Civil war land in bad decline

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CivilWarLand

Picture a place where the dark half of your mind comes into view. All the weird things that you have ever thought off come into play. Messed up amusement parks where people die very easily. A place where if you have a defect you are sold into slavery because you have claws for feet or a turkey neck. I liked the book. It was very different from anything that I have ever read. The book seemed like a cross between a redneck, KKK, a gangster, and a fat guy. It just seemed like Saunders was having fun with what he was doing in a dark way. Poking fun at society. An example of this is all the amusement parks that are in his stories. He makes it out to be the only places were you could have fun. Like a place you wonder around aimlessly around for hours not because you want to because you have to. It's like with the short story the Hunger Artist. At the end of the story all the people are still looking at the cage because there is something in there. It would not have mattered it there was a dog or a cat or another person just so long there was something. It is somewhat parallel to our society and television. It doesn't matter what's on as long there is something.

The first short story is called CivilWarLand in Bad Decline. It starts out with the main character is trying to woo a potential investor to support the park but a gang problem dismays the investor. He fears for his job because he did not close the deal. His personal life is in no better shape than his work. His wife doesn't like him too much because he is stuck in a dead end job. His boss has him hire a crazed Viet-Nam vet to deal with the gangs. It starts out that he takes care of the local gangs, but when a local boy steals a piece of candy from the store. Sam finds him kills him cuts his hands off and sends it back to his employer with a note saying I found the kid that was stealing and I need some more ammo. The story ends with Sam killing his employer because he knows too much. Mean while Sam went on a killing spree, basically anybody was fair game. I thought that this story was a great opening story for the book. It sets a tone for the whole book that has dark humor written all over it. It just seemed that this was the only story that would have fit as the opening story.

I really did not like the story Isabelle so I am not going to talk about it.

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The Wavemaker Falters is the third story in CivilWarLand in Bad Decline. It's about a man that again works at an amusement park. He kills a little kid because he was not paying any attention because he was looking at some chicks by the pool and the kid gets sucked in. For the rest of the story the boy visits him at night and they talk all night long. The boy tries to be scary but he is his scariest when he tries to do normal things. His wife is having an affair with his boss because he can't perform in bed. His life in general is just shit. At the end of the story the boy's father calls and says to him that he can not let him live while his son is dead. His response was I'll leave the door open. He some what redeems himself by saying that this is as low as I go, so it seems that there is some hope for him.

My favorite story out of this book probably has to be the 400-Pound CEO. The book is about an overweight man named Jeffery working for a ruthless boss at Humane Raccoon Alternatives. The goal of the company is to re-locate the pesky raccoons that rummage through your trash. They relocate them to a pit after a tire iron to the back of the head. Jeff's boss is Tim an ex-con. He went to jail because he purposely backed over a frat boy. In side he earned his MBA. Everybody that works with Jeffery makes fun of him. They place hippo magnets on his cubicle and make fun of him right to his face. Yet he still keeps going because he thinks there is something better out in world for him and that he has to get a little shit thrown at him to move on. I think the same way as this Jeffery. I can relate to him about this. Things start to get complicated when a female co-worker asks him out on a date. He says yes because he has been in love with this woman for as long as he can remember. When he goes over to her house he brings a present for her son. The date goes on and they have a good time. Later he learns that the only reason she went out with him was because of a bet. She apologizes but says she needed the money that would pay for the phone. A couple days later at work while he is working late he sees his boss and the girl he just went out with go down to the basement for some rough stuff. He says nothing but everyone at work already knows but they never really talk about that. A few more days go bye and he sees his boss going home but he sees a girl digging around the lime pit and collecting the bones of dead raccoons. Tim gets over there and starts to strangle her. Jeff runs along and puts Tim a big bear hug that kills him. He goes back to the office and thinks to himself this is my opportunity to make something of myself. To turn it all around, that one shot that we all look for in life. He forges Tim's handwriting and says that Tim left him in charge. He was going to bring the company around to doing the right thing. But in the end he got caught up and arrested. He only got 60 years instead of life because the judge was sympathetic to him because he was once also fat.

I picked these stories because they are all about people trying to do the right thing and it comes back to haunt them in the end. The first story Sam was just trying to get rid of the street gangs that where plaguing his community. In the Wavemaker, he can't let go of what he has done in his past and that affects his future and the 400 lb CEO. Jeff just tries to be a nice guy but nobody can look past that. Even in our culture people have made fun of others because they are different from us. I think that George Saunders was pointing out societies faults in all his stories but more so in these three.

