such as candy, juice, or non-diet soda.

Children with Diabetes and Hypoglycemia

Children with hypoglycemia from diabetes will need a great deal of attention from their parents and teachers and other adults that may spend large amounts of time with such a child. They will need assistance with maintaining and monitoring their diet, checking blood sugar levels, taking insulin, and handling high and low blood sugar levels (Web MD, 00).

It's also recommended that the child participate in the care of diabetes to the level that is appropriate for the age of the child. The idea is that by the time the child is an adult, it will all be routine.

Health Plan and Exercise

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise and a healthy diet will help deter the onset of hypoglycemia. However, for those that are diagnosed with this disease responding to the symptoms immediately will be key in moderating the symptoms and lowering the chances of the disease worsening. Sizer & Whitney suggest that structuring a high protein and well balanced diet, as well as scheduling meals is extremely important in treating the symptoms of Hypoglycemia.

Prevention

It is helpful to avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcoholic beverages, which can cause hypoglycemia, and can ultimately be fatal. When the body has to concentrate on breaking down alcohol, this can interfere with the livers efforts to raise blood glucose.

Some suggestions on ways to prevent the onset of hypoglycemia are avoiding too many carbohydrates in meals, eating frequent small meals and snacks throughout the day, choosing healthy snacks over junk food, and following a regular exercise plan.

Treatment Medication

Treatment will vary slightly depending on individual's age, what stage the disease is at, a person's tolerance level, and overall health. In severe cases a person can lose consciousness, so it is advisable that people diagnosed with this disease wear a medical id bracelet. Friends and family should be taught how to administer a glucagon injection. People with diabetes are especially susceptible to this disease. It is important that they recognize warning symptoms. It is necessary to eat something with sugar in it immediately (NDIC, 00). "Children who have hyperinsulinism may require treatment with medications to decrease the production of insulin the body. In more serious cases, the child may have to undergo surgery to remove the pancreas." (Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital, 00).

It is important that if an individual is diagnosed with the hypoglycemia that he or she knows how to administer his or her prescribed medication correctly. If he believes that his blood glucose is low, he should not wait. It should be checked and treated it immediately. Easy meals should be prepared in advance to keep close by at all times, since it is necessary to eat and allow 15 minutes prior to checking blood glucose levels. "Suggested foods to help raise blood glucose levels quickly are 4 ounces of fruit juice, 4 ounces non-diet soda, 8 ounces of milk, 5-6 pieces of hard candy, or 1- teaspoons of sugar or honey." (NDIC, 00). She will need to ensure that her blood glucose level is between 70 to 110 mg/dL first thing in the morning and 70 to 140 after meals. For those that have diabetes the levels are different between 0 to 10 before meals, less than 180 an hour after meals (NDIC, 00).

"To produce even mild hypoglycemia and its symptoms in normal, healthy people requires extreme measures administering drugs that overwhelm the body's glucose-controlling hormones, insulin and glucagon." (Sizer & Whitney, 00). Side effects from some medicines can cause the onset of hypoglycemia, so it is important to be aware of this when taking prescription drugs. The follow list includes some of the medicines that can cause a person's blood glucose to drop salicylates, sulfa medicines that treat infections, pentamidine that treat pneumonia, or quinine that treats malaria.

Treatment Health Plan and Exercise

Individuals with hypoglycemia should follow a healthy diet established by a qualified dietitian or nutritionist (NDIC, 00). When enduring a more strenuous activity than normal one should talk to specialist about how to increase the diet accordingly. For example, if hiking, it may be necessary to eat before beginning.

It is essential that those suffering from this disease eat a variety of foods. "Some suggested foods include meat, poultry, fish, or non-meat sources of protein; starchy foods such as whole-grain bread, rice, and potatoes; fruits; vegetables; and dairy products." (NDIC, 00). The suggested recommendations of the FDA food pyramid can be useful to plan an appropriate diet.

It is also important to eat a diet high in fiber. "Fiber helps the body slow the absorption of nutrients and cholesterol absorption, bind bile for excretion, enhance bacterial fermentation in the colon, and increase stool weight." (Sizer & Whitney, 00). Sizer & Whitney describe major food sources to increase soluble fiber intake include barley, fruits, legumes, oats, oat bran, rye, seeds, and vegetables. They go on to explain that insoluble fiber can be found in brown rice, fruits, legumes, seeds, vegetables, wheat bran, and whole grains.

