Dave

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Software Maintenance

By David Peover 141010

The overall objective of software maintenance is to help the customer use all the activities of the software that they have bought or that they have had developed.

Software maintenance begins at the start of the development process and continues right the way through to the delivery stage and effectively never actually ends. The reason that software maintenance continues even after the product is finished is because of the different levels that software maintenance has. One such example is updating software. It can be easier to update software than to write a completely new program. One company that does this is Microsoft. Microsoft continually update all of there programs from windows through to internet explorer. The most obvious maintenance to any of their products would be their updates to the windows program. For example windows 5 was updated to windows 8 and so on. Microsoft will continue to maintain windows into the future by updating the program rather than writing a new program. Therefore the origins of the newest version can be traced right back to the original even after all of the modifications added to the versions in between.

Software maintenance can be divided up into four types adaptive, perfective, corrective and emergency.

o Adaptive maintenance is to maintain the software according to changes in the situation in which the software is being used

o Perfective maintenance tries to improve the software by making it easier for the user in someway.

o Corrective maintenance is to fix a problem that the software may have. The problem may arise from programming errors or from viruses.

o Emergency maintenance is to correct a problem immediately to prevent loss of earning, life or property.

A problem that can arise is knowing if what is needed is maintenance or development. Therefore it is very important to know and understand the customers' needs. When you receive the customer requirements the first step is to see what the best course of action is. Either to maintain the current software to enable to carry out the new tasks the user needs or to write new software to meet the requirements of the user. The most likely and common solution is to maintain or update existing software. This is also the cheapest way in most cases.

Companies which use computers or develop programs will spend huge amounts of money on software maintenance and would rather they didn't have to but it is simply a necessity and a must for such business. software maintenance is so expensive because it requires that people work for long periods of time constantly maintaining all software. It is commonly explained simply with the Phillips law of software

Software outlives hardware

It is because of the rate at which hardware is developed that software maintenance is so expensive. When hardware moves forward through development the software needs to be maintained so it can provide the best results for the user that the new hardware is capable of. An example of this is the word processors of today. These programs are all based on the original programs made thirty years ago the only difference is that they have been maintained so that the software is at as high a standard as possible.

Another reason for the expense of software maintenance is the fact that it is difficult. Software maintenance is difficult because either the user is demanding or because the software wasn't written to be maintained or because of both. The user can often need changes made to the software to cope with new requirements and may want too many changes at one time. Also the fact that programmers develop the program to work and not to be maintained. To the programmer it is easy to read because they wrote it. To anyone else it can cause difficulty. Then if both of these problems occur it can create a long maintenance program and therefore high expense.

To get round one of these problems is for the development team to follow five objectives

o Clear and simple design

o Clean, readable code

o Complete and readable documentation

o Use of standards

o Complete, easy to use suite

Even if all of these objectives are met software maintenance will still be expensive.

The diagram below shows optimistic and realistic estimates for development and maintenance of a software system.

Optimistic Estimate

Year 1 4 5 6 7 8

Persons 10 1 1 1 4 1 1 1 4

$K/Person 150 150 165 180 00 0 50 80 00

Total $K 1500 150 165 180 800 0 50 80 100

Realistic Estimate

Year 1 4 5 6 7 8

Persons 10 1 1 10 1 1 10 1 1

$K/Person 150 150 165 180 00 0 50 80 00

Total $K 1500 150 165 1800 00 0 500 80 00

This example shows a product that started at $1.5 million. Even the optimistic estimate shows a 68% rise of maintenance cost to $. million in nine years and the realistic estimate shows a rise of 80% to $5.6 million. I used this example to show that there is simply no way around the expense of software maintenance.

Please note that this sample paper on dave is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on dave, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on dave will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Cespenar

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Cespenars Forge

Note All of this equipment is forged by Cespenar, the Imp in the Abyssal Fortress. You must have Throne of Bhaal installed to gain access to these items. For locations of some of the components, see our Equipment Section.

Angurvadal +5

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Whats Needed & Location(s)

Angurvadal +4 - Loot from Githyanki Captain on the fourth level of Watchers Keep

Liquid Mercury - Found in small pool in Sendais Enclave

10,000 Gold Pieces

Aslyferund Elven Chain +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Bladesinger Chain +4 - Loot from Nizidramaniiyt in Suldanesselar

Scroll of Protection From Normal Weapons - Various Locations

40,000 Gold Pieces

Axe of the Unyielding +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Axe of the Unyielding + - Loot from Rock the minotaur on the fourth floor of Watchers Keep

Baalors Claw - Loot from Brennan the Fire Giant on the second floor of Yaga-Shuras lair

5,000 Gold Pieces

Bag of Plenty +

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Bag of Plenty +1 - Found in Yaga-Shuras chambers on the second floor of Yaga-Shuras lair

Kings Tear - Various Locations

5,000 Gold Pieces

Blessed Bracers

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Paladins Bracers - Found in chest on first floor of Watchers Keep

10,000 Gold Pieces

Blue Dragon Plate

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Blue Dragon Scales - Loot from Abazigal in his lair

5,000 Gold Pieces

Carsomyr +6

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Carsomyr +5 - Loot from Firkraag the red dragon on the third floor of the Windspear Hills dungeon

Eye of Tyr - Loot from Odamaron the lich in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Case of Plenty +

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Case of Plenty +1 - Loot from a bookshelf on the first floor of Watchers Keep

Kings Tear - Various locations

10,000 Gold Pieces

Circlet of Netheril

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Circlet of Netheril - Loot from Chromatic Demon on second floor of Watchers Keep

Bronze Ioun Stone - Found in cot on the first floor of the Saradush Prison

5,000 Gold Pieces

Clay Golem Manual

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Golem Manual - Found on bookshelf on the first floor of Watchers Keep

Clay Golem Page - Found in Rock the Minotaurs cubic safe

5,000 Gold Pieces

Club of Detonation +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Club of Detonation + - Loot from Ferrumach Rilmani on the fifth floor of Watchers Keep

Ring of Fire Resistance - Various Locations

5,000 Gold Pieces

Dagger of the Star +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Dagger of the Star +4 - Loot from Demilich in the Githyanki lair on the fourth level of Watchers Keep

5 Star Sapphires - Various Locations

5,000 Gold Pieces

Darkfire Bow +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Darkfire Bow +4 - Loot from Mercenary Captain in Amkethran

Bowstring of Gond - Loot from Captain Egeissag in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Erinne Sling +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Erinne Sling +4 - Loot from Azamantes the lich on the fifth floor of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Firetooth +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Firetooth +4 - Purchased from Sister Garlena on the outside perimeter of Watchers Keep

Bowstring of Gond - Loot from Captain Egeissag in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Flail of Ages +4

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Flail of Ages + - Created with three flail heads using the hidden forge in deArnise Keep

Poison Flail Head - Found in slime pool on the second floor of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Flail of Ages +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Flail of Ages +4 - Forged by Cespenar the Imp, see above

