Christianity portrayed in Beowulf

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Christianity portrayed in Beowulf

Beowulf is an epic poem in which was written during the 8th century. Many scholars believe that the poem had been written in original non-Christian form and then later being translated adding Christian morals. There are a couple of theories in which scholars believe the Christians morals were introduced into the poem. One theory in which has the more popular vote is that the poem was already in poetic form and the authors own beliefs were added later. Secondly, the third theory is that the poem was written by a Christian who heard the story and added some of his own beliefs when he wrote it. In either case, God is portrayed throughout the entire play with comparisons to Beowulf with God and Grendel to Satan. While many pagan influences appear in the poem, the story is dominated by Christian overtones.

In the poem Beowulf, Grendel, the monster, can be portrayed in comparison to Satan (the Devil). The story mentions that Grendel is a descendent from Cain, who was the very first person to commit murder. Like Cain, Grendel was banished by God. Living in what the poem calls the underwater it is described almost similar as to what hell might be described

"They live in secret places, windy cliffs, wolf dens where water pours from rocks, then runs underground, where mist steams like black clouds, and the groves of trees growing out over the lake are all covered with frozen spray and wind down snakelike roots that reach as far as the water and keep it dark. At night, that lake burns like a torch. No one knows its bottom; no wisdom reaches such depth (Beowulf, II. 158).

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The place that he calls home is set far apart from the world in which he tortures. Although Grendel seems to be so far away, he always seems to find his way back to the Danes to

Torture them. Just like in caparison with the devil that although he cannot be physically seen he is always there to tempt us with temptation to stray from what God wants us to do.

Grendel is always constantly haunting and torturing the Dane. The author makes it apparent that Grendel does not like the Danes singing praises and rejoices to God. He is always constantly hearing them from afar thus becoming outraged. This shows that Grendel has strong hatred toward God and he proceeds to go to the hall and capture men and eat them while they are asleep. Later in the story, one learns that Grendel is constantly carrying the curse of Cain with him. Saying,

"He bore the curse of the seed of Cain/ Whereby God punished the grievous guilt of Abel's murder."

This shows us that Grendel had more then just a dislike for men. It showed that Grendel looked as them singing songs as if his ancestor was looked upon as the bad person and was therefore the underlying concept for his rage.

However, more importantly than Grendel being compared to Satan is Beowulf being Christ-like throughout the entire poem. Luke 114 states, "Forgiveness, an important virtue in a Christian life." Looking closely at the Bible one can see that Christ gave his life for the sins and lives of those who remain on the earth. One can also see that even though his own people sold him he still forgave them when he was upon that cross about to die. When Beowulf sees his life ending before he faces the dragon, he decides to forgive his enemies. Even though they feel no remorse or sadness for their evil deeds of kill and murdering kinsmen. Just as Jesus forgives, we need to forgive. Moreover, one can assume by reading

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the poem that is what Beowulf may have been trying to tell the Danes and other people of the land. When Beowulf goes up against Grendel in a couple of battles he is seen as a

Superhero. This too can be compared to Christ that he has the power to save peoples lives and heal diseases. Although Christ too is also faced with many challenges and temptations he does not use any sort of weapon just like Beowulf only uses his mere hands.

Beowulf has a Christ-like behavior in his good heartedness and charity. He knows that the Danes, who are in much need of a savior, are being tyrannized by the inferior Grendel. Much like Christ knew that the Jews were being oppressed as well. The author makes quite a bit of similarities between the story and the Christian belief of God.

Grendel is portrayed though the play as being a very jealous and unhappy monster. He is the image of a man fallen from grace through sine, like satan who is jealous of the happiness and joy that Adam and Eve have in the Garden of Eden, Grendel too is jealous of the happiness and joy in Heorot. The dragon is Beowulf's last and greatest battle. The dragon represents malice, greed, and destruction all of which equal to him being a symbol of the power of Satan. This fight is a realization of the story of salvation where Beowulf, like Christ, gives his life for his people. However, even before this one more comparison can be made between the battle of Grendels mother and Beowulf. When he goes down to the bottom of the merky pond where awaiting is Grendels mother, he rises from the water a redeemed man much as Christ arose from the tomb. While Beowulf is in the mere, all the thanes that were standing guard by the pond leave except Wiglaf, give up hope and leave at the ninth hour. The same hour in which Christ's death upon the cross. This waiting can also be compared to the apostles waiting for Christ to return from the Garden of Gethsesame. While Christ was in the Garden the apostles gave up hope and fell asleep.

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There are comparisons that can be made from Grendel to the Devil and Beowulf to Christ that seem to suggest that the Christian influence may have been more than just a couple of words changed around, then again it could have all been accidental. One should read, interrupt, and come to their own conclusion.

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A Rose for Emily

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William Faulkner(187-16) was born in Mississippi, near Oxford, were his family moved when he was five. His great-grandfather had been somewhat of a local legend after becoming a colonel in the Civil War. His heritage is a great influence in his literary works.

William Faulkner's short story "A Rose for Emily" shows Fualkner's concern for the destruction of the South, as represented within the destruction of the whole town, including Ms. Emily. Ms. Emily had been "a tradition, a duty, and a care," when she was alive. From the beginning of the story the reader finds out she has just died and she is a "fallen monument." A person to be revered. As the plot develops thru the narrator, whom many consider to be the town, we learn that Ms. Emily had not been allowed to have any male friends because her father was over protective of his daughter. When is young she is thin and wearing virginal white, while standing behind her father's menacing presence. After her father dies she denies he is dead and refuses to turn over the body for three days. Afterwards, she begins dating a Yankee, Homer Barron, and the town can feel sorry for her. She can not date a Yankee she is of Southern heritage. Homer disappears and the town feels as if Emily will remain single until she dies. She dies and the town discovers Homer Barron in the upstairs bedroom. He had be dead for over forty years. Beside his body a long strand of iron gray hair is found. Ms. Emily had kept her love after all.

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Faulkner uses images of realism, the gothic and reflection to convey his story thru the narrator. "She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that palid hue. Her eyes, lost in the fatty ridges of her face, looked like two small pieces of coal pressed into a lump of dough..." (170) LaDonna said this was extreme realism but Dr. White said it went beyond that almost to the grotesque.

Ms. Emily was framed in the window more than once during the story. "When we saw her again, her hair was cut short, making her look like a girl, with a vague resemblance to those angels in colored church windows-sort of tragic and serene."(17) LaDonna said this was a hint of the sublime.

After the realization that Ms. Emily had poisoned Homer so she could have in death what she never was able to have in life because of her fathers overbearing personality, we began the discussion.

Question Can "A Rose for Miss Emily be viewed as a Romantic work?

Comments David said that Faulkner had taken a Poe type stance and used the gothic to represent decay literally and figuratively in the Old South.

Kellye said that the story showed the people of the Old South not wanting the let go of the past and Jennifer added that was why the town tolerated the caprices of Ms. Emily.

We discussed light and dark imagery and the "desire and loss" element embedded in the fabric of the story.

Because the narrator chooses to skip around regarding the memories of Ms. Emily and does not go in a chronological order, the class had a discussion on the fact that Ms. Emily had actually been lying beside Homer in her twilight years. We concluded this was probably the case.