Another useful tool to help limit the negative effects of hypoglycemia is to use the glycemic index of popular foods, from the book The Basics of Human Nutrition, as a guide for monitoring and limiting sugar intake. This chart divides food into low, medium, and high levels of glucose to help individuals monitor the types of food they eat based on the amount of sugar in the food.

Research

Ongoing research continues to make new advances in preventing and treating this disease. "The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) was established by Congress in 150 as one of the National Institutes of Health under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NIDDK conducts and supports research in diabetes, glucose metabolism, and related conditions." (NDIC, 00).

Summary and Conclusion

In some individuals, hypoglycemia can be a very dangerous condition. In others, the condition may simply be an annoyance. For both, however, the symptoms and condition are very treatable and manageable with diet, exercise, and for diabetes sufferers, and chronic hypoglycemic sufferers, medication.

Though the condition is relatively rare, a true diagnosis requires the attention of a physician, who can measure the blood sugar level, a necessary step in the diagnosis. As this paper demonstrates, there is much that is involved with what goes on in the bodies of those who suffer from the condition.

Giving proper attention to hypoglycemia and diabetes can prevent a possible serious medical condition or episode, and can help those who suffer from them lead more healthy and productive lives. References

Lucile Packard Childrens Hospital (00). Diabetes & Other Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. Retrieved August 6, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.lpch.org/DiseaseHealthInfo/HealthLibrary/diabetes/hypo.html

Milton, L. (00). Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia. Retrieved August 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.english.uga.edu/cdesmet/class/engl480/work/projects/milton/diagnosis.html

NDIC (00). Hypoglycemia. Retrieved August 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/hypoglycemia/index.htm

Norman Endocrine Surgery Clinic (00). Normal Regulation of Blood Glucose. Retrieved August 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.endocrineweb.com/insulin.html

Sizer, F., Whitney, E. (00). Nutrition Concepts and Controversies. Belmont, CA Wadsworth/Thomas Learning.

Web MD (00). Children Living With the Disease . Retrieved August 8, 00 from the World Wide Web http//my.webmd.com/content/healthwise/1/70

Web MD (00). Hypoglycemia (Low Blood Sugar). Retrieved August 8, 00 from the World Wide Web http//my.webmd.com/content/healthwise/154/845.htm?lastselectedguid={5FE84E0-BC77-4056-A1C-5171CA48}

World Book (00). World Book Online. Retrieved August 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.worldbookonline.com/wbol/wbAuth/jsp/wbArticle.jsp?/na/ar/co/ar7780.htm

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Bora Ring and Eroded Hills

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Popular Australian poet Judith Wright expresses her sadness for the loss of the natural environment and the great spiritual significance of the Aboriginal people in her poems Eroded Hills and Bora Ring respectively. In Eroded Hills Wright expresses how progress is an enemy of the environment, and in Bora Ring the message of cultural loss and its effects are conveyed and encourage the reader to reflect on the Catholic teachings. This essay will analyse Eroded Hills and Bora Ring by looking at discourses alongside the dominant position of each, positioning techniques and their effects and the comparison between the two poems that link them to the Australian experience and identity.

In Eroded Hills, Judith Wright has adopted the discourses of conservation, environmentalism, progress, tradition and the passing of time to increase the reader's awareness of the necessity to conserve our natural environment. The dominant position of this poem is that progress is the enemy of the natural environment. Our environment is precious, and over time unfortunately humans have been greedily snatching it away from its natural state. Thus Wright reminds her readers that people must preserve it otherwise nothing will remain standing.

Techniques used in Eroded Hills include predominantly personification accompanied by metaphors and similes. Personification has been powerfully and skilfully used to ascribe human qualities to the natural environment so that humans are able to identify with the hills from a human perspective. Phrases such as "hills bandaged in snow" and "eyelids clenched" make the hills sound vulnerable in an successful attempt to make the readers feel angry at the attackers (humans) that caused the trees and the hills to feel pain and suffering as a result of land clearing. Wright is privileging the hills so that the readers can empathise with their suffering as a result of progress in society. The poet has also used similes such as "crouch like shoulders naked and whipped" and "thoughts stand like trees here" that contribute the reader's understanding of the destructive environmental effects of progress. A metaphor was also used "beggars to the winter wind" It can be seen that these phrases also resemble personification as they bring the reader to a more personal understanding of the hills suffering over progress which we are more likely to identify with.