Electric Flail Head - Loot from Abazigal in his lair

5,000 Gold Pieces

Foebane +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Foebane + - Loot from statue on first floor of Watchers Keep

Fflars Scabbard - Found in chest on second floor of the Saradush Prison

5,000 Gold Pieces

Gram the Sword of Grief +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Gram the Sword of Grief +5 - Loot from Abazigal in his lair

Heart of the Damned - Loot from Odamaron the lich in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Heartwood Ring

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Oaken Ring - Loot from Priest of Waukeen in Amkethran

Nymphs Tear - Found in container leaning against wall in the Forest of Mir

5,000 Gold Pieces

Helm of the Rock

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Helm of the Rock - Loot from Fire Giant on second level of Watchers Keep

Right Horn - Loot from Ice Golem on second level of Watchers Keep

Left Horn - Found in container on second level of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Hindos Doom +4

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Hindos Doom + - Loot from dragon during Courage test on the fifth level of Watchers Keep

Hindos Hand - Loot from monk prisoner in Abazigals Lair

5,000 Gold Pieces

Improved Cloak of Protection +

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Cloak of Protection + - Found in chest after completing the imps riddle in the Sahuagin City

Scroll of Invisibility - Various Locations

Scroll of Improved Haste - Various Locations

0,000 Gold Pieces

Ixils Spike +6

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Ixils Spike - Loot from Chromatic Demon on the second floor of Watchers Keep

Ixils Nail +4 - Found in pool during Stamnia test on fifth floor of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Juggernaut Golem Manual

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Stone Golem Manual - Forged by Cespenar the Imp, see below

Juggernaut Golem Page - Found on table on the eyeball level of Abazigals Lair

15,000 Gold Pieces

Montolios Cloak

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Montolios Cloak - Reward from Omar Haraad in Amkethran for saving his daughter Asana

Montolios Clasp - Found in mouth of dragon head in the Githyanki lair on the fourth level of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Quiver of Plenty +

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Quiver of Plenty +1 - Loot from an armoire on the first floor of Watchers Keep

Rogue Stone - Various locations

10,000 Gold Pieces

Purifier +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Purifier +4 - Found in tall stone in one of the maze rooms on the third floor of Watchers Keep [must be Lawful-Good to obtain]

Eye of Tyr - Loot from Odamaron the lich in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Ravager +6

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Ravager +4 - Loot from Imix on the second floor of Yaga-Shuras lair

Serpent Shaft - Loot from Azamantes the lich on the fifth floor of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Runehammer +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Runehammer +4 - Loot from Yaga-Shura in Siege Camp

Rune of Clangeddin - Found in a locked chest in Woodcutters home in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Short Sword of Mask +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Short Sword of Mask +4 - Purchased from Sister Garlena on the outside perimeter of Watchers Keep

Heart of the Damned - Loot from Odamaron the lich in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Spectral Brand +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Spectral Brand +4 - Can be won in card game with Aesgareth on the third level of Watchers Keep

Skull of the Lich - Found inside pipe near the exit from Odamarons lair in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Staff of the Ram +6

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Staff of the Ram +4 - Loot from Saladrex the dragon on the fourth level of Watchers Keep

Roranachs Horn - Loot from Gromnir on second floor of Gromnirs Stronghold

5,000 Gold Pieces

Stone Golem Manual

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Clay Golem Manual - Forged by Cespenar the Imp, see above

Stone Golem Page - Found in locked wall container on the second floor of Yaga-Shuras lair

10,000 Gold Pieces

Storm Star +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Storm Star + - Obtained by pressing Triangular Button, Green Dial, and Medium Lever on the Machine of Lum the Mad on the fourth level of Watchers Keep

Starfall Ore - Found in a cabinet in Kiser Jhaeris basement in Saradush

5,000 Gold Pieces

Taralash +5

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Taralash +4 - Loot from the Huntress on the fifth level of Watchers Keep

Bowstring of Gond - Loot from Captain Egeissag in Sendais Enclave

5,000 Gold Pieces

Thieves Hood

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Thieves Hood - Reward from Karashur for bringing him Tahazzars heart on the third floor of Watchers Keep

Antidote Potion - Various Locations

Ring of Invisibility - Various Locations

10,000 Gold Pieces

White Dragon Scale

Whats Needed & Location(s)

White Dragon Scales - Found in Demon Wraiths room on the third floor of Watchers Keep

5,000 Gold Pieces

Wondrous Gloves

Whats Needed & Location(s)

Bards Gloves - Found on symbol of Torm in Yakmans room on the third floor of Watchers Keep

Diamond - Various Locations

Emerald - Various Locations

Rogue Stone - Various locations

Ruby - Various Locations

Sapphire - Various Locations

10,000 Gold Pieces

6 - After you have finished up areas 4 & 5 head to the room between & 6 (torch room). Now that you have all the oils and the flint, light the torches in the pattern shown by the colored tiles Which are

Left Right

Red Blue

Red Purple

Purple Red

This should open the door to area 6. Of course, it isnt unguarded. The Rock and Garock minotaurs summon up some Frost Salamander friends to block your path. A few pets to keep the salamanders busy while you mow down the brothers will make this a quick fight. The Rock drops the Axe of Unyielding + and you can loot the room for the Crystal Mallet, which is used to break Carston out of Lums Machine back at area #1.

7 - Return to the central chamber and click on the crystal part of the machine. You need to tap the crystal six times to break the cage open and release Carston. From here you can let him go or kill him, whichever you feel he diserves. He has a journal that tells the combination to the next level, so try and get that from him. Now it is time to use all those odd scrolls Lum has left littered around the Keep. Remember, only use these combinations ONCE!

Here are the codes that are listed in the notes

Triangle Button, Red Wheel, Medium Lever = Opens the door to Level 5

Triangle Button, Green Wheel, Medium Lever = Storm Star +4 Mace

Red Wheel, Green Wheel, Short Lever = Permanent +1 to Charisma

Blue Wheel, Green Wheel, Long Lever = Permanent +5% to Magic Resistance

Square Button, Short Lever, Medium Lever = Permanent +1 to Strength

Circle Button, Blue Wheel, Long Lever = Permanent +1 to Intelligence

Square Button, Blue Wheel, Short Lever = Permanent +1 to Dexterity

Circle Button, Square Button, Triangle Button = Permanent +1 to Wisdom

Circle Button, Red Wheel, Long Lever = Permanent +1 to Constitution

Opening the door to level 5 grants you 5k XP per member and you are ready to take on the finale.

1 - Zone in area. It is safe for now but you will do your best to make this area a challenge! First you have to complete the quests at , , & 4.