Lynda asked if anything is ever said about the statement that Homer likes to go drinking with young men, and other teachers agreed that is an issue that arises every time we are teaching the story to a group of high school children..

What is the significance of the title? We did not come to a conclusion about that issue. Some scholars have mentioned the imagery in the upstairs bedroom is full of rosy colors, suggesting that Emily has her rose in Homer's death. Other students thought the title suggests a tribute to Ms. Emily by the town which is so resistant in letting go of the past.

Finally, Al pointed out the correspondence between the house and Emily, comparing it to "The Minister's Black Veil," where everyone wants to know what is behind the veil, just as everyone wants to know what is in Emily's house. Al also discussed the image of Emily silhouetted as an "idol," which seemed to signal something primitive and pagan, contrasted to the image of Emily as an angel.

Please note that this sample paper on A Rose for Emily is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on A Rose for Emily, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on A Rose for Emily will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Bloody Sunday

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What Really happened on Bloody Sunday? We'll never really know. We could find out some facts, which definitely did happen. These following paragraphs show what definitely did happen.

On the 0th of January 17, 14 Catholics were killed (thirteen died on the day a fourteenth died later in police custody from the injures suffered on that day) when soldiers of a British paratroop regiment opened fire during a civil rights march in Londonderry/Derry.

The march began around ten-to-three in the afternoon. About 10,000-15,000 people gathered in Creggan Estate planning on walking to Guildhall Square in the centre of the city where a rally would be held. The march was illegal because the Stormont Parliament had banned protests such as this.

At twenty-to four the marchers met Paratroopers who had sealed off approaches to Guildhall Square. Because of this blockade, the marchers went down Rossville Street in the direction of Free Derry Corner. A group of marchers stayed behind and threw stones and missiles at the soldiers. The soldiers returned fire using rubber bullets, CS gas and water cannons. This forced protesters to take cover in Bogside. The paratroopers in armoured carriers moved in, their orders to arrest protesters they moved down to Rossville Street and Bogside. Now what happened becomes misty. Soldiers say that they just returned fire from protesters and the Catholic community say that soldiers shot randomly at unarmed civilians. The results of 5 minutes of gunfire are undisputed 1 civil rights marchers were left dead a fourteenth died later in police custody from his injuries.

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But why did the British Army fire shots at protesters? This is something we shall never know. But one of the most likely explanations was that the paratroopers were scared of possible violence because of the violence in the past weeks and months, in one event the IRA and British Army had a shoot out killing several IRA members and a British soldier so tensions were high.

The reasons why civil rights marchers organised such a huge rally was a protest against internment. Internment was where people in Northern Ireland, suspected of being terrorists could be arrested and put in prison without any trial. Soldiers, police or other government officials could come into your home and arrest you without any due cause.

Irelands third Prime minister in under a year Brian Faulkner at dawn on Monday the th August 171 officially started internment. This was due to counteract the IRA violence of the past few months. th August 171 000 British Soldiers backed up by RUC Special Branch Officers, who provided the out-of-date intelligence. The RUC officers who were well known for being Protestant and discriminative against Catholics were left to control the operations.

In that day alone over 00 Catholic men were arrested. In the following 48 hours due to out-of-data intelligence 104 were released without charge. One 80-year-old man was arrested for being an IRA terrorist; he admitted he use to be but hadn't being for over 0 years. As he struggled to walk, he said he was flattered that even after so long he was still counted as a threat to mainland Britain.

The remaining internees were severely beaten, deprived of food and sleep and subjected to white noise. The government was being accused of torture; people suspected of having information even if it only was an army hunch were beaten even if they knew nothing (The picture to the left is one of those detainees it is clear the torture he suffered, he was only released when the Army realised that he knew nothing).

This internment did nothing but provoke more violence, in the year before interment 4 people were killed, in just three days after were killed and many more were to follow.

This interment was to only increase support for the IRA many now still didn't join the IRA but no longer condones its actions. This led to hundreds of street demonstrations one of course being Bloody Sunday.

Why was the overwhelmingly number of protesters Catholic? Simply because the Catholics were the ones being interned, as the unionist government wanted to crush the IRA and the IRA being a Republic organisation and Republicans mainly being Catholic. But there was a much wider problem so internment was not the only reason they were marching they were protesting for equal human rights for people independent of whether they were Catholic or Protestant.

The Catholics were fed up of being nd class citizens they found the law was mainly Protestant. Employment was given to Catholics first. Housing was even discriminative but two ways. Politics was extremely Protestant, probably because of vote rigging. 8 nationalist councillors in Derry/Londonderry represented by 14,000 Catholics while 1 Unionist councillors represented by ,000 Protestants. Even the way people voted was so that Unionists won elections. 1 house= 1 vote so the Unionist government gave more houses to Protestants therefore making sure they had more than one vote.

Why was there a rift between Catholics and Protestants? This is due to discrimination of the Catholics by the Protestants; this rift can be traced back centuries. As far back as the 1th century and Henry II invasion of Ireland. The conquered Irish land was given to the English. The Irish were also angered by the fact that these new settlers had more power and privileges than their counterparts. From then till the act of Union in 1800 England and Ireland were frequently at war with each other. During James I reign in 1601 war against Ireland was declared and again under Oliver Cromwell's control war was declared against Ireland. These wars and privileges mad the Irish very angry and anti-British.

The above wars were all about power and land. Religion didn't come into these wars until 154 when Henry VIII was the King of England. Henry VIII and his ever changing marriages, in 154 Henry VIII wanted a divorce and the Pope wouldn't give it to him (because the Pope was being threatened by death by Catherine of Aragón's brother (Catherine of Aragón being Henrys current wife)). Henry in his power decided to break away from the Pope and set-up the Church of England, this angered the Irish, as they wanted to keep as Roman Catholics and refused to join the Church of England. As well as that he also angered the Irish by stating that he was also the king of Ireland.

When James the II was put in exile out of England in the late 160's, through his sheer jealously of the Protestants who threw him out, James II raised an army to attack Protestants in Londonderry/Derry. The new king of Ireland, William of Orange, defeated James at the battle of Boyne. The Orange Order still marches to commemorate that day. The Orange Order marches are another of today's reminders of the division between Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Although the act of Union ended the wars it caused its own problems. Irelands parliament had to be closed and England took over control of Irish law, the icing on the cake was that Irelands new laws would by passed by Westminster, London not in Ireland. These generally unwanted laws meant that there were job restrictions on certain jobs meaning Catholics had the restrictions and Protestants didn't.

The great potato famine of 1846 was when Irelands anger built up and began to erupt. England had failed to help the millions of starving so there was a split in the population. One section wanted Ireland and England to be totally separate countries these were generally the people who suffered the worst during the famine, as they were generally poorer so lived on cheap potatoes. These people in general were Catholics who were also Nationalists and Republicans. The other wanted Ireland and Britain to be linked; in general these people were Protestants who in general were unionists and loyalists.