The poem Bora Ring privileges alienation, Aboriginality, and, like Eroded Hills, (cultural) loss, and change over time to make readers aware of the impact of cultural loss on the Australian identity. The dominant position of this poem is that Aboriginal culture has been destroyed in an immediate and gradual context by white invaders. The Bora Ring in Aboriginal culture is a dance ground and Wright cleverly uses the Bora Ring to work metonymically by using one aspect to designate a circle of alienation for Aboriginal people. Therefore the poet encourages the readers to reflect and review on the way that this ancient culture could be brought into society.

The main techniques used in Bora Ring include primarily metaphor, personification and oxymoron. One particular powerful metaphor was used to make readers better accept her dominant position, "a fear as old as Cain". Wright links the relationship between white Australians and Aborigines to the relationship between Cain and Abel in a biblical story in the old testament, where one kills the other. Here it can be seen that white Australia has stepped into the shoes of Cain, killing the Aborigines culture (Abel). In the phrases "grass stands up" and "apple gums posture and mime a past corroboree, murmur a broken chant" personification has been used (as in the poem Eroded Hills) to create an ancient atmosphere that reflects to the reader the loss of culture and tradition for Aborigines. Oxymoron has also been used in the phrase "nomad feet are still" to explain to the readers the extent of the world of contradiction the Aboriginal people have had to endure. Wright has privileged the suffering of Aborigines and the loss of cultural identity, and has silenced the positive influences of white people, including communication and technical advancement. It can be seen that this was done so that readers are better able to empathise with the alienation and cultural loss of Aborigines by the white invaders.

Judith Wright has successfully used the poem Eroded Hills to express her sadness for the loss of the natural environment through the idea that progress is the enemy of the environment. The poet has made her readers empathise with the pain and suffering of the hills by personalising them with the environment. Similarly, the poem Bora Ring experienced loss but this time in a cultural sense. Wright cleverly linked the example of Cain and Abel to a modern-day situation.

Please note that this sample paper on Bora Ring and Eroded Hills is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bora Ring and Eroded Hills, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Bora Ring and Eroded Hills will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The kingdom of charlemagne

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There was relatively little commerce in Western Europe. Roads, bridges, and the infrastructure were generally non-existent. Furthermore, the countryside was unsafe for travel due to a lack of organized law enforcement. Small villages had to take care of themselves; therefore, goods were manufactured to supply local needs only. Among the Franks, all sons were entitled to a share. Therefore, when a King died, each son became a King over his own little kingdom. This created many small political units with no uniform laws or policies. This lack of unity made them vulnerable to enemies as well as conflict from within. During this time, loyalty of a warrior or subject to his chosen leader and to the homeland or institution was not a light matter. Charlemagne provided unity and stability during his time.

Political authority played a significant role in the rise of the Frankish Empire. Charlemagne's role as the political leader of the empire is one of the key factors contributing to its rise. The basis for Charlemagne's power was his dual authority - King of the Frankish Empire and Emperor of Rome. Before Charlemagne and his father, Pepin's, reigns, the basis of political authority did not lie with the king. Einhard writes, It had really lost all power years before and it no longer possessed anything at all of importance beyond the empty title of king. The wealth and the power of the kingdom were held tight in the hands of certain leading officials of the court, who were called the mayors of the palace . The king possesses nothing at all of his own, except a single estate with extremely small revenue". It was Pepin, who set the precedent for the shift in political authority. He started out as a Mayor of the Palace, which was a title granted by the people to someone based on their wealth and family distinction. Pepin later inherited from his father Charles [Martel 715-41] the title of King which he later passed on to his children, Charlemagne and Carloman.

The Frankish people had a lot to do with decisions relating to political authority. In 768, King Pepin died and a general assembly was called to determine who should be King Charlemagne or Carloman. The people decided that Pepin's kingdom should be divided between his two sons. This joint rulership illustrated the importance of the role of councils and general assemblies in deciding political authority . Their support would determine whose will would prevail between the two equal ruling brothers.