- I really hate Mutated Spiders. Theyre easy to kill but that poison is not friendly. Have ranged attacks and maybe a pet to soak the poison for you. Once you are inside the room, click on the floor in the center of the four pillars. This will take you through a short story and then proceed to give you the option of pushing colored buttons for orbs. Each time you push a button for an orb, a series of monsters will spawn. This isnt an overly challenging area, especially if you are ready for the spawns and disrupt the mages as soon as they appear. After you have the four orbs, place them in the color corresponding pillars and you will get the first key.

- The room of the three tests. A Helmite Ghost greets you and says that you must complete the tests before continuing on. I would suggest starting with the far right room first. It is the easiest and might level some characters.

Right door - An Imp will put you through an IQ test of sorts. His first riddle is about brothers and sisters. The answer is 7. Next you will play a game about drawing coins. To win, start by taking , then , and finally 1. (,,1). Congratulations, you pass the first test and earn some experience. Loot the room for some odds & ends but one chest is trapped.

Left door - This is the next easiest and would make a good second door. Inside is a horde of Orcs (warriors, archers, mages). They arent very difficult but keep spawning. You have to keep hammering away until the ghost appears and congratulates you on enduring the horde. Protection from fire might help here but overall it is an easy room. Loot the pool in the middle of the room for Ixils Nail +4.

Middle Door - This is the only challenging one. A green dragon is your opponent. I found him easier than Saladrex but use your usual dragon tactics and you will receive all sorts of goodies. The Warriors Skull used in area #4, a th level spell, Hindos Doom + and some coin.

4 - After completing the tests at area #, take the skull here. When you open the door a couple Fire Giant butlers greet you. Dispatch them and use the alter in the middle of the room. This takes you to a dream sequence of sorts. You can only control the spirit warrior through menu commands (so I couldnt take a screenshot of the map). Ill list the basics.

From starting point -

East - Kill the goblin.

East - Kill skeleton and loot chest.

North - Kill the dog and search the room for a key & potion.

West - Look around and loot the scroll.

West - Dont drink from the fountain or you will take damage.

North - Kill the spirit and loot the helm from the chest.

East - empty room.

East - Loot desk for a pair of bracers.

North - Either use the scroll you looted earlier to scare the giberling off or fight it.

West - Loot the chest for a greater heal potion.

West - Kill the zombie and you have the final key.

5 - Back to #1 and time for things to get really interesting. In the center of the room there is a circle pattern on the floor surrounded by three short columns. These are the keyholes. Place each key in the hole by click on them only once! Each key you place gives you experience. This may level some of your characters up and you will probably need it for the upcoming fights. Ready your best battle spells, heal, and rest. Do all your summons, buffs, ect. Also, dig out all the wands you have, most importantly the wands of spell striking.

Now start with the upper right key slot and click on it another time to begin opening the portal. This action causes several Ferrumanch Rilman and a Aurumch Rilman to spawn. This is by far the easiest spawn. The Aurumch casts Time Stop if you let him so it might be wise to take him down fast. The Ferrumach arent all that hard but will provide a challenge. After this first fight you may want to heal and rest. You will be able to loot the Club of Detonation + after this fight.

Next turn the key on the bottom pillar. This spawn is quite a bit more difficult. A few flaming skulls (they look like Demi-Lichs surrounded by flaming aura) spawn to protect Azamonte and difficult caster. He will cast imprisonment so use a lot of pets and take him down fast, ignoring the skulls. (note My Deva was imprisoned and I was not able to summon another for the final fight, even after it said the Deva had unspawned.)

The big-un! Left pillar key slot. This is simply the hardest fight I have ever encountered in Baldurs Gate II. Reload was my savoir here. Here is how I finally defeated it. I did the usual rest, heal, summon, buff. Then I gathered my party by the exit portal. When you activate this spawn, you get a rather diverse set of toys. A Nalmissra, Ytossi, Hive Mother, Yei Win Toh, Amoralis, Zauviir, and The Huntress. I had my whole force sitting where the Nalmissra (basically a really hard succubus) spawns and took her down as soon as she appeared. Otherwise you lose half your party to charm. In this same surge I took out the Ytossi. The Ytossi, a snake/human combination, has a horrid poison. From here, it is your call but I retreated to the portal and took it to regroup. After Rezn, healing, ect. I moved back inside. This round you wont have much time to summon pets but cast a few quick ones (item summons work well) to soak some of the damage and get a major part of your force on The Huntress. This took everything I had, then a quick retreat to the portal and I even lost two party members. (You may want to snag the bow she drops before retreating). After another round of rest, rez, and heal I was ready for the remaining monsters. A quick charge in took out Yei Win Tah (a dual wielder) and the cleric (either Amoralis or Zauviir). I finished the other then went after Mom. The Hive Mother is found of death fingers, which made beating her difficult when she was near death and fingered my protagonist. However, after removing Nalmissras charm, Ytossis poison and that Huntresss bow, this fight became exponentially easier. I imagine this battle will have several strategy submissions. All I have to say is Gluck.

6 - You are done! Click on the machine like thing at the top of the circle and it opens the portal to level 6 and the Imprisoned One. Have fun!

Please note that this sample paper on cespenar is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on cespenar, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on cespenar will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Othello

If you order your essay from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Othello. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Othello paper right on time.

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In the play "Othello" by William Shakespeare, Othello had both some positive

aspects and some negative aspects about him. He falls from prosperity to suffering, but

not necessarily in a material sense. His fall was from happiness and love, to

unhappiness and distrust. He was superior over every other man as a heroic soldier and he was very well respected by everyone. Othello, a black Moor, has spent his life as a soldier and become a general in the army of Venice, Italy. He was a citizen who was respected and had a good reputation. He was a jealous man. He was jealous of Cassio, because he thought he was having an affair with his wife, Desdemona. Othello trusted Iago, an ensign to Othello. Although they were close, Othello should have been wiser. Othello's flaw was his trusting nature. He trusted Iago when he should have not, and ironically, denied his trusting nature; the one time he should allow himself to trust someone. Othello also ended up being a murderer at the end of the play due to Iago's lies.

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One of Othello's positive aspects was his love for everyone especially his wife, Desdemona. Some line's from the play that help understand this love is "And till she come, as truly as to heaven / I do confess the vices of my blood, / So justly to your grave ears I'll present / How I did thrive in this fair lady's love, / And she in mine." "Come, Desdemona, I have but an hour / Of love, or worldly matter, and direction / To spend with thee. We must obey the time." He was admired by everyone in the play, even Iago comments on what a good man Othello was. The handkerchief, the most crucial object in the play, symbolized Othello's love to Desdemona, since it was his first gift to her. Othello thinks that the handkerchief shows Desdemonas love and if she was to lose it, must clearly mean that she does not love him any longer.