There was the Partition, the partition was not really an event, it was a process, which took place between 10 and 1. The partition was the Split of Ireland into two parts-

Northern Ireland

Eire/Southern Ireland

Its main terms were

Six of Ulster's counties became Protestant and became a self-governing Northern Ireland, with its own Parliament in Belfast.

The remaining 6 counties would also become self-governing with their Parliament in Dublin.

Britain keeps control of issues such as military naval facilities.

On Easter Monday, April 4, 116, a force of Irishmen under arms estimated at between 1,000 and 1,500 men and women attempted to seize Dublin, with the ultimate intention of destroying British rule in Ireland and creating an entirely independent Irish Republic to include all counties of Leinster, Munster, Ulster and Connaught. Their leaders, Patrick Pearse, James Connolly and the others, knew that their chances of success were so slight as to be almost non-existent. Yet they fought, and died. Why?

The circumstances that led to the Irish rebellion of 116 are of an intense complexity, historical, social, political and, perhaps above all, psychological. The Irish writer, Sean OFaolain, has written of his country Most of our physical embodiments of the past are ruins, as most of our songs are songs of lament and defiance. The Easter Rising was a complete failure, which left large parts of Dublin in ruins; yet without it Ireland might never have been free of English rule. The leaders, alive, had very few supporters even among the Irish patriots; dead, they became and have remained their countrys heroes. It was a great historical paradox, and one that to this day the British have perhaps never understood. Had they understood it, it is conceivable that the British might still have an empire, since the overthrow of British rule in Ireland marked the beginning of the overthrow of British imperial might in Asia, in Africa, and elsewhere.

Died later as a result of his injuries received that day

I have found some reasons why Britain and Ireland had such bad relations. The hatred built up over centuries and erupts as marches and riots, the conflict is from years ago but still effects peoples lives today.

I am going to be studying three main pieces of evidence into what Happened on Bloody Sunday. Below is an overview of them all

Lord Widgery Report Lord Saville Inquiry Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday'

When done 17 18-present (expected completion in 004) 1-15

Time taken 10 weeks 6 years years

Conclusions Army innocent None yet Army guilty

Additional information Widgery supported the actions of the army only condemning them for being a little quick. Interviewed hundreds Lived with relatives of those killed and interviewed army witnesses

Didn't interview key army witnesses Expected cost of £150 million Mc Govern was born in Liverpool with a Catholic majority could of being biased because of this.

There is conflicting evidence from Bloody Sunday mainly on who fired first. Others include whether or not the IRA was present. The army would not now admit that it fired first as this would contradict what they said earlier this would cause huge embarrassment for them and saying it in court of law would bring up questions about the army and who really controlled was it the elected government or themselves. The marchers would also not admit to firing first as this would mean that people would stop being sympathetic towards the marchers and their cause.

The problems with the Widgery report? The government has long shared the wide spread view that the Widgery Report was unsatisfactory and that it did not represent the truth of what happened on that day. Indeed, the very disregard with which the Widgery Report was viewed by nationalists, particularly those in Derry/Londonderry, has meant that they have largely ignored it, so far removed was its version of events from the reality of what they believed happened in Derry/Londonderry on the 0th January 17. On three other hand, for the British authorities, the Widgery report remains the official version of events. On the basis of the Widgery report, compensation was granted to the next of kin in 174 and in 1 the British confirmed the innocence of those killed by reference to the Report's finding that none were found guilty.

The problems are mainly inconsistencies between statements, but these problems widened to show reports, statements being kept from the eyes of relatives. Also they found clear indicators that after soldiers had written these statements alterations were made to them and soldiers were often 'advised' what to say in the tribunal hearing. Widgery made no mention of bullets fired from city walls but it has being made clear by former soldiers and factual evidence such as how the bullets entered the body, some were from a trajectory only possible from the city walls.

Staff of the Widgery report have also being accused of fabricating aspects of the soldiers statements in an apparent attempt to justify the killings. The Widgery inquiry never took notice of a who said the lead particles found on the bodies of the deceased could of got there from contact with the bottom of a army vehicle or in touch with a soldier who fired a weapon. The Widgery report had being commissioned by Edward Heaths Conservative Government. Therefore would it be critical of its own government? I think not, it would try to justify the killings. The report only took 10 weeks the Saville inquiry is going to take at least 6 years and Mc Govern's 'Sunday' took three years, these are massive differences could the Widgery report find the truth in 10 weeks that it is going to take Saville 6 years to find out?

It can be concluded that the Widgery Report was fundamentally flawed. It was incomplete in terms of its description of the events on the day and in terms of how those events were apparently shaped by the prior intentions and decisions of the authorities. It was a startlingly inaccurate and partisan version of events, dramatically at odds with the experiences and observations of civilian eyewitnesses. It failed to provide a credible explanation for the actions of the British Army, particularly the actions of 1 Para and of the other British Army units in and around Derry. It was inherently and apparently wilfully flawed, selective and unbalanced in its handling of the evidence to hand at the time. It effectively rejected the many hundreds of civilian testimonies submitted to it and opted instead for the unreliable accounts proffered by the implicated soldiers. Contrary to the weight of evidence and even its own findings, it exculpated the individual soldiers who used lethal force and thereby exonerated those who were responsible for their deployment and actions.

Above all it was unjust to the victims of Bloody Sunday and to those who participated in the anti-internment march that day in suggesting they had handled firearms or nail-bombs or were in the company of those who did. It made misleading judgements about how victims met their death. The tenacity, with which these suggestions were pursued, often on flimsy or downright implausible grounds, is in marked contrast to the many points where significant and obvious questions about the soldiers' behaviour, arising from the Report's own narrative, are evaded or glossed over.

There have been many atrocities in Northern Ireland since Bloody Sunday. Other innocent victims have suffered grievously at various hands. The victims of Bloody Sunday met their fate at the hands of those whose duty it was to respect as well as uphold the rule of law. However what sets this case apart from other tragedies, which might rival it in bloodshed, is not the identity of those killing or killed, or even the horrendous circumstances of the day. It is rather that the victims of Bloody Sunday suffered a second injustice, this time at the hands of Lord Widgery, the pivotal trustee of the rule of law, who sought to taint them with responsibility for their own deaths in order to exonerate, even at that great moral cost, those he found it inexpedient to blame.

The new material fatally undermines and discredits the Widgery Report. A debt of justice is owed to the victims and their relatives to set it unambiguously aside as the official version of events. It must be replaced by a clear and truthful account of events on that day, so that its poisonous legacy can be set aside and the wounds left by it can begin to be healed. Given the status and currency which was accorded to the Widgery Report, the most appropriate and convincing redress would be the Saville inquiry a success.

Problems with the Saville inquiry? We don't fully know the problems of the Saville inquiry, as it has not yet being completed. But the major dilemma we do know it faces is time, it has being thirty years since Bloody Sunday, views vary over years people remember and forget things; its our natural instincts. Evidence has being lost imperative witnesses have died bullet holes will no longer exist the will of being covered over by layers of cement, bodies will of decomposed. The Saville inquiry though is trying to be as through as possible with what it has and is looking for new verification and finding it, but unfortunately it can never establish the whole truth as it is no longer possible, but can still find some and give some indication of what happened on Bloody Sunday.