Though there were many outside factors influencing political authority, transfer of power was still based on hereditary. Family and relationships still largely determined the position a person could obtain. It was very rare that a person who was not of noble class could achieve greatness, although Charlemagne did support meritocracy in his court. In the case of Charlemagne, family was of great importance, since it was his father, Pepin who, as King, was able to pave the way for Charlemagne to come to power. Charlemagne and his brother, Carloman became kings because of Divine right.Order College Papers on the kingdom of charlemagne

There was tension between the brothers until Carloman died at the end of 771 . When Carloman died, Charlemagne could not take control of Carloman's empire without first calling another general assembly and obtaining the consent of all Franks. At the assembly, a number of prominent people in his kingdom offered allegiance to Charlemagne. As a result, Charlemagne gained control of his late brother's empire, united it with his own empire and became sole ruler of the Frankish empire. With a monarchy, the empire was stronger, more united.

Although family position did have its benefits, many family relationships also created friction as well. For example, Carloman and Charlemagne jointly ruled the Frankish Empire and this created tension between them. And later, when it came to his own heirs,

some of Charlemagne's children were indeed threats to the empire. Einhard writes, "Pepin who was born to Charlemagne by a concubine conspired with certain of the Frankish leaders who had won him over to their cause by pretending to offer him the kingship. The plot was discovered and the conspirators were duly punished. Pepin was tortured ."

To prevent this from happening again, Charlemagne kept his children very close to him. He devoted as much time to the upbringing of his daughters as he did to his sons. Marriage was another way by which family relations were formed. Often times, marriages were arranged to benefit families politically. In the case of Charlemagne's first wife, at the bidding of his mother, he married the daughter of one of his rivals -Desiderius, the King of the Longobards . Marriage was a way to forge many political as well as diplomatic connections. Women were valuable political pawns, which is perhaps why none of Charlemagne's daughters got married. He felt that, if they married, their husbands would pose a threat to the throne.

Sometimes, disagreements between the King and his councils would cause rifts. And, on occasion, the King was able to manage without the support of the council. In spite of these disagreements, the councils played an important role in political authority. The people were always consulted about matters of importance.

The warrior spirit was considered to be one of the most esteemed attributes of a Frank.

Fighting was endemic those who monopolized the wars also controlled society. Franks were plagued with war after war.

When Charlemagne was of the right age, it is recorded that he worked eagerly at riding and hunting. It was the custom of the Franks to ride and be practiced in the use of arms and ways of hunting. We may reasonably infer that acquiring these skills formed a major part of his early education.

Charlemagne was not a "man of letters" and literacy was considered unimportant at that time for anyone other than the clergy. Charlemagne didn't become interested in "letters" until later in life . Charlemagne gained a number of experiences in public duties and responsibilities, which were assigned to him by his father, thus, giving him an apprenticeship to rule the kingdom. Although Charlemagne was not literate, he seems to have placed value in education. We can credit him with the revival of learning.

Charlemagne saw that education was in serious decline. So he assembled at his court some of the finest minds of his day. He also sponsored monasteries where ancient books were preserved and copied. He reformed the palace school and ensured that monastic schools were set up throughout the realm. The idea of learning was given a time and a place to flourish .

The "Carolingian Renaissance" was an isolated phenomenon. Learning did not catch fire throughout Europe. Only in the royal court and monasteries was there any real focus on education. Yet, because of Charlemagne's interest in preserving and reviving knowledge, a wealth of ancient manuscripts was copied for future generations . Just as important, a tradition of learning was established in European monastic communities. These monasteries helped to overcome the threat of the extinction of Latin culture.

Charlemagne created a political hierarchy in which the Counts would report to the Dukes, and the Dukes to Charlemagne himself. Charlemagne gained the loyalty and respect of his Barons by leading them on numerous successful military campaigns. He also insisted that his nobles be educated, and formed at his palace, a school under the direction of the scholar, Alcuin . With Alcuin as the "Minister of Education", the palace school began what is known as the "Carolingian Renaissance". This characterization is supported by the desire of the Emperor to rebuild the Roman Empire and rule in the same manner as the Roman Emperors. It is this renaissance that impacts the Western world today, more than any of Charlemagne's military conquests.

In Charlemagne's palace school at Aachen, one finds the ideals and aims of the Carolingian renaissance most definitively.

The Merovingians established a school to train young nobles to fight, and how to conduct themselves at court. At the time, however, no academic knowledge was being imparted . The only schools that taught academics were located at monasteries and cathedrals.