One of Othello's negative aspects was that of jealousy. It is the green-eyed monster, Iago tells Othello, becomes a symbol representing Othellos dark feelings, a description of what is going through his head. Iagos speech was also deeply ironic, since it points out Othellos flaws, and the roots of his tragedy. Othello had no idea of the significance of these statements, and so takes them to heart. Othello is horribly jealous of what he thinks is going on between his wife and Cassio. This poisonous feeling turns Othello into a mad man and he strikes his wife. Othello then began to say that he believes that Desdemona is cheating directly. Othello uses his black skin as a symbol for how poorly spoken and unattractive he thinks he is. Othello doubts that Desdemona could love him, because of his misunderstanding of himself as being badly dressed, poorly spoken, and old; and because he begins to believe that Desdemona cannot love him, he starts to believe that she is having an affair. My name, that was as fresh / as Dians visage, is now begrimed and black / as mine own face, Othello says. Although the things he says against Desdemona are personally hurtful to him, Iago also makes Desdemona and Cassio seem like lustful animal lovers, by describing them as prime as goats, as hot as monkeys

I think the most interesting aspect of Othello's character was the way he could suddenly change his mood, because one moment he uses perfect structured and poetic language and the next minute he is in an utter rage. It is interesting to see how one person can affect a whole group of people and the devastating consequences that can be caused verbally. Shakespeare has giving both positive and negative aspects to the character Othello, making this one of the most respected poetic stories of all time.

Please note that this sample paper on Othello is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Othello, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Othello will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Taxidriver

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on taxidriver. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality taxidriver paper right on time.

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nonetheless despite anything to the contrary

evitable capable of being avoided or warded off

scuttle to move about or proceed hurriedly

howl cry loudly or make a loud noise, as of wind, water, or vehicles

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exhust gases ejected from an engine as waste products

cluttered filled or scattered with a disorderly accumulation of objects or rubbish

disarray untidiness (especially of clothing and appearance)

takes a drag off

probing diligent and thorough in inquiry or investigation

cipher a message written in a secret code a person of no influence

misfit someone unable to adapt to their circumstances

indiscernibly difficult or impossible to perceive or discern

hack be able to manage or manage successfully cut away

conscience conformity to ones own sense of right conduct

motivation deriving logically from ethical or moral principles that govern a persons thoughts and actions

moonlight work a second job, usually after hours

fussy perversely irritable overcrowded or cluttered with detail

fleet moving very fast group of motor vehicles operating together under the same ownership

glide move smoothly and effortlessly

frantic transported with rage or other violent emotion marked by uncontrolled excitement or emotion

glittering having brief brilliant points or flashes of light

haphazard dependent upon or characterized by chance marked by great carelessness

stretch-shifts do the extra shift

hustle working hard

take in earn on some commercial or business transaction; earn as salary or wages;

ride around go around without destination

chauffeurs license driving / drivers license

honorable discharge leaving the military

the shift breaks specific hour a group of people at work change their shifts

off the meter to earn extra money not reported

come out appear or become visible

venal capable of being corrupted

wash off remove by the application of water or other liquid and soap or some other cleaning agent

scum worthless people , immoral or horrible dirty people

spooks black people

give me a break let me alone.... leave me alone

means something important

Pull over to steer ones vehicle to the side of the road

dont make no difference to me

morbid self attention very much interested in death

campaign head quaters the main office where campaign is arranged

filthy mass extremely dirty a group of common people

come off come to be detached by hand

come off it to cease foolish or pretentious talk or behavior

dwindle become smaller or lose substance

canvas report a kind of act going to door to door

mandatory welfare program wellbeing program that must be done obligatory

slogan a phrase express the aims or nature of an enterprise,team , or other group

dynamic energetic, working powerful

once in a while now and then or here and there

pharmaceutical prescription of drugs

sarcastic expressing or expressive of ridicule that wounds ,opposite to what one is saying or mind

blush on cheecks turns on pink or red

ladys man a man who is attractive to women

pantyhose a womans tights consisting of underpants and stockings

fucked her brains out very passionate sex

dough boy a person who does anything else for money

Stick up rob at gunpoint or by means of some other threat , hold up

skunk a person who is deemed to be despicable or contemptible

buck a piece of paper money worth one dollar

stay up not go to bed

cut up destroy or injure severely , a kind of injury made by a knife

stick up robbing with a gun

get this listen

hows it hagin ? whats going on?

fleet a group of cars associated with all taxi company

get cut up be injured

fucker a bad person

run over to drop in

handle pretty rough customers take care of violent customers

piece a gun

fellow a person who is frequently in the company of another a boy or man

nice deal good deal, resonable price

bring up cause to come to a sudden stop

blow up make large

can you dig it? can you comprehend it?

dig the symbols look at the symbols carefully

estate large house given by person who just died

mob maffia

screw up do something badly

blow this finger off cut their finger off physically or shoot them

stool pigeon a person who gives information to the police

symbolic serving as a visible symbol for something abstract ,using symbolism

why is that? what does make you think so?