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My views on Raceism

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Race and racism are two different words, have two different meanings, but somehow work together to prove a point. The problem is even though they begin with the same letters the meanings behind each can be harmful if used in the wrong context. What some people believe to be true is actually what they were brought up to know as the truth. As I think about this subject I will try to look at both views and see ignorance and intolerance, as well as objective views and outlooks. Let's say 100 years ago there was slavery. The black people were indentured servants to the white. In 00 this is arguably not to be tolerated here in the U.S. Other Cultures still live like this, I feel sad that girls are sold for a families well being. In some cultures girls are given to townies and do hard labor plus they are sexually abused and assaulted. These girls can be 8- years old and get paid 0 to 60 dollars in a South African culture. This amount is for one years work. Think about our culture girls go to school and are educated. There are equal rights for men and women. America really has is going on if you think about it.

Race is a group whether you are black, white, orange, and yellow, green, whatever. Some people will simply hate a group because they are different. Is this right? No of course not, but some people are raised to hate due to the way they are raised. I feel we are all equal. What really makes one person better than the other? Well for one thing going to school with different races you get to see how people interact with each other. You can tell by comments who is a true friend because they like you for who you are, not what you can or cannot do for them. We live in a society that has a big mixture of races. I like to think that I get to know a person before I judge them.

Racism is where you single out a group whether it is for color, religion or even status in our society. In America we are taught to believe that united we stand and divided we fall. This is true because a group of people versus one person has strength, courage and bonding. I believe we can overcome racism but it has to start with a simple reminder that humans are just that. We are not aliens or dogs or just fabric on a flagpole. We have feelings and we make mistakes. This is what we should be teaching our kids. I think people who are racist are not American. They have no right to pledge allegiance to a flag that stands for the biggest mixing pot in the world. People came to America to be free and live a life worth living. We are taught English as a first language and expect to be spoken to in a non-violent way. Unfortunately this is my theory and not the way the world really is. On MTV alone the violence and the way that black people are portrayed are gangsters with attitudes and hootchie mamas on their arms. Gold chains dripping of their necks and language that even my mom would not tolerate. White people in most videos are not behaving in the same manner. So does this make the white people superior? No, just viewed in a different group.

When I think of a ghetto or the projects I think of a black society, when really there are Mexicans, Whites, blacks and other ethnic groups there. I have friends of different nationalities and color. I play baseball and we are a group working as one. Once I come off the field sometimes I feel as though the group is gone and I am alone. Everyone goes back to their own group of friends and personalities. This is how I would explain the Monolistic and Pluralistic societies.

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To overcome our differences we must treat each other on a level playing field. Sure one person will always be funnier, prettier, younger, older, more educated, etc. But this does not give anyone of them the right to be unfair and treat me or anybody else with disrespect. I'm not saying we all have to be friends and love each other, just be nice and act like the person next to you really is human and has feelings.

There will also always be various levels of educated people and societies that live among only there own. As a whole we should all try to be one group that stands together in triumph and tragedy and work together to be a sane and more equal group of Americans

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THE RAIN gOD

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Intertwining of Life and Death

The Rain God is the story of families, friendships, and betrayal along the El Paso/Juárez border. Set in a fictional small town on the Texas-Mexico border, it tells the funny, sad and quietly outrageous saga of the children and grandchildren of Mama Chona the strong matriarch of the Angel clan who fled the revolution for a gringo land of promise. In The Rain God, the idea of love and death are intertwined and give a dark yet accurate description of the tones of the novel. Each main character is faced with death at some point in their lives and in a specific way, but the desert always seems to dominate as the symbol of death. Miguel Chico is taught early on that death and love are inseparable, Felix dies for love, and Mama Chona is the symbol of life and death.

Miguel Chico is from a border town and unlike the others in the family, he excels in school despite various obstacles including his own family. Early on, Miguel Chico is confronted with the issues of religion. He moves away from the desert which is symbolic of his moving away from Christianity, in the same way that Maria moved away after she renounced Christianity. The semi-autobiographical character is also haunted by his own mortality and the death that surrounds him. After many years of dealing with the dead, and trying to leave the desert to escape the death and his culture that surrounds him, Miguel Chico has learned to face it when he comes to terms with his own mortality. He has had a circle of traumatic events of his childhood and it begins from Miguel Chico's near-death experience with his sickness and with the loss of innocence close together at the beginning of the novel. The first chapter of The Rain God contains much desert imagery that signifies Miguel Chicos first taste of death. The title Judgment Day indicates immediately the importance of death in this chapter and sets the scene for the novel as a whole. The symbolism of the desert is obvious here when Miguel Chico visits the cemetery to see the graves of loved ones. He is afraid of what will happen to the loved ones that were with him then, he did not want them to die if it meant they would become stones in the desert (Islas 10). He is also told by adults that "who loved him" was in this cemetery. Then, he realizes that many people loved him "living and dead". This is the example of the entangled relationship of Miguel Chico with death and life. It is also at that point that he begins to associate the desert with death, his childish mind not fully understanding the complexity and the significance of either one. He also understands the power his grandmother Mama Chona has had over him and how she has taught him to suffer and. if necessary, to die (Islas 7).