Jimmy Mc Govern's 'Sunday' is based primarily on fact but there is a lot of fiction intertwined into it but it looks like it is fact. It can be very hard to distinguish between fact and fiction. Prime examples of this are the meeting between the Prime Minister and Lord Widgery he would of never of known what was said and it would of being said 'off the record' so no written information could of ever being found about it, on the helicopter going and leaving the Widgery report he would not of known what the soldiers said and thought- it was fiction. It was a docu-drama if it was just the truth it might not of being as interesting it was made to be shown on television so it may of added bits in for this purpose. Mc Governs own background could of made him naturally sympathetic' towards the Catholics views. He was born and grew up in Liverpool, which is widely known for its high majority of Irish-Catholics, he may of being able to relate to the Catholics better than the Protestants.

Overall the trustworthiest is probably going to be the Saville inquiry, as it has no influence on the current government if it talks badly about the current government, as the Widgery report did. It has more chance of reaching a balanced conclusion. The Widgery report had to be the least trustworthy as it didn't get all information before making judgements some evidence was being ignored. The whole thing had massive gaps in it. The balance of evidence from both sides was lacking. The nd trustworthiest is Jimmy Mc Governs 'Sunday' as it was biased to Catholics but not nearly as biased as the Widgery report was for the government. It had fact but a lot of fiction was also intertwined, although it did accept some protesters were carrying guns.

However unfortunate we know we will never know the full truth on Bloody Sunday there are too many conflicting arguments and nobody will take responsibility for their actions. We will discover some truth from the Saville inquiry but no enough to make definite conclusions. We will never know who shot first although there are accusations that it was Martin Mc Guinness or Soldier H but which one if either we shall never know. Time is a big problem facing the Saville inquiry and Mc Govern. People move people die. Bodies decompose. Places change. We may not like it but no inquiry will bring out the full truth until people start coming forward saying what they did, the man who fired first if still alive if he came forward he could help but will probably take his secret to the grave with him.

What I believe happened was a solider in the corner of his eye thought he saw a gun and shot in that direction, other soldiers and marchers who were carrying guns fired resulting it 5 minutes of undisrupted gunfire and 14 dead. I think both sides have equal responsibility the army fired large amounts of bullets into densely crowded areas and civilians with guns caused some to be shot. I do think many of the Civilians shot were shot by snipers on the city walls. I do believe some of those killed did or were carrying guns but not all of them, but I don't know which were guilty and which were not.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today by minute silences, peaceful marches, laying flowers and wreaths, trust funds trying to clear the victims names and grieving the loss in your own home by just stopping and sparing a thought for those who died.

Above are pictures of a march through Derry/Londonderry commemorating the 0th anniversary of the Bloody Sunday massacre.

The annual Bloody Sunday march; retracing the route the civil rights protesters drew about 0,000 people when it took place on the Sunday of commemoration of the 0th anniversary.

Bloody Sunday is commemorated today because people are still angry with the government for the Widgery inquiry and still upset that 14 died due to British soldiers who were suppose to be the ones protecting them.

Bloody Sunday will not be forgotten because to relatives and People of Derry/Londonderry, Bloody Sunday is an open wound, which will not be healed until Britain admits its troops were culpable and the victims are totally exonerated.

The events of Bloody Sunday did absolutely nothing but make sure current troubles carried on into the 1st century. Security analysts and politicians concede that it marked the end of a phoney war the start of all out violence. Tony Blair said ' we must justice so the peace process can begin' another leading politician said 'I have lived a long time and no troubles have affected us as a nation as the Northern Ireland troubles.' Disaffected Catholic youths swelled the ranks of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) because of it and joined its hit-and-run campaign to drive Britain from Ireland.

After these men had joined, the IRA needed to be seen to be doing something. So in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday on the nd February 17, an IRA bomb killed 6 at the Aldershot headquarters of the 1st Parachute regiment of the British Army. Ironically, it was the same regiment that killed the civil rights marchers, so you can see why I said in probable revenge for Bloody Sunday. 10th September 17 bomb rocks London. 0th April 174 death toll of troubles hits 1000. 17th June 174 IRA bombs parliament. 17th July 174 IRA bombs tower of London. 5th October 174 bomb kills four in Guildford. nd October IRA bomb west end. 8th October 174 attempted bombing of minister and his wife. 1st November 174 Birmingham pub blast, 1 killed. 5th September 175 London Hilton hotel bombed. nd September 175 Northern Ireland bombed. 7th November 175 T.V presenter shot dead. 5th January 176 bus ambush, 10 die. th January 176 West end bombed. 7th August 17 Lord Mountbatten murdered. nd March 17 British ambassador to Holland assonated. 0th July 18 bomb causes carnage in London. 7th October 18 RUC officers killed by bomb. 17th December 18 Harrods bomb blast kills . 1th October 184 Tory cabinet meeting bomb blast. 8th November 187 bomb kills 11 at Enniskillen. 16th March 188 shot dead at Milltown cemetery. 0th March 18 Senior RUC men die in gun attack. nd September 18 10die in Kent barracks bomb. 0th July 10 IRA bombs stock exchange. rd December 1 bomb explodes in Manchester. 0th March Warrington bomb attack. 4th April 1 bomb devastates London. 10th February 16 Dockland bomb. 15th June 16 huge explosion in central Manchester. 15th August 18 Omagh car bomb 7 killed. 6th February 000 bomb attack on hotel. rd August 001 car bomb explodes in London.

There was a bombing campaign in 1 but then there were no more bombs until after Bloody Sunday, that really is something that Bloody Sunday has changed we now have murderous revenge on not only those who committed the Bloody Sunday massacre but also innocents, civilians caught up in the IRA web of murders.

The only nauseating thing was that Bloody Sunday has contributed to these tensions being brought into the 1st Century, these tensions now affect a range of events including Football, and the Northern Ireland captain was forced to quit the team because of Protestant threats. These tensions will carry on until someone does something about it instead of trying to tackle violently why not peacefully or politically.

One of the things that annoy me is that people who paint murals on their houses have the right intensions but I think these only help to sure tensions carry on into the 1st century. I also think that to get over these troubles then all sides must accept responsibility for what has happened and vow to 'forgive and forget'. On the following two pages there are pictures of these murals.

There were troubles in Ireland long before Bloody Sunday it can be traced back to the 1th Century so Bloody Sunday never changed anything. Bloody Sunday did one thing though it made this phoney war a battle that would continue into the 1st century and if things carry on as they are then for a long time to come.

I think that Bloody Sunday was a complete tragedy; I have no doubt that protesters were carrying guns but they were in the smallest minority. I think that the army fired too much too quickly and were just as much to blames as the protesters. Everybody needs to forgive the actions of the soldiers and vice versa also paramilitary groups such as the IRA need to be disbanded. The government and Irish people need to start building new bridges to stop the growing number of deaths. Their needs to be forgiveness and forgetness. With any luck it will soon, before another life is stolen.

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The Effects of the Attacks on the World Trade Center

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Since the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, America has changed in a large number of ways. The American government and its citizens have come to the reality that they are not entirely out of harms way. America has already declared war on terrorism, and now war with Iraq is still pending. The effects of the terrorist's attacks are Americans' desiring a better feeling of security, Americans having more of a sense of nationalism, and America's economy falling.