cabbies taxi drivers

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Teen sex

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Teenagers in the United States are experimenting with sexual activities more and more today than ever before. According to Charles Krauthammer, Sex oozes from every pore of the culture and theres not a kid in the world who can avoid it. (Meier, 14, p. 7). Teenagers are surrounded by some sort of sexual connotations all the time. Whether it is television, radio, school, or even the Internet, teenagers are hearing the affects of sex on our society. The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. The period of puberty occurs somewhere between the ages of 10 and 14 for most but can vary for different people. Heredity, health problems, and emotional and physical stress can cause these variations. Teens begin to experiment with the opposite sex by hugging, kissing and other forms of sexual expression. People are capable of creating babies as soon as puberty begins. Teens also watch more television and listen to more music developing their own unique personalities. According to one study, about 65,000 sexual acts or comments on prime-time television occur every year (Meier, 14, p. ). In the movies or on television, the actors and actresses make sex look easy, fun and glamorous. It appears to be something everyone is doing. On television shows like Dawsons Creek, sex is usually the major topic of the entire show. Whether it is guys and girls, guys and guys, girls and girls, or multiple persons of each sex, the sex act itself is a major conflict. Movies, such as Cruel Intentions, portray sex as a game. The main characters are placing bets on each other that one of them will have sex with some girl who is against the idea of premarital sex. That movie is rated R, but little kids were in there with their parents. Those types of movies are not meant for a young audience. Now those kids might end up having sex when they become teenagers. Those same teenagers might often be the ones that get pregnant. Teenage pregnancy happens so often that people hardly even recognize it anymore as a negative affect on our society. Experts estimate that the combination of lost tax revenues and increased spending on public assistance, child health care, foster care and the criminal justice system totals about $7 billion annually for births in teens. Despite a 0-year low in the teen pregnancy rate and an impressive decline in the teen birth rate, the United States still has the highest teen pregnancy rate of any industrialized country (Casey Foundation, 16). Thats not saying a whole lot for our nation. In Kids Having Kids A Robin Hood Foundation Special Report on the Costs of Adolescent Childbearing, researchers note, During her first 1 years of parenthood, the average adolescent mother receives income and food stamps valued at just over $17,000 annually… Recent declines in pregnancy and birth rates, however, are encouraging. The rates keep dropping and are showing no signs of increase, yet. The rate of pregnancies has dropped from a peak of 117 for every 1,000 young women ages 15 to 1 in 10, to 101 in 15. That 14 percent drop brought the rate to its lowest level since 175 (Casey Foundation, 16). Rather than deal with a pregnancy after the fact, more teenagers seem to be trying to prevent pregnancies. Teenagers are learning to better use contraceptives and are using them more frequently than before. Some teenagers are aware of the contraceptives available, but they just choose not to use them. Others may find it difficult and embarrassing to talk to their partners about birth control or contraceptives. Contraceptives such as the condom, Depo-Provera, diaphragm, IUD (intrauterine device), and the pill are effective more than 80% of the time. Some of those, more than 0%. Nine in 10 sexually active women and their partners use a contraceptive method, although not always consistently or correctly. About one in six teenage women practicing contraception combine two methods, primarily the condom with another method (Guttmacher, 18). The only method effective 100% of the time is abstinence, which means not having sex at all. Although there are contraceptives, they only work so much percent of the time. The other percent of the time, they will fail and lead to a traumatic downfall for anyone involved. Many consequences are contributed to having sex as a teenager, and even as an adult. Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are gaining more and more publicity. Every year million teens-about 1 in 4 sexually experienced teens-acquire an STD (Guttmacher, 18). The more common sexually transmitted diseases include HIV (caused by the AIDS virus), herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, syphilis and genital warts. Teens have higher rates of contracting gonorrhea than do sexually active men and women aged 0 to 44. Chlamydia is more common among teens than among older men and women; in some settings, 10-% of sexually active teenage women and 10% of teenage men tested for STDs have been found to have chlamydia (Guttmacher, 18). Along with the physical status of a sexually active teen, the emotional status can also be depleted. The emotional problems a teenager will feel after becoming sexually active can be overwhelming. Sometimes the stress from friends and family members becomes too much for a teenager to bear. This can often lead to suicide or beating of themselves to kill the baby and make it look like an accident. When a teenager first learns she is pregnant, she often will not tell anyone-not even the babys father-about her predicament (Meier, 14, p. 1). Holding a secret that immense inside you causes great stress and emotional upset. The teenager may have intense feelings of fear, confusion and depression. In that case, it is a good idea for the girl to get help by talking to a counselor at school or a health clinic. Sooner or later, the pregnant teenager will have to face reality and make some tough choices. She will first have to decide whether or not to have the baby. If she chooses to have the baby, she will have to decide whether to keep it herself or give it up for adoption. Pregnancy itself is usually a very uncomfortable situation. During the first few months, the pregnant woman will undergo many changes. Morning sickness, tiredness and sudden mood swings are just a few of these changes. Teenagers will most likely not want to go to school feeling like that. After a few months of skipping school and receiving poor grades, the student is most likely to drop out altogether. Every year, about 40,000 teenage girls drop out of high school because they are pregnant (Meier, 14, p. 4). Many never go back. Young males who become fathers before the age of 0 often do not finish high school, making it more difficult to find a good job. The average woman who becomes a mother before the age of 18 earns about half as much money as the woman who has children at an older age, or has no child at all. One out of every three teenage mothers turns to welfare to make ends meet (Meier, 14, p. 4). Because of those mothers, anyone with a job must pay the taxes to keep them on welfare instead of out on the streets. Jobs are too scarce for people with no experience in certain fields of work. Thirty or 40 years ago, it was fairly easy for young people to make lives for themselves after the pregnancy. But the American economy and kinds of jobs have changed. Now a high school graduate will qualify for only lowest paying jobs (Meier, 14, p. 71). As a result of all these teenagers looking for jobs, the unemployment rates have gone down, and the employment rates have risen. However, teenagers who get the jobs are more likely going to be working at minimum wage, which can cause unemployment. According to the supply and demand curve of economics, higher wages increase the number of workers willing to work but decrease the number of workers employers will hire (Dallas Headquarters, 17). Teenage parents or just plain teenagers find it difficult to work for minimum wage, and even more difficult to find an employer who will hire them. Some teenagers feel the need to turn to abortion as a way of solving their problems. I personally feel that abortion should not be accepted in any case other than rape, but thats not what this paper is about. About states have passed anti-PBA (partial birth abortions) laws as of August of 18 (Robinson, 1). Illinois is among those . In some states, the legal age to have an abortion with no authorization is 17. That is too young to be deciding the life (or death) of an innocent human being. Another major concern for teenagers having sex is that some people feel that the teenager should have the right to choose what to do with their own bodies. They, as people of the United States, are loyal abiders of the Constitution as well as adults. The Constitution states that we have the freedoms of speech, religion, the press and assembly. Freedom of choice is in there, too. Teenagers might listen to the advice of adults and peers, but they have to be able to make their own decisions. If teens want to go out and have sex, then so be it. Nobody can really stop them. Sure, parents can lock them in their rooms or something worse, but a crafty teen will almost always find a way out. After a punishment like that, a teenager will often just run away from home. That is another issue. Teenagers sometimes are not the best at making their own decisions, especially when it comes to sex. Teenagers often worry that if they get married, then they can have sex all they want without any complaints. In Japan, the legal age to be married without a parents authorization is over 18 in males and over 16 in females (Kasumigaseki, 17). It is probably not much different in the United States. Teenagers think that by getting married, it will reduce the stress and pressures from having sex as opposed to not being married. Some teenagers already have it squared away in their heads that they are going to wait until they are married to have sex. Some of those just cannot seem to wait. A lot of pressures go along with having sex; pressure from peers, classmates, people outside of the school setting. Around school, sex is usually a major topic of conversation. Students around are talking about how great sex is and how often they do it. Those same students are usually the ones who do not worry about protection. Teenagers find it to be some sort of competition nowadays to see who can have the most sex before they graduate. Boys often find that they are being pushed to prove themselves by scoring (Meier, 14, p. ). None of them think of the consequences. Some of them even end up getting pregnant. Some teenagers believe that if they have sex a lot, they will not get pregnant. Others believe that you cannot get pregnant in a hot tub, girls cannot get pregnant during their period, and that you cannot get pregnant the first time they have sex. Some even believe that if birth control is taken right before intercourse, it will prevent a pregnancy. Those are all myths. Getting pregnant is easier than anybody would think. In fact, one out of every 0 girls becomes pregnant the first time having sex. Another statistic is that one out of every 5 becomes pregnant during the first month of sexual activity (Meier, 14, p. 1). There are positive influences out there offering advice and assistance to those teens in need. Parents, teachers and religious leaders tell teenagers that sex should be saved for marriage. Young people are caught between two sets of messages one says, Go! and the other says, Stop! Most teens are too embarrassed to talk to their parents about sex, and many schools provide little or no sex education. Teenagers often rely on their friends for information, which is not always accurate. There are many teens that make a definite choice not to have sex until they are older because of religious beliefs or other reasons. Some realize that problems could get in the way of their plans for the future. Still, others worry about diseases (Meier, 14, p. 10). Some pressures come from other sources and not just their peers. When a young person becomes involved with a boyfriend or girlfriend, the couple may have to deal with the pressures directly. One might pressure the other to have sex. This can often lead to break-ups causing more emotional problems. A girl is more likely to think of sex as something romantic but, however, have sex with boys with whom they have no real relationship (Meier, 14, p. 10). Couples who have sex 1 times run a 50 percent chance of starting a pregnancy (Meier, 14, p. 1). Teenagers should think of the consequences and read over the statistics before jumping into anything. Alcohol or drugs also play a major role in the sexual activity of teenagers. Sometimes, alcohol and drugs play a part in the teenagers decision to have sex. A person who is drinking alcohol or using drugs is less likely to be cautious and responsible about their behavior (Meier, 14, p. 10). Teens will often go to parties and get so smashed that they have no control over what they are doing. Some of them go back to school and brag about what happened at that party or gossip about what happened to someone else. That is where some people earn their reputation as sluts or whores. I do not know about you, but that is what I want people to remember me by when I graduate. Often, those same people are the ones not doing well in school, especially if they come from poor families. They may have few goals or little hope that things will get any better. Some teenagers think that if they are drunk, they cannot get pregnant. That is yet another myth. Unless something is physically wrong, a boy and girl run the risk of beginning a pregnancy every time they have sex (Meier, 14, p. 1). Many services deal with issues about teenage pregnancy directly. Unlike many European countries, however, the United States does not have a nationwide program to deal with teen pregnancy. In 178, President Jimmy Carters administration sponsored the Adolescent Health Services and Pregnancy Prevention and Care Act, which helped provide a variety of services for pregnant and parenting teens. Three years later, President Ronald Reagan eliminated this program and replaced it with the Adolescent Family Life Act, which focused on abstinence programs that encourage teens not to have sex (Meier, 14, p. 77). With a little variety of social services and very little correct information from peers, some people say that children should get information about sex from their parents and only their parents. Studies show that teenagers who can talk to their parents about a lot of topics, including sex, are less likely to become sexually active at an early age (Meier, 14, p. 7). Adults believe that children learn all they need to know about life in school and that if their children are not asking questions, then they are not thinking about it. Some parents think that if their son or daughter has a question or problem pertaining to sex, they will go directly to their parents. Some teens think that their peers know more about it than their parents, so they turn to them. Other parents think that if their son or daughter is getting into trouble, they would know about it. Teenagers will, however, keep lots of information from their parents that could possibly get them in trouble. Parents often assume that their kids do not want to listen to their parents advice, when really they do. Some will not admit it, but most would like them to help out.