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Mama Chona is a powerful and uniting figure in the novel. She teaches Miguel Chico how to behave and many other things as well. Her death at the end of the novel is especially significant because she is the giver of life to nearly all of the people in the novel. She may be in a way, the Rain God itself, and she may realize her godlike state when she sees the dead family members at her bedside, and the power she has had over all of them. Her last moment are spent in between life (with JoEl, Miguel Chico, Mema,..) and death (with Felix and her husband). Mama Chona even claims that her children were immaculately conceived children of Jesus. The irony of Mama Chonas conscious identification with Christian gods and unconscious identification with Indian gods tears at her until her death and delirium. Her death is interesting as she seemingly tries to take away life by holding tight to Miguel Chico's hadn. Maybe she wished to take away the life she has given. She may have also realized what power she has the power to create life, to shape the lives of her grandchildren and to lead the lives of her children. Once again the rain and desert are united at the death of Mama Chona, she describes Felix as "He smelled like the desert after a rainstorm". She is finally reunited with the loved ones that the desert has taken away from her. She will be reunited through her own death with her beloved son, the first Miguel Angel. This shows how death can bring loved ones together as well as tear them apart. The desert is a place to long for. She also will be with her son Felix, who is another powerful image in the novel.

Felix is one of the most important characters in the novel. He is the kindest, gentlest, and most loving, but he is brutally murdered in the desert. During Felixs horrific death, he is in the desert and when he dies, "The desert exhaled as he sank into the water" (Islas 18). Once again, we cannot separate love and death. When Felix was younger, he danced on the roof of their house during storms as a young boy, while everyone else in the house feared the rain. He was warned that he would be struck by lightning when dancing in the rain and to this he replied, Good. I'll die dancing.(p. 114) The following line "Felix and the young soldier had met in a bar.." hints at the symbolism used by Islas as he describes Felix dancing as representing Felix's sexual advances toward the young men at the bar. In other words, he acknowledged death as he picked up the soldier and took him into the desert, showing again how love and death were one and the same. Even as Felix was being beaten, he was not angry with the youth and still thought of him as beautiful.

The symbol of the desert is the most powerful and prominent in the novel. It is paired with the rain, to create an atmosphere of balance. Water is also present with its twin the desert during the death of young Antony, who drowns himself. Through his experience with death, love, the desert, and rain, Miguel Chico is able to come to terms with his own life and death and the lives and deaths of the people that surround him. He is tormented throughout his life by death, but deals with it as everyone must do eventually.

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Malaysia

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

GEOGRAPHY

Cheap Custom Essays on Malaysia

Infrastructure

POLITICAL SYSTEM

FACTOR ENDOWMENT

Natural Resources

Labor Force

Capital

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Classification

Primary Industry and Products

Sectoral Analysis and Review

PUBLIC FINANCE

Taxation

Government Expenditure

Domestic Budget Balance

Government Percent of GDP

Trends in Public Finance

TRADE

Major Imports

Major Exports

Trade Balance

Significant Trading Partners

Trade policies and practices

Strength of currency vs. U.S Dollar

Memberships in Economic Unions and Associations

Trends in Trade

ECONOMIC ASSESMENT

Relative Level of Per Capital Income

Degree of Employment Stability

Degree of Price Stability

Level of GDP Growth

Stability of Financial System

Forecast of Economic Conditions

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Malaysia was formed in 16 through a merging of the former British colonies of Malaya and

Singapore, including the east Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak on the northern coast of

Borneo. Indonesian marred the first several years of the county's history

efforts to control Malaysia, Philippine claims to Sabah and Singapore's secession in

165. Malaysia has long been a center of international trade. The country lies directly on the sea

routes between China and India. For centuries, small kingdoms and sultanates in what is

now Malaysia profited from this trade either by assisting or by preying upon it. Malaysia

for centuries has been a commercial center and a grand meeting place for merchants and

travelers from all over the world.

GEOGRAPHY

Malaysia is divided in to two regions west Malaysia comprising the southern portion of

the Malay peninsular south of Thailand and north of Singapore and east Malaysia

including Sabah and Sarawak comprising the northern portion of Borneo Island. East and

west Malaysia are separated by about 640 km of the south china sea, and together

comprise and area of ,758sqkm, with west Malaysia accounting for about 60% of this

total.