The entire world population fell into a daze when the two World Trade Center towers fell. Immediately, most Americans underwent a strong feeling of compassion. They all asked the same question, "Could this happen to me?" The American government has taken certain precautionary measures to secure the American way of life and to ease American uneasiness. In consequence certain rights are beginning to be compromised. The general public's fear of another attack and even its imaginable fatal outcome has bit-by-bit shaped new privacy invading regulations. If the American people allow this trend to continue, slowly they will all lose what is rightfully theirs. In every walk of life in America one can easily spot the security changes that have taken place. For example, many school bus drivers are required for extra security to walk to the back of the bus, then have everyone exit from the bus starting from the back for extra security. This extra effort to increase security is invading many walks of life and is becoming an everyday thing.

Ever since the September 11th attacks the world economy has suffered. The majority of the public was swathed with a blanket of paranoia and hurriedly started buying a huge amount of items in preparation for any events to come. Once having everything conceivably needed, people started to save money. The economy needs people to buy in order to grow. The stock market has notably lost its climb and only a few lucky traders have continued to earn any dividend. Hopefully, America's economy will receive a boost and swing forward to growth.

The minute Americans perked up after witnessing the horrible tragedies that took place in New York on September 11th, they experienced a since of pride, and they developed a healthier gratification of being an American. America's principles of opportunity, equality, and freedom for every citizen have overridden any problematic disputes that exist in America. Fueled by the hate and jealousies of the free world, The World Trade Center attacks were an assault on democracy itself. The attacks were assaults on the American way of life, and to undervalue such privileges is to not deserve them at all. Americans realized that they must stand tall in the face of tyranny and be willing to fight for what has been fought for many times before. The consequence of attacking America was succeeding in making Americans ready to fight, to maintain pride, and to stand for what America stands for.

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In addition to the added American security, the economy falling, and elevated American nationalism, the threat of war has been of late set upon the world. The current war situation has been caused by the American desire to annihilate any threat of additional terrorist attacks completely. An effect of The World Trade Center Attacks, the President has sworn that he will do anything within his power to protect the American people. Saddam Hussein, the Iraqi dictator, is harboring weapons of mass destruction and refuses to comply with the U.N. requirements of disarming. The potential of another terrorist attack is at hand. The evident solution to this problem is to remove Saddam Hussein from power, thus removing the threat. Many more effects of the World Trade Center attacks will continue to show themselves in the future and will test the world to come.

Please note that this sample paper on The Effects of the Attacks on the World Trade Center is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Effects of the Attacks on the World Trade Center, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The Effects of the Attacks on the World Trade Center will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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David Sedaris

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Once, you could've called him to clean your house and sometimes, you still can. First discovered by Ira Glass of NPR, David Sedaris has become a sort of minor phenomenon (Marchese). Renowned for his humor and identified by his style, he has had his works featured on Morning Edition of NPR, written for numerous publications, and multiple offers as a television writer. Despite these achievements, his greatest work lies within his books. These collections of his essays, uncut and uncensored, reveal David Sedaris as much more than a diligent housemaid.

Sedaris possesses blatant, shameless honesty. He doesnt water-down his pieces in order to appease an audience nor to achieve political correctness. He says what he wants, as long as there exists good reason to include it. Oftentimes, this tactic manifests itself in his choice of vocabulary, his generous use of lively words. For example, in reference to his unique work experience as Santas helper, he describes the costumed worker of another marketing ploy as a son of a bitch, while his own position made him look stupid (Sedaris, SantaLand). The Jenny Jones makeovers are shows in which gruesome teenagers are forced into a variety of dull, conservative outfits. Following their transformations, the girls appear…looking like disgruntled housecats… (Sedaris, Confessions). This does not limit itself to the usage inappropriate language. Sometimes, his dialogues exemplifies this characteristic of his writing

Here I am with a 10 IQ, and theyve got me sweeping up sawdust. A 10! Im serious, man. Ive been tested…In case you didnt know, thats genius level.

Congratulations.

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With a mind like mine, I could be doing something, you know what I mean?

Absolutely.

A 60 could do what Im doing. That leaves me with 70 extra IQ points sitting around in my head doing nothing.

They must be bored (Sedaris, A Smart Guy).

His dialogue is lively, simply by the realistic quality in his words. One can easily imagine such a dialogue between two everyday people, and Sedaris, as usual, speaks nothing less than honesty. He never strays from the usage of this type of realistic dialogue.

His shameless honestly is also easily recognized in situational contexts. As he fought his learned addiction to television, Sedaris creates humor in his suffering by raising it to the level of severity as alcoholism. [His] withdrawal was not easy, and there were days when [he] would have done anything just to watch a single Huggies commercial, yet [he] held fast and sweated it out (Confessions). As Sedaris recounted his IQ testing, a series of recent events reassured him that his performance would outdo the performance of his base comparison. Yes, he was wrong, but that situation alone elicits no emotion as it was simply predictable. The degree in the fallacy of his assurance produced the humor. Or, as Sedaris describes the situational setting of his elfish workplace

Its beautiful, a real wonderland with 10,000 sparkling lights, false snow, train sets, bridges, decorated trees, mechanical penguins and bears, and really tall candy canes. One enters and travels through a maze, a path which takes you from one festive environment to another. The path ends at the Magic Tree. Once you pass the Magic Tree, the light dims and an elf guides you to Santas house. The houses are cozy and intimate, laden with toys. You exit Santas house and are met with a line of cash registers (SantaLand).

A magical paradise tarnished by a price tag, this kind of sudden burst of honest reality is often incorporated at precise instances to snap the reader back into the realization that your mind is directed by David Sedaris.

As a writer of experience, Sedaris composes all his works to encircle the recurrent topic of I. Life was good for the first forty-one years. Then I took an IQ test (A Smart Guy). Years ago, while living in Chicago, I took a job stripping woodwork with a fellow named Harry (Confessions). I was in a coffee shop looking through the want ads when I read… (SantaLand). This theme is not placed sparsely throughout, but instead is spread thickly throughout his works. As Sedaris composes his essays, he utilizes a highly effective and well-implemented structure. Ironically, this is the lack of structure. For instance, he begins Confessions of a Daytime Television Addict with a short description of the procession of events that led to his addiction and the pleasure which he describes as intoxicating (Confessions). Next, an equally short description of the uneasy withdrawal process is provided. The rest of the essay is about the Jerry Springer Show. He shows his emerging curiosity testing his resolve. He continues to proceed to illustrate the epic cursing, the compelling themes, and the tribal audience. Finally, he concludes the work with his experience with Judge Judy. Sedaris only succumbs to the structure imposed by the necessity of chronology.