Charlemagne altered the palace school into a center of learning and knowledge . He hired scholars to teach under the direction of Alcuin, Minister of Education. Charlemagne required Alcuin himself to instruct the royal family in reading and writing.

In addition to the palace school, Charlemagne made many decrees concerning the education of his people

(1). His "Charter of Modern Thought" required that the monasteries be concerned with "the study of letters" .

() Charlemagne ordered that teachers "who are both willing and able to learn" be hired and "let them apply themselves to this work with a zeal equal to the earnestness with which we recommend it to them" .

The Carolingian handwriting that evolved during Charlemagne's reign was developed to increase the legibility of the numerous manuscripts the monks turned out at this time. These small letters, known as "Carolingian Miniscule" became the basis of the lower case letters we use today. Ninety percent of the works of ancient Rome now in existence, are preserved in the form of manuscripts copied in a Carolingian Monastery.

While Charlemagne attempted to rekindle an interest in learning and unite various groups into one nation, he never addressed the economic difficulties that Europe faced, now that Rome no longer furnished order. Although Charlemagne did devise the system of pounds, shillings and pence used throughout Europe during the middle ages and in Britain until recently, other segments of the infrastructure continued to decline. Roads and bridges fell into decay, trade was fractured, and manufacturing was by necessity a localized craft, instead of a widespread and profitable industry .

The political and cultural life of Europe collapsed with the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century. Three hundred years later, Charlemagne, who became sole king of the Franks in 771, led a cultural revival that lifted Western Europe from darkness. Charlemagnes reign also was marked by brutal military campaigns designed to expand his empire. For more than 0 years, Charlemagne waged a bitter war against the Saxons, finally forcing their conversion to Christianity . This campaign included the mass execution of 4,500 Saxons on a single day. Although Charlemagne ultimately controlled practically all of the Christian lands of Western Europe, his empire quickly crumbled following his death in 814. The cultural revival sparked by Charlemagne nonetheless had a permanent influence on Europe and overshadowed his ruthless military measures.

The papacy was an essential element of political authority in Frankish society. Pepin forged a relationship with the papacy by coming to the aid of the Pope of Rome. In return, Pepin is made King. Charlemagne's relationship with the papacy is an extension of his father's relationship. He continues Pepin's efforts to protect the papacy. In return, Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne emperor . As emperor of Rome, Charlemagne's realm of political authority doubles. Charlemagne's political authority not only lies in the secular world, but in the ecclesiastical world. He takes on the role of the protector of the church. His new position allows him to do many things, including reforms in the church and reforms in the legal system of Frankish society. Einhard writes He made careful reforms in the way in which the psalms were chanted and the lessons read." Now that he was Emperor, he discovered that there were many defects in the legal system of his own people. The Franks had two separate codes of law which differ from each other on many points. He committed himself to writing and unifying the laws of all the nations under his jurisdiction which had at that point still remained unrecorded .

Charlemagne was profusely generous to the Church. At the same time, he made himself the church's master, and used its doctrines and personnel as instruments of education and government. Much of his correspondence was about religion. He hurled scriptural quotations at corrupt officials or worldly clerics and the intensity of his utterances precluded suspicion that his piety was a political pose. He sent money to distressed Christians in foreign lands, and in his negotiations with Muslim rulers, he insisted on fair treatment of their Christian population .

Bishops played a leading part in his councils, assemblies, and administration. But, he looked upon them, however reverently, as his agents under God and he did not hesitate to command them, even in matters of doctrine or morals. He denounced image worship while the popes were defending it. From every priest, he required a written description of how baptism was administered in their parish. Popes received as many directives from him as they did gifts. He suppressed insubordination in monasteries and ordered a strict watch on convents to prevent "whoring, drunkenness, and covetousness" among the nuns.

In his quest to become Emperor of Rome, Charlemagne faced many difficulties. The Greek monarch already had the title of Roman emperor and full historic right to that title. The Church had no recognized authority to convey or transfer the title, let alone give it to a rival of the Greek Monarchy. Byzantium might precipitate a gigantic war of Christian East against Christian West, leaving a ruined Europe to a conquering Islam .