Thailand borders west Malaysia on the north, and Singapore lies off the southern coastal

tip.

In the north lies the main range a mountainous spine that separates the east and west

coastal plains. The main range rises to a maximum elevation of 10 m at point Tahan

west Malaysia's highest point. The southern portion of the peninsular is relatively flat.

The states of Sarawak and Sabah and the federal territory of Labuan make up east

Malaysia. Its jagged coastline is about 50km long. Sarawak occupying the

southwestern section of the east Malaysia consists of swampy lowlands along the coast

rising to high mountains in the interior, especially in the east.

Sabah in the northeast has extensive lowlands in its eastern section. Along Borneo's

northern coast in Sabah is the Crocker Range, which rises to a maximum elevation of

4101m at Mount Kinabalu, the highest peak in Malaysia.

East Malaysia contains the country's two longest rivers the Rajang in Sarawak and the

Kinabatangan in Sabah. They are each about 560km long and navigable for part of there

courses. Most of Malaysia's rivers have steep descent. Consequently, these rivers have

immense hydroelectric potential, which the country is in the process of developing

INFRASTRUCTURE

Malaysia sits astride important international waterways that are crucial to world trade

and consequently a central factor in its economic prosperity. The country straddles the

Strait of Malacca for nearly 4,80km from the Indian Ocean to the South China Sea. The

west coast of the peninsula is most accessible because the Straits Malacca is sheltered.

Malaysia has a modern infrastructure in IT, telecommunications, transportation, and

utilities that has contributed to business growth. The world competitiveness yearbook

ranks Malaysia th globally in infrastructure, with size-bias indicators (such as

portion of total world computers in use) skewing the ranking downward.

There are 1 computers for every hundred people and there are 147 cars to every

1000 people in 000.

Telecommunications and telephone systems are highly developed and state-of-the-art.

Fixed line services jumped from around million in 10 to about 4.7million in 00

resulting in a penetration approaching 0%. The mobile market has been more

spectacular jumping from million subscribers in 1 to nearly million by the end of

00.

Malaysia is well served by roads and highways. The highway network in peninsular

Malaysia comprises over 4500km of roads of which 7070km (including 580km of

expressways). About ,50km(approx) is unpaved. Although of a generally high

standard. Malaysia's trunk road network is increasingly congested and would have to be

extended. Private cars have risen rapidly, while commercial freight is also moving by

road. Traveling by train remains the convenient mode of transport for local people.

Railways are confined to peninsular Malaysia and a small stretch in Sabah. However the

rapid increase in road transport during the 10s led to a reduction in Malaysia's North-

South rail network from ,00km of track in 10 to just 1700km of track. This not

withstanding Malaysia boasts of 18 ports and harbors and plans on making Kelang

becoming a re-export hub. Malaysia has 116 airports, 7 of them of international standard.

Malaysia has a vigorous press with numerous prints in four different languages.

A wide variety of consumer goods can be found for sale in Malaysia from outlets ranging

from international department stores to neighborhood shops. A number of retail chains

compete for a share of a well-developed market.

POLITICAL SYSTEM

Government

Malaysia has a federal form of government based on the 157 constitution of the

Federation of Malaysia, which was an independent nation occupying what is now West

Malaysia from 157 to 16, when it joined with other states to form Malaysia.

Executive

The head of state is the yang dipertuan (supreme head of the federation), who is selected

by and from among the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states and serves a five year

term. The prime minister, who is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the House

of Representatives and is appointed by the head of state, exercises executive power.

Local Government

There are 1 states and each of the 1 states of the federation has a titular ruler whose

title varies in different states. Effective executive power in the states rest with the chief

minister. The executive council or cabinet advises the head of the state. Each state has its

own written constitution and a unicameral legislative assembly empowered to legislate on

matters not reserved for the federal parliament

Political Parties

The leading national political organization of Nasional), a multiracial coalition of 14

Malaysia is the National Front (Barisan

parties, of which the largest is the United Malays National Organization.

The Barisan nasional has ruled Malaysia since independence in 157. Growing

opposition comes from the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) and from smaller parties

formed by Chinese and Indian minorities. The forth-coming retirement of the Prime

minister will unsettle Malaysian politics in 00-04. The transfer of power will be

accompanied by a potentially destabilizing generational shift.