David Sedaris writes to entertain. He doesnt write to inform; he doesnt write to express an opinion; he doesnt even write to share his personal anecdotes. All of these are merely to encase the humor into a coherent and liquid entity. Why exactly is David Sedaris so amusing? Because, hes fearless. He has a fearless attitude in his opinions and towards the truth. He says what he thinks and nothing less. David Sedaris is one of the most observant and pithy writers in the world today. His essays move from squeamishness over the emotional violence in each scene to laugh-out-loud hysterics in the absurdity of any given situation. This ability, the ability to sense the hint of humor however so slight in any situation, gives him the power to entertain. His humor is not aimed at a specific crowd, just the general crowd. And I, as an exemplary member of the general crowd, will testify to this genuinely laugh-out-loud quality of his creations.

Please note that this sample paper on David Sedaris is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on David Sedaris, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on David Sedaris will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Personnel Management and Human Resource Management

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Personnel Management

Personnel Management with its narrow focus on administration, reactive behavior and severance from the management mainstream - lacked top management support and made itself vulnerable to irrelevance amidst the business and organizational changes. From its traditional association with provision of welfare, policy interpretation and corporate police function, it thus justifies the notion of personnel managements image as a bureaucratic nuisance.

What Is Human Resource Management?

Human Resource Management (HRM) involves the productive use of people in achieving the organizations strategic business objectives and the satisfaction of individual employee needs. As HRM seeks to strategically integrate the interests of an organization and its employees, it can be a major contributor to the success of an enterprise because its positional influences can affect customers, business results and ultimately shareholder value. Effective HRM stays relevant to the business as a function by aligning its objectives with the organizational business goals and rewarding through achievement of performance based objectives.

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Definitions of Human Resource and Personnel Management

David Guest, a British academic, in his 18 Personnel Management (January) journal, questioned the difference between HRM and personnel management. An answer to this question was provided by Torrington and Hall (11) who suggested that personnel management is workforce centered and therefore directs itself to employees, while HRM is resource centered and concerns itself with the overall human resource needs of the organization.

An early comment on this question was made by Armstrong (187)

HRM is regarded by some personnel managers as just a set of initials or old wine in new bottles. It could indeed be no more and no less than another name for personnel management, but as usually perceived, at least it has the virtue for emphasizing the virtue of treating people as a key resource, the management of which is the direct concern of top management as part of the strategic planning processes of the enterprise. Although there is nothing new in the idea, insufficient attention has been paid to it in many organizations. The new bottle or label can help to overcome that deficiency.

HRM could be described as an approach to, rather than as an alternative to, traditional personnel management. When comparing HRM and personnel management, more similarities emerge than differences. However, concepts such as strategic integration, culture management, commitment, total quality, and investing in human capital, together with a unitary philosophy (the interests of management and employees coincide), are essential parts of the HRM model. And this model fits the way in which organizations have to do business and manage their resources in the environments in which they now exist. This realism of the HRM model increased the popularity of the usage of the term HR as an alternative to personnel management.

Increasingly, human resources have been seen as the competitive edge essential for a company to be successful. Managers adopt a strategic management of human resources by moving their human resource needs in line with the business needs of the future, i.e. they support the companys strategies.

PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT AND HRM

HRM, in contrast to personnel management, is characterized by

q emphasis on employees as valued resource and a critical investment to increase the competitive edge of each organization

q integration and alignment of HRM objectives with the overall organizational business objectives and strategies

q a proactive stance towards HRM challenges especially in the arena of change management amidst business changes

q an emphasis on a direct approach to satisfying the individual needs of each employee

q stress on the importance of organizational culture and values in promoting cohesiveness and unity of employees, of creating and maintaining a culture which is consistent with organizational objectives

q the assumption of a unitary model of industrial relations instead of a pluralist model underpinning traditional personnel management

q a shift and sharing of responsibility for HRM with line managers, with HRM adopting a role of service provider rather than staff specialists

The 1st century human resource imperative is to raise the companys human capital to sophisticated levels which produce competitive advantages for the enterprise. Human resources can accomplish only if it dramatically redefines itself from administrator, reactor, and bureaucrat to strategist, businessperson, and marketer.

APPROACHES TO HRM

While HRM professionals and line managers are responsible for ensuring that employees are managed in such a way as to facilitate achievement of organizational objectives, the policies and practices they initiate will be affected by the organizations values and philosophy - and by the values and beliefs managers have about employees. There are two organizational approaches to managing staff instrumental (or hard) approach that stresses the rational, quantitative and strategic aspects of managing human resources; the humanistic (or soft) approach, which emphasizes employee development, collaboration, participation, trust and informed choice in order to generate resourceful employees/contributors to the organizations strategic business objectives. The hard approach essentially views employees as cost which needs to be used efficiently. This performance oriented hard approach creates industrial conflicts due to the emphasis on individual performance. The soft approach views employees as an asset which needs to be invested in and developed.

In some organizations, both hard and soft approaches guide the development and implementation of HR policies. These organizations have identified core employees (for example, employees who deliver the essential service or product of the organization) who are likely to be offered security of employment, attractive compensation and benefits, and career development opportunities. Non-core employees have limited, if any, job security, compensation held to minimum levels, and limited, if any, career development opportunities. Non-core employees are likely to be unskilled or semi-skilled workers (that is, employees who can fairly readily be replaced) or workers who may undertake activities which can be outsourced.

Both hard and soft approaches to HRM are unitarist in nature. In other words, HRM posits a relationship between the organization (employer) and employees as one characterized by one locus of power (management), shared objectives (that is, managerial and employee objectives are congruent or if not congruent, compatible), and conflict is aberrant. In other words, management knows what is best for employees - even when it hurts.

HRM Types

Technician

Personnel administrator safeguarding company interests through corporate policing.

Welfare Worker

Relationship based with concentration on social, welfare and clerical activities, leaving all key HRM activities for line management.

Theoretician

Concerned with the professional status of HRM through emphasis on theories and professionally interesting activities.

Professional

Business driven, change catalyst, concentrates on value added HR activities that enhances competitive advantage.

HRM and Industrial Relations

The business oriented, proactive and unitarist HRM approach contrasts with the traditional industrial relations approach, which seems narrow, pessimistic and static.

A New Mandate for Human Resources

It has been stated by Ulrich (18) that 'The activities of HR appear to be and often are disconnected from the real work of the organization'. He believes that HR 'should not be defined by what it does but by what it delivers'. According to Ulrich, HR can deliver excellence in four ways

THE NEW ROLE OF HR MANAGERS

Strategic Partner

HR should become a partner with senior and line managers in strategy execution, helping to improve planning from the conference room to the marketplace. Consequently, the HR manager must develop business acumen, a customer orientation and an awareness of the competition to be able to link business strategy to HR policies and practices.

Administrative Expert

It should become an expert in the way work is organized and executed, delivering administrative efficiency to ensure that costs (efficiency) are reduced while quality (effectiveness) is maintained. HR professionals must be able to re-engineer HR activities through the use of technology, process engineering and total quality management.

Employee Champion

It should become a champion for employees, vigorously representing their concerns to senior management and at the same time working to increase employee contribution, that is, employees' commitment to the organization and their ability to deliver results. To enable employees to successfully perform their jobs, HR professionals must be able to represent their interests and find new resources (e.g. become involved in decision making, increase commitments, share in economic gains, etc.