The price that teenagers pay for being sexually active greatly outweighs any advantages. Teenage pregnancy, STDs, and emotional and physical problems are just a few examples of the disadvantages of having sex as a teenager. Teenagers pay a great price for being sexually active. The risks are just too great for getting pregnant and contracting an STD. There are more important things in life to worry about than things a person has control over. Another disadvantage, and this is mainly a disadvantage to anyone working and paying taxes, is that society must pay for the children of teenage parents. The taxes are used to pay for welfare and housing for these children. Teenagers often fail to comply with any rules stating that they cannot do something. These rules regarding teenage sex need to be more strict and re-enforced. A lot of parents need to get their own acts together before they start telling their children how and what to do. The parents are the ones we are arguing with here. They are not doing the job that society has handed them. We, as citizens of the same country, need to better the lives of our own kind.

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A Sight Amoung Dreams

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The leaves fall from a distance, high above every set of life. Innocent ruffling of trees flow with every breath of the wind. Alone in your mind, you are away from the world. Instantly you start to imagine the dreams of a god. Your mind expands and you are put in a place where no one else can touch you. A trance that is so deep you feel every movement of life as if you were there. In a sense you are untouchable, unscathed. With every thought you find the history of the land around you. From the desiring dream to your life, you find no differences. Dreaming of the struggle of living, the struggle of death, and the path of which you came. You emanate through the dream, but you never apostatize. In truth you are not in a place that really exists, but you are in the depths of your mind. In The Man Made of Words, N. Scott Momaday depicts a way that the mind might be liberated. Through the use of dogmatic, eugenic, and essential means, Momaday explores the trials and tribulations of his heritage.

Dogmatic is defined as making statements without arguments or evidence. In each of our minds there is no dogmatic means for dreams or hallucinations. Momaday has neither arguments nor restraints to go into another world apart from the sophisticated one of which he had lived in. He explored his own mind with no trace of where he was

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going. He experiences this by being the only one who can see and feel his tribal beginnings. In his own mind he had set himself apart from everything that existed " I had projected myself-imagined myself-out of the room and out of time. I was there with Ko-sahn…" (Momaday ). He uses this method to get into the mind of another character. A character at which is the focal point of his heritage.

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Now in another sense of dogmatic terms, he has no substantial evidence of where he was going or how he really got into the out of body state and into Ko-sahns world. He uses this power to tease your mind, about who Ko-sahn really is. He clearly cannot convince every reader that he really went into a tranquil state of mind and talked to Ko-sahn. It was interesting how he went about proving the past of his heritage. Though in his mind he felt that it really happened he could not prove that this engagement really happened. In turn he describes every moment perfectly, so that we feel the real emotion set by the base of the story.

Eugenic relates to the development and improvement of a race. Momaday uses great detail to describe the eugenic part of his essay. In turn the development and improvement of his heritage are summed up into a character. He used Ko-sahn as a guide or path through the history of his tribe, and he directly correlates Ko-sahn as a language. Language plays a big role in Ko-sahn. Ko-sahn was a walking oral tradition. She was the first to begin the sun dance. Momadays heritage goes way back and the sun dance is one of the tribal dances they worshipped. Not only was she portrayed as the language and history of his tribe, but she

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was also portrayed as the landscape too. For example, she stated, " Her roots ran deep into the earth, and from those depths she drew strength enough to hold still against all the

forces of chance and disorder. And she drew there from the sustenance of meaning and of mystery as well" (6). He deeply transfers the modern world with the past world all through the existence of Ko-sahn.

In our lives landscape plays an essential part of our struggle for survival. It is said that we have ruined our precious landscape for the use of expansion. Momaday states it best, " I am interested in the way that a man looks at a given landscape and takes possession of it in his blood and brain. For this happens, I am certain, in the ordinary motion of life. None of us lives apart from the land entirely; such an isolation is unimaginable" (5). We have ruined the landscape, and cannot live without it. Like his people, Momaday was brought up from the land. He states the land as a whole," They are not so high and mighty as the mountains in the Far West, and they bear a different relationship to the land around them. One does not imagine that they are distinctive in themselves, or indeed that they exist apart from the plain in any sense" (5). He realizes that his roots used to rely on the land for survival. Now in this world, that is rarely heard of.