FACTOR ENDOWMENT

Natural Resources

Apart from the fact that Malaysia is located along the strategic Strait of Malacca and

southern South China Sea, which aids its trade potentials, Malaysia contains abundant

land and mineral resources. West Malaysia has long been among the leading producers of

tin and natural rubber in the world. Jungle clearing has increased arable land. Due to the

large presence of forests Malaysia ranks as one of the leading producers of tropical

hardwood. Tin was acclaimed to be one of the pillars on which Malaysia's prosperity was

built. Other mineral resources include iron ore, bauxite and copper. There are also

undisclosed reserves of gold and antimony. Oil and gas undoubtedly are the most

valuable of all natural resources of Malaysia.

Population.

Malaysian population was estimated at 4. million in 00 with a growth rate of .%

(average 11-001) and is projected to remain stable over the period 00- 00. Life

expectancy at birth is 71. years. The infant mortality rates 1.66 deaths per 1000 births.

Ethnic Malays and other indigenous peoples make up 6% of the population of Malaysia.

Chinese constitute 0% and east Indians about 8%. There are small numbers of

Indonesians, Thai, Europeans and Australians. The population density was 71 persons per

square kilometer. The nation's capital, Kuala Lumpur has a population of around 1.4

million and a much higher density of 5676 persons per square kilometer.

Labor force

One of the Malaysia's key assets is her youthful labor force, which is diligent,

disciplined, educated and trainable. Most Malaysian youths who enter the labor market

will have undergone at least 11 years of school education, that is, up to secondary school

level.

They are therefore easy to train in new techniques and skills.

A large proportion of Malaysia's labor forces also possess the basic skills required by

industry. There is an increasing supply of professionals, technologists and skilled workers

graduating from both local and foreign universities, colleges and technical and industrial

training institutions.

The labor market in Malaysia is free and competitive and the employer-employee

relationship is cordial and harmonious. Labor costs in Malaysia are low in comparison to

the industrialized countries while labor productivity remain high.

Malaysia has a skilled labor force of approximately .877 million in 001. The total

number of people economically active as a percentage of total number in the working age

population stood at 65.5% of which 85.6% were males and 44.% females. In 00

employment increased by about .1% making the labor force 10. million and

unemployment .5%

Employment, unemployment and degree of unionization

Despite slower economic growth in 001, Malaysia continues to enjoy full employment,

recording an employment rate of .4% in 00. The labor market however did experience

a slight increase in unemployment. The rise was due to retrenched workers from the

electronics sector. Only 8.% of the nation workers were unionized in 001. Wages vary

by region and industry and there is no minimum wage. Employers contribute to a

retirement fund and the minimum mandatory contribution is % of basic monthly pay.

Bumiputera (requiring preferential treatment of ethnic Malays) oblige firms to employ

ethnic Malays at all levels in proportion to locality's ethnic composition. But a persistent

labor shortage has forced the government to be more flexible.

Labor relations

In Malaysia, the dialogue between unions and employers is constructive and compromise

oriented. Most labor conflicts are settled through negotiations. The normal practice for

dispute settlement in a non-unionized establishment is for the employee to try and obtain

redress from his supervisor or employer directly.

Capital

The Malaysian government now has a detailed framework for developing Malaysia's

capital markets over the next ten years in the capital markets master plan. The CMP is a

comprehensive plan mapping the direction of the Malaysian capital market. This was

brought about by the lingering effects of the regional financial crisis, meeting the needs of

the growing economy and the heightened global competition for business and investment.

Despite the challenging times the market has grown manifold. Most evidently the capital

market has evolved in to a key driver of growth for the Malaysian economy. The ratio of

the funds raised in the capital market over gross domestic product was 17% as at the end

of 00 compare to 1% in 1. The market capitalization of the stock market stands at

RM481.6 billion (end 00) compare to RM 45.8 billion (end-1)

The number of listed companies on the Kuala Lumpur stock exchange (KLSE) grew from

6 twenty years ago to 868. Malaysia has the largest number of listed companies in

ASEAN, exceeding Singapore and Thailand combined.

Today the Malaysian capital market is the leading market in ASEAN; with it constituting

40% of the market capitalization of the ASEAN market and larger than the combined

market capitalization of the Thailand, Indonesian and the Philippines markets.

The bond market has flourished in to a highly sought source of funding with a total of

RM 1. billion raised between 1-00 compared with RM raised in 1.

The Banking System

The central bank

Bank Negara Malaysia is the central bank and it is responsible for supervising the

banking system. It also issues the Malaysian currency (Ringgit), acts as a banker and

financial adviser to the government, administers foreign exchange control regulations,

and is lender of last resort to the banking industry.