On December 6, 75, Leo III was chosen Pope. The Roman populace did not like him. They accused him of various misdeeds such as simony, perjury, and adultery. And on April 5, 7, they attacked the Pope, maltreated him, and imprisoned him in a monastery. He escaped, and fled to Charlemagne at Paderborn for protection.

The King received him kindly and sent him back to Rome under armed escort. In the following year, he ordered the Pope and his accusers to appear before him. On December 1, 800, an assembly of Franks and Romans agreed to drop the charges against Pope Leo III if he denied the charges under oath. Pope Leo III denied the charges and the way was cleared for a magnificent celebration of the Nativity .

On Christmas Day, as Charlemagne, in the chlamys and sandals of a patricius Romanus, knelt before St. Peter's altar in prayer, Pope Leo III produced a jeweled crown, and set it upon the King's head. This gave Charlemagne the "Devine Right to Rule" according to the Roman Church.

Having conquered an empire and established the "Devine Right to Rule", Charlemagne then began to establish some uniformity within the empire. The ancient concept of public order had not been entirely destroyed by the invasion of barbarians. But, as law and order weakened, its place was partly taken by the Churchmen's Nations of peace and right order. Charlemagne established a system of courts to provide justice to all free disputants.

In conclusion Charlemagne was a Frankish Warrior King with the background and traditions of Germanic peoples. It seems that Charlemagne united an empire by conquest and ruled by the authority of the Pope. Charlemagne also treated his empire as his personal property and divided his realm among his sons. Either he failed to realize that only with unity could the empire become a true power, or he placed his own wishes, and those of his sons, above the decisions that would best serve the empire in the future.

Duckett, Eleanor S. Alcuin, Friend of Charlemagne. Connecticut Archon, 165.

Einhard, Life of Charlemagne, trans. Lewis Thorpe, (Harmondsworth and Baltimore, 16).

Lauret, Rene. France and Germany The Legacy of Charlemagne. Chicago Henry Regnery Company, 164.

TURNER, WILLIAM. "Carolingian Schools." "The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume III." (http//www.newadvent.org/cathen/04c.htm). 1

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Legalization of marijuana

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Behold, I have given you every herb bearing seed which is upon the face of all the earth.…To you it will be for

meat. … And God saw everything that he had made, and, behold, it was very good. (Genesis 1-1).

Marijuana is a plant that was put here on the earth for everyone to enjoy. Archeologists report that cannabis was

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probably the first plant cultivated by humans -- about 8,000 B.C. It was used for linen, paper and garments. It was

being smoked in China and India by 700 B.C but laws all over the world have made it illegal to posses and smoke

it. While the government spends billions of dollars to try to stop a plant from being enjoyed they are ignoring other

illegal activities that damage far more people that marijuana could ever. Things such as rape, guns, gangs, and

killings that are hurting people every day. While kids are growing up they are always told of the negative aspects of

all drugs and that they should never try them, they are told that marijuana is a gateway drug and that it can kill you.

Studies show that people who use marijuana are at no greater risk for trying other drugs than a person who does not

smoke, it is just that people who do harder drugs may also use marijuana. And in a study done showing the death

rate caused by drugs cigarettes were number 1 with 400,000 alcohol with 100,000 and even caffeine beating

marijuana with ,000 deaths a year, marijuana comes in last with 0 deaths. There have been deaths but only by lung

cancer or heart attacks, which cannot be blamed entirely on marijuana. And while cigarettes and alcohol cause many

more deaths, they are still legal while marijuana is not. The FDA states that use of marijuana causes long term

memory loss which is not true, it may only cause short term memory loss and that is while you are smoking. There

is also the big misconception that only hippies and dropouts smoke which could be farther from the truth. Teaches,

cops, judges, lawyers, parents, priests even presidents all admit to smoke or have smoked marijuana showing that

George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe, Andrew Jackson, Zachary Taylor and

Franklin Pierce, as well as Ben Franklin. Father of Our Country all smoked marijuana. The government has taken

steps in the path of legalization of marijuana but only for those with medical conditions that could benefit from it

and it only legal in very few states with very strict laws surrounding it. There have been studies showing that a

person under the infulence or marijuana who is driving drives at a lower rate of speed and is more cautious of their

surroundings. A study by the FBI also states that 65-75% of criminal violence is alcohol related while no reports of

marijuana induced crimes have even been reported which shows that all of the reports done stating that marijuana

leads to crime are false. There are crimes where the criminals have been high but marijuana alone cannot make your

judgement that impaired. America spends so much money trying to rid the country of it when they know that it will

never happen. If they made it legal with an age limit it would reduce the number of deaths of gangs moving it and

drug lords would be out of a job because the government would control the trade of it. In closing please be aware

that you have a right to choose what you feel is best for you and if you feel that the laws set forth by the U.S

government for marijuana are to strict, you have a voice and your voice can be heard