In the end, through mind-bending schemes of dreams, N. Scott Momaday comes out closer to his own origin. Not only does he get closer to his origin but he also teaches future readers how to respect the land. He got his point across that in a state of mind you can do anything and you can go to so many depths that you have never been before. You

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can learn things that other people would take a lifetime to comprehend. All you have to do is expand your mind to explore the greatest knowledge in the world your mind.

Please note that this sample paper on A Sight Amoung Dreams is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Sight Amoung Dreams, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on A Sight Amoung Dreams will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Romantic Poets and Irrationality

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The period of Romanticism in English literature was in many senses a reaction to the Enlightenment which preceded it. The objectivity and sheer rationality of the Enlightenment was held in disdain by the Romantics, who saw it as a period "which did not allow feeling and imagination to outweigh reason". The essence of Romantic thought springs from a soul which "protests against whatever exists, aspiring to something else without knowing what it is" (Thorlby ). This unrest within the Romantic movement induced writers to explore aspects of the individual further, notably the consciousness and the self. Notions of dreams and man's spiritual side were of particular interest to the likes of Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge and Shelley, as Day points out; "a number of Romantic writers suggest that the mind possesses a faculty which enables it to see through the forms of the material world to a greater, spiritual reality behind it" (58).

In this way, the Romantics turned towards the importance of feeling and turned "away from society towards the sublimities of nature"(Day 65). Nature and emotion overtook any rationality that was a hallmark of the past;

Peckham exemplifies this breakaway from tradition "from the values of static mechanism - reason, order, permanence, and the like - are replaced by their counterparts in an organic universe - instinct or intuition, freedom, and change. Romantic thought is relativistic and pluralistic; it rejects absolute values, formal classifications, and exclusive judgements; it welcomes novelty, originality, and variety. It is less interested in distinctions than in relationships, particularly in the organic relationship which it posits between man and nature, or the universe, and (less often) between the individual and society".

The turn from reasoning brought about terrific individualism in the Romantic personality and led to a huge concentration on the psychological and on human centrality. Such focus inevitably led to such writers believing they were of the optimum importance, and demonstrating such "pride that was taken in this selfhood" (Thorlby 6). William Blake was particularly guilty of such egomania, and his reference to "hold infinity in the palm of your hand" portrays the fact that "he is always conscious of the bonds that link him with the dark realm inside himself"(45).

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The egocentric attitude of the Romantics had to be inevitable, owing to the introspection that they demonstrated for dreams, the unconscious, and the mind of the individual; with such focus on aspects of their own psyche, to "cultivate and contemplate nothing but their own 'moi'"(6) was perhaps understandable.

Lucas suggests that "the fundamental quality of Romanticism is not mere anti-Classicism, nor mediaevaelism, nor 'aspiration', nor 'wonder', nor any of the other things its various formulas suggest; but rather a liberation of the conscious levels of the mind" (Thorlby 6). This attention paid to the mind's visionary release and power tended to oppose old Enlightenment ideals against those of the Romantics; for example, rationality was now held against passion, natural impulse against artificial restraint, and most importantly the conflict of internal against external.

The battle of internal and external is looked upon by Northrop Frye. He refers to Rousseau's assumption that "civilisation was a purely human artifact, something that man had made, could unmake…and was at all times entirely responsible for". He alludes to the power of creativity within man, "located in the mind's internal heaven, the external world being seen as a mirror reflecting and making visible what is within" (10).

Wordsworth's poetry is highly concerned with aspects of the psyche, and in many of his poems, he explores the subconscious; in revolt to socio-political goings on, he searches for an inner revolution within himself. He makes reference to water and streams within his poetry which represents the unconscious; in Tintern Abbey, the use of nature and natural landscape, such as "lofty cliffs", and "these waters, rolling from their mountain springs with a sweet inland murmur", demonstrate Wordsworth's metaphorical exploration of the depths of the mind.

Oh Sylvan Wye! Thou wanderer through the woods,

How often has my spirit returned to thee!

And now, with gleams of half-extinguished thought,

With many recognitions dim and faint

And somewhat of a sad perplexity,

The picture of the mind revives again.

Lucas refers to this passage of Tintern Abbey, showing his somewhat sceptical opinion of the Romantic subversion into the consciousness, explaining, "and so the Romantic, I suggest, wandering into the woods of dream, has often wandered too far"(Thorlby 64). An "increasing preoccupation with the 'mental' patterns that underlie the flux of human events"(Beer 7) is somewhat frowned upon by Lucas, who compares the Romantic "who surrenders too much to the unconscious, who becomes too completely a child once more" to one who "has fallen a victim to the neurotic maladies that beset the childish adult who cannot cope with life but falls between two ages" (6). It seems that Lucas is uncomfortable with the total escapism that the Romantic writers employed, and his description of the Romantic as he "who got lost like the neurotic who takes refuge from reality among the phantoms that haunt the mouldered lodges of his childish years"(64) implicates the sheer irrationality he perceives from such writings.

The reflection of the Revolution on the Romantics was particularly inspirational and founds the case that "Romanticism on the philosophical side is a protest against the disintegrating analysis of the eighteenth-century rationalist" (Day 61). This rationality was to be opposed and questioned by a "greater creative power"; "the sense of identity with a larger power of creative energy meets us everywhere in Romantic culture" (Frye 14). This creative prowess is born from the writers ability to look inside himself. Frye demonstrates how "the metaphorical structure of Romantic poetry tends to move inside and downward instead of outside and upward, hence the creative world is deep within". Blake's poem Jerusalem illustrates the inner yearning for centrality "where inward and outward manifestations of a common motion or spirit are unified" (16).

I will not cease from mental fight

Nor shall my sword sleep in my hand,

Till we have built Jerusalem

In England's green and pleasant land.

Blake's "mental fight" he describes here is his battle within himself. Jerusalem is his own psychological and spiritual utopia. His own personal progress lay in his spiritual and mental discovery; this is evident through his journey into the subconscious in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell where he uncovers such proverbs as "the roaring of lions, the howling of wolves, the raging of the stormy sea, and the destructive sword, are portions of eternity too great for the eye of man".

Coleridge's poem Kubla Khan was by his own admission "composed in a sort of reverie brought on by two grains of opium taken to check a dysentery"; elements of the unconscious are particularly prominent here, and the lines "and mid this tumult Cubla heard from far / ancestral voices prophesying war" denote a type of subconscious premonition of war within. Coleridge's poem depicts "a savage place" and a "chasm, with ceaseless turmoil seething"; this allusion could be said to represent the underworld, which the poet looks into through his unconscious state of being. Adair's translation of Kubla Khan points to "the poet, when divinely inspired, remembers the inscrutable secrets of the world below, singing of a mystery and terror which seems to men like the gift of prophecy" (116). This delving into the imagination demonstrates "the mysterious unconscious sources of creative inspiration and the poet's brief singing of this memory on his return to the sunlit conscious world"(117). This poem replicates a contrast between man's conscious and unconscious being; in a sense the "sacred river" and the "caverns measureless to man" are juxtaposed to represent alternate states of the psyche.