Scope of Banking

The government has taken a number of preemptive measures to strengthen Malaysia's banking system, which has

come under increasing stress since the onset of the regional financial crisis in mid-17. On the commercial

banking side there are 14 foreign banks with approximately 140 branches between them. The 51 domestic banks

have been merged in to 10 banking groups, which was mandated by the BNM. Further mergers are believed to be

likely. The banking system remains the largest financial intermediary in the country, accounting for 55.% of total

assets of the financial system. Malaysia is keen to promote itself as a center for Islamic banking and finance. The

Islamic banking sector presently accounts for 8.8% of the banking sector's total assets,

and the government has a target of increasing this to 0% by 010. Some 51% of private

debt securities by value is Islamic based and Malaysia issued its first Islamic bond in

00.

Twenty-five finance companies operate through 1070 branches, which accept retail

deposits and provide finance for installments (hire purchase) and leasing transactions.

They also give out housing loans.

The banking system and the industrial finance institutions are the major institutional

sources of credit to the industrial sector in Malaysia.

The Securities and Exchange Commission

The Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange was established in 17 to provide a central market

place for buyers and sellers to transact business in the shares, bonds and various other

securities of Malaysian listed companies. Trading on the KLSE is fully computerized.

The Central Depository System (CDS) is the automated clearing and settlement system.

The securities commission was established in 1 to encourage and promote the

development of the securities and futures market. It also regulates all matters relating to

securities, take-over, mergers and futures contracts.

Commodity

The Kuala Lumpur Commodity Exchange (KLCE) established in 180, caters for futures

trading in commodities.

Offshore Financial Services

The Labuan Offshore Financial Services Authority (LOFSA) is the regulatory body set up to spearhead

and coordinate efforts to promote and develop Labuan as an International

Offshore Financial Center (IOFC).

To date more than 1600 offshore companies had set up operations in Labuan. These

include trust companies, offshore banks, insurance and insurance related companies

ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Classification

The Malaysian economy is centrally planned (democratic dictatorship) but due to

external pressures in trade are gradually moving towards a freer market system.

The government plays a strong, active role in the economy as investor, economic

planner, approver of investment projects and private procurement decisions as well as the

author and implementer of domestic policies and programs. The government owns equity

stakes, generally minority shares in a wide range of domestic companies. The economic

downturn however slowed the push to privatization and increased emphasis on

government support. The government actively seeks to bolster the economic status of the

Malay and indigenous communities (commonly referred to as bumiputera).

Primary Industry and Products

As a country with quite a number of significant natural resources and minerals, Malaysia

has based its prosperity on labor skills and technological expertise in manufacturing as

well as earning from services such as tourism (exports of goods and services amounted to

about 80% of GDP in 001). Although largely diversified from a basic agrarian economy,

the economy has strength's in electronics, chemicals, services, agricultural products and

mineral resources (oil and gas) Malaysia has created a niche in a wide range of sectors.

Sector Analysis Review.

Over the past 0 years, Malaysia's economy has been transformed from mainly

agriculture and mining to one in which services and manufacturing account for almost

0% of GDP with over 80% of Malaysia's $ 88 billion in exports from electronics and

other manufactured goods.

Agriculture, Forestry and fishing

About 15% of Malaysia's land is cultivated. Malaysia ranks as the worlds leading

producer and exporter of palm oil accounting for over half of the worlds output. The

country was also the leading producer of natural rubber, though Thailand and Indonesia

surpassed Malaysia after Malaysia began shifting to more profitable crops such as palm oil.

Other important cash crops are cacao, sugarcane, pepper, coconuts and pineapples. The

principal subsistence crop is rice though cassava and bananas are also important.

About 58% of Malaysia is covered in natural forests. Some 14 million hectares are within

designated Permanent Forest Estates, designed to ensure sustainability. Of these 10.5

million hectares are productive forests, the remainder being protected. The country is a

leading world supplier of tropical hardwoods. Most of the exported raw timber comes

from Sabah and Sarawak, while west Malaysia provides finished goods such as plywood.

Malaysia has a sizeable fishing industry with annual production in excess of 1. million

tonnes, 5% of it from ocean waters. The government has started investing in modern

equipment for the industry.

Mining

The mining and hydrocarbons sector typically contribute between 6 and 7% to GDP and

an annual growth in 00 of 0.4 percent. The sector employs 5% of the workforce.

Depressed tin production (major export) is due to weak tin prices, declining reserves;

rising productions costs and export quotas. The country's leading minerals mining firm,

the Malaysia Mining Corporation (MMC) is trying to diversify away from tin and is

prospecting for base and precious metal.