Change Agent

Being a catalyst for change within the organization, the HR manager should lead change in the HR function and develop problem-solving communication and influence skills. It should become an agent of continuous transformation; shaping processes and a culture that together improve an organization's capacity for change.

HRM and Management

Although management as a whole encompasses HRM, HRM is related to all other aspects of management. This is so because the purpose of HRM is to improve the productive contribution of people to the organization in ways that are strategically, ethically, and socially responsible. In order to provide a more value-added role, HRM must evolve from a maintenance role to one, which is more proactive in providing services to enhance competitiveness. The HR department exists to support managers and employees as they pursue the organizations strategies. However, to guide its many activities and support the managers who operate other parts of the organization, HR departments must have objectives.

The Objectives of Human Resource Management

Managers and HR departments achieve their purpose by meeting objectives. Objectives are benchmarks against which actions are evaluated.

Organizational objective

The HR department exists to help managers achieve the objectives of the organization. For example, Hewlett-Packards HR department implemented sophisticated information systems that assisted the department in cost savings of $5 million a year.

Functional objective

To maintain the departments contribution at a level appropriate to the organizations needs. Resources are wasted when HR management is more or less sophisticated than the organization demands.

Societal objective

To be ethically and socially responsive to the needs and challenges of society while minimizing the negative impact of such demands on the organization. Government has legislated some areas of societal concern The Employment Act, The Central Provident Fund Act, The Workmens Compensation Act, The Trade Unions Act, etc.

Personal Objective

HR department that assist employees in achieving their personal goals which in turn enhance the individuals contribution to the organization, thereby increasing the organizations ability in attracting and retaining the capable employees. Many aspects of human resource management contribute to a good quality of working life, for example, providing training and development to improve the employees skills and knowledge; management practices encouraging greater employee empowerment through decision-making, etc.

The Relation of Activities to Objectives in Human Resource Management

Management Objectives Supporting Activities

Societal Objective 1. Legal compliance

. Benefits

. Union-management relations

Organizational Objective 1. Human resource planning

. Employee relations

. Selection

4. Training and development

5. Appraisal

6. Placement

7. Assessment

Functional Objective 1. Appraisal

. Placement

. Assessment

Personal Objective 1. Training and development

. Appraisal

. Placement

4. Compensation

5. Assessment

The Service Role of a Human Resource Department

Whenever possible, responsibility for people management is devolved to the line managers, the role of personnel professionals is to support and facilitate line management in this task, not to control it.

Krulis-Randa, J. (10)

As members of a service department, HR managers and specialists do not have authority to manage other departments. Instead, they have staff authority, which is the authority to advise, not direct other managers. Line authority is the right to direct the operations of departments that make or distribute an organizations products or service. Line managers have line authority to make decisions about production, performance, and people.

Functional authority is the right given to specialists to make the final decision in specified circumstances especially in highly technical or routine decisions. When the cost of not following the HR departments counsel is high, top management may replace staff or advisory authority with functional authority over specific issues.

The use of line, staff and functional authority results in a dual responsibility for human resource management. Both line and HR managers are responsible for employee productivity and the quality of work life.

Proactive versus Reactive Human Resource Management

Reactive human resource management occurs when decision-makers respond to HR problems. Proactive human resource management occurs when HR problems are anticipated and corrective action begins before a problem arises.

Managers adopting a reactive approach to problem solving are usually faced with inappropriate and costly consequences. This is what Storey (1a) refers to as the non-interventionary role in which HR people merely provide a service to meet the demands of line managers.

Effective and efficient HR departments anticipate impending problems and challenges before they arise so as to proactively tackle them. Strategic human resource management demands HR department to proactively provide a competitive advantage through human resources. At a more strategic level, HR specialists take on a proactive role. They act as business partners, develop integrated HR strategies, intervene, innovate, and act as internal consultants and volunteer guidance on matters concerning upholding core values, ethical principles and the achievement of consistency.

Strategic Management

To achieve its objectives, every organization must ensure all its resources and functions are well managed and fully and appropriately utilized. Strategic management identifies the strategic goals of the organization and translates them into specific objectives and defines the mechanisms and resources required to achieve those objectives.

Strategic management is concerned with identifying the organizations business, defining its market, and developing the appropriate approaches to that market.

HRM AND STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT

It is the responsibility of Human Resource Management (HRM) to ensure that the organization manages and utilizes its employees - its human resources -efficiently and effectively to achieve the organizations strategic goals.

To do so, HRM operates at three levels

1. Operational

ð the short-term

ð day-to-day function

ð service delivery

ð administrative

1. Managerial

ð the medium-term

ð development, establishment and implementation of activities, processes and practices by which the organization obtains and allocates the resources required to achieve objectives.

1. Strategic

ð the long-term

ð policy formulation

ð goal setting

ð organizational planning

The operational and managerial levels of HRM are undergoing change within the organizations. Increasingly, as organizations recognize the need for, and actually undertake strategic planning, HRM is seen as a vital part of that level of functioning of the organization as well. Also, increasingly, the operational aspects of HRM are devolved down the line, away from personnel administrators.

At the managerial level of HRM - the level at which HRM policies are implemented, HRM practitioners often operate as either internal or external specialist consultants. They work with line managers to develop, implement, and monitor the implementation of HR practices which give life to HR policies and advise line managers regarding specific HR issues and challenges.

HRM is responsible for developing and implementing personnel policies and practices, which facilitate an organizations ability to recruit, select, utilize, and develop staff to meet current and future organizational requirements. For HRM to be effective, it must address the strategic objectives of the organization.

Need for HR Strategy

Ever-increasing pressures have forced managers to critically rethink their approaches to HR management. Managers thus must adopt a strategic mindset or way of thinking about the management of people. By ensuring that HRM is strategically aligned with the organizations overall business objectives, HRM utilizes the workforce as a competitive advantage for long-term business success.

Aims of HRM Strategy

HRM strategies outline the organizations people objectives and must be an integrated part of the organizations overall business strategy. HRM strategy aims to enable the organization to achieve its strategic objectives by

ü ensuring that all business planning processes emphasize people as its main competitive advantage

ü all involved in strategic planning have an understanding and appreciation of HR concerns

ü aligning the corporate business objectives and the objectives of the HR function

ü designing and managing the culture, climate and organizational processes of the business to ensure that every employee contribute effectively and efficiently

ü identifying the core competencies and the expertise (people) needed to build and maintain those competencies

ü ensuring the resourcing activities of the organization contribute to the development of competencies in the short-and long-term

ü assessing the performance requirements needed to reach the organizations strategic business objectives, and deciding how the requirements should be satisfied.

ü reviewing and improving the overall commitment of the organization

Strategic HRM Objectives and Plans

Strategic HRM objectives can be linked to strategic organizational objectives such as

Ø cost containment

Ø customer service

Ø social responsibility

Ø organizational effectiveness

STRATEGIC APPROACH TO HRM

If an organization is to grow and remain competitive, its HR objectives and strategies must achieve the best alignment or fit between external opportunities and threats and the internal strengths and weaknesses of the organization.

Assessment of Influences

Organizations and their HR departments are open systems that are affected by the environment in which they operate. In order for managers and HR departments to respond proactively, they must have an awareness of the external and internal or organizational influences in which they operate.