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Peanut Butter and Jelly

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It is possibly the most common and well known type of sandwich in American culture, and yet many do not know how to make it. For those who have been deprived of the ability to make a simple sandwich, this paper will teach you how to create a childhood favorite. There very few items that you will need, things that are likely to already be in your home. The steps are somewhat simple, however they must be followed carefully to avoid sandwich catastrophe.

To begin, gather the ingredients and necessary tools for assembling the sandwich. A knife will be needed, first to spread both the peanut butter and jelly, as well as to separate the sandwich into more manageable pieces. A spoon can be substituted for spreading the peanut butter and jelly; however the spoon will not be as effective in cutting the bread. If the decision to use a spoon is made, there is always the option of enjoying the sandwich as a whole unit. A plate of acceptable size will also be helpful, but not required. It will keep any excess peanut butter or jelly from spilling over onto the table, and will also create a more organized workspace. A napkin or cutting board can easily be substituted here. These are the only needed tools for this project.

Ingredients for this project carry with them some freedom, as personal taste comes into the equation. The two necessary ingredients are obviously peanut butter and jelly; however there are many different types, flavors and consistencies to choose from. This is all a matter of personal taste, so feel free to experiment. Standard choices usually consist of creamy or chunky peanut butter, and jellies are most commonly strawberry or grape. There are other varieties of both, organic peanut butter, other flavors of jelly, etc, so be creative. There is one more key ingredient that is needed to complete this project; bread. Choices of bread are nearly unlimited, personal taste preferences should be used to judge here. Conventional choices range from white and whole wheat to cinnamon raisin and French bread. Feel free to try new combinations to find one that is most appealing to the palate.

Once tools and ingredients have been gathered, assembly can begin. Begin with two slices of the bread you have chosen. Set one in the middle of the plate and allow the other piece to hang off the edge, making sure that it does not fall over the edge. This is not something to greatly worry about, however when there is peanut butter involved it is always better to be careful; it makes a tough mess. Using the knife or spoon, take a reasonable amount of peanut butter out of the container it is in, and begin to gently spread it over the centered piece of bread, moving from the center of the bread out to the edges. This ensures that the bread is completely covered with peanut butter. If there appears to be too much peanut butter, simply use the knife to remove the excess and either put it back in the container or throw it away. Now, you can either repeat this step on the other piece of bread or if you do not like a greater proportion of peanut butter, just put jelly on the unused piece of bread.

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The jelly will have a more elastic quality, and may take longer to spread out, or prove difficult to spread evenly. Be patient and follow the same steps used for spreading the peanut butter; placing a moderate amount in the middle of the piece of bread, and again spreading it outwards. When using the jelly, be careful that it stays on the bread and does not spill over the edge. This can create a larger and more difficult mess to clean up. When the jelly has been successfully spread over the bread, prepare to put the sandwich together. Put down the knife, and put the lids of both the peanut butter and jelly back on their respective containers.

Now carefully pick up both slices of bread, making sure that the peanut butter side is facing the jelly side. Now bring them together until they meet, and very gently press them together. The peanut butter and jelly will cling to each other, holding the sandwich together. To complete the sandwich process, place the sandwich back on the plate and cut in either lengthwise or diagonally. Most cut the sandwich into two pieces, however feel free to make as many as desired.

The sandwich is now complete; however there are additions that can be made. A beverage for example, will likely be needed. Milk is often the best choice, as it makes it easier to chew the sandwich. Other beverages work just as well, and there really isn't a right or wrong choice. What is important is that the sandwich be enjoyed, and that the lesson of how to make this delicious sandwich has been learned. After this has been mastered, it will not be long until other dishes such as grilled cheese will be easy to create.

Please note that this sample paper on Peanut Butter and Jelly is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Peanut Butter and Jelly, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Peanut Butter and Jelly will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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