Gas

Malaysia contains 75 trillion cubic feet (Tcf) of proven natural gas reserves. Natural gas

production has been rising steadily in recent years, reaching 1.50 Tcf in 000, up from

1.4 Tcf in 1. Natural gas consumption in 000 was estimated at 0.7 Tcf, with LNG

exports of 0.74 Tcf (mostly to Japan, South Korea and Taiwan). Exports had dipped

slightly in 18 as a result of the Asian financial crisis, but began to rise again in 1

and 000. One of the most active areas for gas exploration and development is the

Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Area (JDA), located in the lower part of the gulf

of Thailand and governed by the Malaysia-Thailand Joint Authority (MTJA).

Malaysia accounted for approximately 15% of total world LNG exports in 000. After a

brief downturn associated with the Asian financial crisis demand for LNG is on the rise

again. Massive expansion is being undertaken at its Bintulu LNG complex in Sarawak.

In addition to LNG, Malaysia exports 150 million cubic feet per day (Mncf/d) to

Singapore via pipeline. There also have been preliminary discussions of a project to link

gas deposits off Sarawak to the Philippines

Oil

Malaysia contains proven oil reserves of .0 billion barrels down from 4.6 billion barrels

in 16. Despite this trend towards declining oil reserves (due to a lack of major new

discoveries in recent years) Malaysia's crude oil production has been stable in recent

years, with monthly production numbers fluctuating between 650,000 barrels per day and

70,00 barrels per day between 16 and early 00. In 001, crude oil averaged 65,05

bbld. After a pause during the Asian financial crisis, Malaysia's domestic petroleum

consumption is growing again, and the country is expected to become a net oil importer

before the end of the current decade. Malaysia has six refineries with a total processing

capacity of 514,500bbl/d. The three largest are the shell port Dickson refinery

(155,00bbl/d) and the Petronas Melaka I and II refineries, which each have a capacity of

5,000 bbl/d

As a result of declining oil reserves, Petronas, the state oil and Gas Company, has

embarked on an international exploration and production strategy. Currently, Petronas is

invested in oil exploration and production projects in Syria, Turkmenistan, Iran, Pakistan,

China, Vietnam, Burma, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Sudan and Angola. Overseas operations

now make up nearly a third of Petronas revenue. In 001, Malaysia exported the majority

of its oil to markets in Japan, Thailand, South Korea and Singapore. Malaysia's domestic

oil production occurs offshore and primarily near peninsular Malaysia.

The mining sector recorded its highest growth in real terms of .5% in the last quarter of

00Increased production of both crude petroleum and natural gas of about .0% each

attributed to this growth. For the year 00, growth remained strong at 4.5% in real

terms, reflecting increased production of crude petroleum and natural gas.

Energy.

Malaysia currently has approximately 1 gigawatts (GW) of electric generation capacity,

of which 84% is thermal and 16% is hydroelectric. In 000, Malaysia generated around

6 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity. The Malaysian government expects that

investment of $.7 billion will be required in the electric utility sector through 010.

Much of that amount will be for coal-fired plants, as the Malaysian government is

promoting a shift away from the country's heavy reliance on natural gas for electric

power generation.

Construction

The performance of the construction sector was subdued in the last quarter of 00 with a

0.5 per cent growth as against earlier growths of . per cent, .4 percent and .6 percent

in the first three quarters of 00.

On an annual basis, this sector held steady at . per cent in constant prices on account of

continued pump priming measures by the government and the construction of selected

residential and non-residential projects by the private sector. In 00 construction

contributed .1 percent of the GDP

Industry and Manufacturing.

Manufacturing accounts for 0% of nominal GDP. It is the largest contributor to the

economy and accounts for 85% of gross export earnings. Manufacturing employs about

4.5% of the total labor force. The government has encouraged the development of heavy

industries based on the country's natural resources. There is also emphasis on the

promotion of small and medium-sized firms, and measures are being undertaken to

disperse industries to less developed states.

Conglomerate groups, often politically well connected, still control large parts of

Malaysian industry. High placed politicians and government officials use proxy and

fronts as owners of these companies.

However, the recession has tamed some of the excesses of this system.

Manufacturing is the largest industrial sector. The manufacturing sector tends to raise its

share of GDP during (export-led) economic upturns; the share of service tends to grow in

a more stable manner.

Electronics

Electronics production dominates manufacturing. Electronic goods are the single most

important category and have grown at a double-digit rate for most of the past 5 years,

declining only in 185 and in 001. Electronic good production is heavily dependent on

imported parts. The strong export orientation of the electronic industry makes it

vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand. In 001 Malaysia's total exports of goods

and services were equivalent to 117% of nominal GDP, a high figure by international

standards.