External Influences

Externally, organizations are affected by economic and social trends, changing technologies and government interventions. The external environment is constantly changing and may be turbulent, even chaotic through the forces of competition in national, European and global markets.

Technological Challenges

The introduction of computerization/automation into the workplace may result in considerable changes to systems and processes. Different skill sets are required as new methods of working are developed. The result may be an extension of the skills base of the organization and its employees, including multi-skilling (ensuring that people have a range of skills which enable them to work flexibly on a variety of tasks, often within a teamworking environment). But it could result in obsolescence of skills and a reduction in the number of jobs (downsizing). New technology can therefore pose a great threat to employees. The evolution of the knowledge-based economy also demands staffing of different kinds of employees and people management where intellectual capital is the leading edge in such an economy.

Economic Challenges

Changes in the business cycle and the subsequent changes in organizations' business plans create changing HR needs especially in manpower utilization. Staff shortage during boom times and redundant workforce during economic downturn are some of the issues that HR has to tackle. Proactive HR practices are seen in the usage of peripheral workers (subcontractors, temporary staff) and outsourcing work to external service providers, thus reducing employment costs and enabling the enterprise to be nimble enough to adopt to fluctuating business activity. Tele commuting (working from home through extensive use of information technology) for office executives is another trend towards flexible HR practices.

Government Challenges

The Singapore government adopting an active role in the revisiting and updating of labor legislations in order to remain competitive as a developed country. Amendments to the Retirement Act to accommodate an aging workforce and changes to the Central Provident Fund to maintain cost effectiveness of labor are some recent government involvement in ensuring the relevance and competitiveness of the laws in the employment relationship. For managers and HR specialists, government involvement requires compliance and proactive efforts to minimize the organizational consequences.

Internal Influences

Unions

Unions represent an actual challenge to unionized companies and a potential challenge to companies that are not unionized. The collective agreement limits the HR activities of supervisors and HR department. The challenge to achieve company objectives without violating the agreement is created. For some companies such as Motorola, the HR challenge is to discourage unionization of the company by offering benefits similar to those unionized companies, thus resulting in a spilling effect.

Information Systems

Information Systems improve the efficiency and effectiveness of information retrieval from the HR Information Systems for employees' data. Such data storage also creates another issue of safeguarding of employee privacy as increasing computer security is emphasized within the profession.

Organizational Culture and Conflicts

In the light of increasing incidents of mergers and acquisitions, HR department also have to deal with culture integration of two companies and stabilize the changes that resulted from the merger or acquisition. Otherwise, in order to stay competitive, successful companies advocates strong values, beliefs, assumptions and symbols that define who the organization conducts its business. It tells employees how things are done, what is important, and what kind of behavior is rewarded. Thus, it is important for management to foster a culture that promotes the achievement of the organizations strategic business objectives.

Organizational structure

The effective implementation of an organizations strategy requires management to ensure that the organizations design helps achieve its strategic objectives. HRM is particularly concerned with the organizational structure because it can directly affect employee productivity and behavior.

Evaluating HRM Objectives, Strategies and Policies

Þ commitment

Þ competence

Þ cost effectiveness

Þ congruence

Þ adaptability

Þ performance

Þ job satisfaction

Þ employee motivation

THE HRM CHALLENGE

As Dave Ulrich (18) points out, environmental and contextual changes present a number of competitive challenges to organizations, which mean that HR has to be involved in helping to build new capabilities. These challenges are

Ø Globalization requires organizations to relocate people, ideas, products and information around the world to meet local needs. New considerations for relocations are volatile political situations, contentious global trade issues, fluctuating exchange rates and unfamiliar cultures.

Ø Profitability through growth creativity and innovation are key qualities that organizations want to utilize as competitive advantages in order to gain greater revenue growth.

Ø Technology the challenge is to integrate technology and utilize it to improve productivity in the workplace.

Ø Intellectual Capital The challenge to organizations is to attract and retain talented individuals to drive a global company that is responsive to changes and sensitive to customer needs.

Ø Change, change and more change the greatest challenge companies face is adjusting to indeed, embracing non-stop change. They must be able to 'learn rapidly and continuously, and take on new strategic imperatives faster and more comfortably'.

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Jose saramago critique critique

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Jose's Saramago's writing style was something that at first threw me off. He writes with little punctuation and page long sentences aren't surprising. "Speech runs on in a sprawling mess, How does that work, By separating each statement with a comma and a capital, Oh I see, It takes a while to get used to. I initially thought it was clever; none of the characters are named, either, merely referred to by their position - the first man, the doctors wife, the man with the black eye-patch, and so on - and the combination of the two is intensely claustrophobic. You never quite feel you can see whats going on, you feel that your viewpoint is constrained - in fact, you feel partially blind." I disagree with his statement.

While perplexing to some readers, Saramagos unabashed style gives the feeling of a firsthand account of the events, adding to the realism and tension of the novel. It provides a flowing rhythm similar to an oral dialogue. Not only the dialogue, but also the character's thought process is also written in this style. Since we have to associate the text with the speaker, it allows us to find out more about the characters through our own judgement. We are forced to imagine the situation or else we would be completely lost. The ambiguity demands a little time to get used to, but it does become customary. I do agree the style gets confusing at times, especially when dialogue is exchanged with more than two people. It becomes confusing to follow exactly who's saying what, which can lead to multiple interpretations. This is another criticism with the book, that it is an allegory without a referent. We are left wondering what it all means. The metaphor of blindness, and the difference between "seeing" and "understanding" has previously been explored. Although this seems to be the bottom line, with a character suggesting they had never really been blind, that perhaps the sighted do not really see, the plot and use of this metaphor is eminently worth reading.

"This is his talent, I believe, of taking a formulaic structure of seeming insanity and moulding it into a narrative where it is made human by the weakest of our kind." This statement holds true, as so many critics seem to praise this book. Yet, this story could also be seen as a stalker or potential murderer intruding on another's personal affairs. Though unlikely Senhor Jose will be compelled to harm her, his quest has already seen him unexpectedly breaking the law more than once. "By illuminating the mundane details of where she went to school, the identity and secrets of her godparents, why she was married, he wilfully connects to this woman through the incalculable minutiae that makes up our lives. He also gives himself a purpose and makes himself a little less like Saramago's (anti-hero) predecessors." It is also interesting to note that this event is how Senhor Jose will be recorded in history. By looking for the unknown woman she becomes alive, as mentioned in the line "put it [the record of the unknown woman] in the archive of the living, as if she hadn't died". By this quest, Senhor Jose is given a new meaning to his life. His obsession and motive for finding her, whether being the thrills of an adventure or to suppress his loneliness, has defined who he is for us. Senhor Jose now has a story worth telling; reducing our lives to statistics "is rejected by Senhor Jos when he seeks out the details of the unknown woman's past." His adventure has given him a purpose, and even found a friend in an old lady. "Searching seeking is part and parcel of our existence." The more information he collects, the more of the mystery is unravelled, and greater the sense of accomplishment. Our desperate and lonely character, in an attempt to have a connection with another human being, has at least found his own identity.

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