Although this poem provides evidence for Coleridge's undoubted ventures into his imagination, as does his collaboration with Wordsworth, his agenda is a slightly different one to that of Wordsworth, or for that matter any of the other Romantic poets; Beer demonstrates this in talking of "the theme of man's lonely struggle, physically and intellectually with the universe" which is inherent in Wordsworth's work, yet for Coleridge "is not one which attracted him or elicited his best work" (5). The difference between Coleridge and the other romantics is observed by Coleridge's daughter, in that "he could not bear to complete incompletely, which everybody else does" (Beer 6).

Elements of religion are looked upon in Coleridge's poetry, essentially those of the battle between God and nature; Adair points to the "continuous conflict" which his work sets up, not only between these facets, but also between "faith and reason…the mechanical and transcendental explanations of the universe" (44). These elements are confronted within Coleridge's most famous work, The Ancient Mariner;

At length did cross an albatross;

Thorough the fog it came;

As if it had been a Christian soul,

We hailed it in God's name.

In this verse the appearance of the bird of good luck is regarded as "a Christian soul", which would keep safe those on the ship. In this way Coleridge makes God "an immanent part of the material world" in order "to make God himself material and to deprive the universe of the ultimate mystery of the Godhead" (Adair 45). The figure of God is now put in opposition to the evil which obsessed the ancient mariner to shoot down the albatross;

'God save thee, ancient mariner,

From the fiends that plague thee thus!

Why look'st thou so?' With my crossbow

I shot the albatross.

The shooting of the albatross comes to represent a multitude of opinions. Beer examines the attention paid to this defining moment within Coleridge's poetry, notably that it depicts the fall of man, or the death of Christ yet that "they all conflict with one another and try to give the poem the definiteness of allegory which the poet himself would have deplored" (57). The death of the bird in the Ancient Mariner is fundamentally poignant, but as to what it represents is debatable. It is definite however, that it comes to portray the contrasting ideals of Coleridge's poetry, and its meaning in this way is not so important. The notion of resolve in Coleridge's poems is very rare, and he hardly ever comes to solution. Beer talks of Coleridge's "all-embracing vision which should encompass all things in heaven and earth" (1); this approach makes the potential for complete understanding and harmony within his poetry highly improbable, and his conflicting ideals show "an awareness of the infinite" which "had thus always dominated Coleridge's imagination" (47).

Abrams alludes to the fact that although one would never mistake Blake's work for Coleridge's or vice versa, "a reading of Coleridge's poem with Blake's in mind reveals how remarkably parallel were the effects of the same historical and literary situation, operating simultaneously on the imagination of the two poets" (4). Abrams describes the Romantic poet as the "inspired prophet-priest" yet notes that what obscures a concern for the social and political commentary of the Romantics is the lack of "direct political and moral commentary" (44).

The ambiguous nature of Romantic poetry with its allusions to nature and certain images such as "the earthquake and the volcano, the purging fire, the emerging sun" recurring endlessly, refer to what Abrams calls "one of the principal leitmotifs of Romantic literature"; he points out that "To Europe at the end of the Eighteenth-Century the French Revolution brought what St. Augustine said Christianity had brought to the ancient world hope" (54). This hope roused "human and social possibility" and "its reflex, the nadir of feeling caused by its seeming failure".

Abrams discusses this hope of man which "can never be matched by the world as it is and man as he is"(56), and alludes to Wordsworth's "Romantic doctrine; one which reverses the cardinal neoclassic ideal of setting only accessible goals, by converting what had been man's tragic error- that persists in setting infinite aims for finite man"(57).

Wordsworth, in his preface to Lyrical Ballads, shows his interest in the imagination and the unconscious by his delight in contemplating "similar volitions and passions as manifested in the goings-on of the universe". The sense of the universal which he and his contemporaries address denotes an element of searching far and wide to let loose "the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" which "arise in him without immediate external excitement". The exploration of feeling which he attempts to communicate is apparent through "the painful feeling which will always be found intermingled with powerful descriptions of the deeper passions".

Wordsworth exemplifies the foundation of Romantic thought in his preface, describing the "essential passions of the heart" which "find a better soil in which they can attain their maturity". Within these lines he speaks on behalf of the powerful Romantic imagination which is liberated through the means of poetry.

Shelley's Defence of Poetry stands out as one of the defining aspects of contemporary Romantic literature, examining the realms of poetry and all of its "pleasurable impressions". It can be seen as an ambassador for Romanticism itself. Percy Shelley addresses the attraction of the imagination, and deplores the monotonous nature of reason; "reason is the enumeration of quantities already known; imagination the perception of the value of those quantities, both separately and as a whole". He remarks that "although all men observe a similar; they observe not the same order in the motions of the dance, in the melody of the song, in the combinations of language, in the series of their imitations of natural objects"; this point is specifically poignant, for it outlines the essence of Romantic literature. It alludes to the diversity of meaning through poetry and demonstrates that one man's perception and understanding of something is not necessarily the same as another's. This represents the universality of language, a notion which was at the heart of the Romantic poet. Shelley claims that "a poem is the very image of life expressed in eternal truth", and that "a poet is a nightingale who sits in the darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician"; this demonstrates man's unconscious appreciation of poetry, without perhaps knowing why, portraying a type of unknowing gratification from it.

The attraction of a universal picture to the Romantic poet was brought about by an age of reason which proceeded it. Notions of the unanswerable and complex levels of consciousness hence attracted him to explore further. Beer discusses the resemblance of Romanticism to the Renaissance period in which "both eras shared an optimism for humanity" and in which "both were aware that the traditional interpretation of the universe was being undermined", yet he points out that the Renaissance "thinker tended to occupy himself chiefly with the glories of mankind", whilst the "Romantic thinker is aware of a universe which seems to be alien even from human glories" (15).

This quote underlines just how contemplative a period it was, and exhibits the profound imagination of the Romantic writer.

Bibliography

Adair, P. The Waking Dream. A study of Coleridge's Poetry. London Edward Arnold 167

Beer, J.B. Coleridge the Visionary. London Chatto & Windus 15

Day, A. Romanticism. London Routledge 16

King-Hele, D. Shelley. London Macmillan 160

Thorlby, A.K. The Romantic Movement. London Longman 166

Wu, D. Romanticism An Anthology. Oxford Blackwell 14

Essays in Romanticism Reconsidered. Ed. Frye, N. New York Columbia University Press 16

Abrams, M.H. English Romanticism The Spirit of the Age.

Frye, N. The Drunken Boat The Revolutionary Element in Romanticism

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