Services

Common with other industrialized with other industrialized countries, Malaysia has a

large services sector, which accounted for 50.8% in 001 up from 48% in 000. The

sector employed 50.8% in 00. In the fourth quarter of 00 the services sector

registered a strong broad-based expansion of 4.% with all its sub-components recording

positive growths. The biggest increase came from the government services sub-sector

which rose 8.8% The utilities sub-sector also grew strongly increasing by 6.4% while the

finance insurance, real estate and business services sub-sector.

For the year 00, the services sector posted a growth of 4.5% with the utilities sub-

sector. Growth in the other services sub-sector improved to 4.1% from .% in 001

while the transport and communication sub-sector and the trade and restaurants and

hotels sub-sector were up .% and .5% respectively.

PUBLIC FINANCE

Taxation in Malaysia

Generally, all income of companies and individuals accrued in, derived from or remitted

to Malaysia are liable to tax. However, income remitted to Malaysia by resident

companies, non-resident companies (other than companies carrying on the business of

banking, insurance, air and sea transportation) and non-resident individuals are exempted

from tax.

Apart from income tax, there are other direct taxes such as real property gains tax, and

indirect taxes such as sales tax, service tax, excise duty and import duty.

Sources of income liable to Tax

1 Gains and profits from trade, profession and business

Salaries, remunerations, gains and profits from an employment

Dividends, interests or discounts

4 Rents, royalties or premiums

5 Pensions, annuities or other periodic payments

6 Other gains or profits of an income nature not mentioned.

Taxation occurs at the national and municipal levels. Rates of the taxes are as follows;

Corporate tax rates are 8% while individual tax rates are progressive rates up to 8%.

Standard rates for sales tax are 10% other rates are between 5% to 5%. Withholding

taxes dividends are 0% interest is 15% and royalties 10%.

Malaysia has more than 50 tax treaties and gains on real property are taxed at rates

between 0% and 0%.

As shown rates vary from one municipal to another but they are progressive.

Government Expenditure

The 00 budget announced in August 00 by the Malaysian government plans for a further rise of % in government expenditure next year. Most of this planned increase in expenditure goes on education (mainly to pay for the implementation of the government's new English language policy), health and rural areas. This is on the basis of a fairly optimistic forecast of an 8% rise in revenue in 00, which in turn will depend upon the economy growing at the 6-6.5% that the government is predicting. This will require a sustained improvement in the external climate

Domestic Budget Balance

The Malaysian government has been running a deficit budget for three years consecutively.

Malaysia's operating revenue for FY00 was$1. billion with total expenditures at

$4.6 billion. Malaysia ran a deficit of 4.7% of GDP. This is expected to narrow down to

.% in the current year unless there are unusual circumstances.

Government percent of GDP

In terms of contribution to the GDP, public sector expenditure increased from 4% to

1% in 00 while private sector declined from 8 per cent to 5 per cent during the

same period.

Trends in Public Finance

The thrust of Malaysia's public finance policy is threefold expansion of its probusiness

environment to make the country a more favorable place for business to invest, shifting

local enterprises up the value chain to higher technology activities, and upgrade of its

work force to maximize their contribution to a knowledge-based economy.

TRADE

Trade is the key to prosperity in Malaysia. The country is dependent upon export markets

to generate income while dependent on imports of producer goods to further expand the

range of goods and services available in the country. The country has traded more than it

produces. In addition to acquiring sophisticated electronic export industries, alongside its

colonial-era mineral, plantation, and forest-product export base, the country has been

aiming to eclipse Singapore as a regional center for re-exports. Malaysia's trade pattern

remained unchanged in 00 with major trade partners being the United States,

Singapore, EU, Japan, Hong Kong and China.

Malaysia is a member of a number of organizations and free trade agreements, which

aims to reduce trade barriers among member countries.

Recently Malaysia received approval from its ASEAN partners for an extension until

005 of a grace period to meet its commitments under AFTA to reduce 18 tariff lines in

the automobile sector and on selected agricultural products. Malaysia in the same vein

has also requested an extension of its grace period to meet commitments under the WTO

agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMS) to eliminate local content

requirements in the automotive sector.

Major Imports

Import growth in 00 stood at 8.% to reach in RM 0,505. (US$ 80 billion) in 00.

The increase in imports was due mainly to expanded demand for producer goods by the

manufacturing sector as a result of the strong export performance, as the increased

demand for industrial countries and regional economic recovery led to strong demand in

exports of manufactured goods. Goods mainly imported in Malaysia are electrical and

electronic products, machinery appliances and parts, chemical and chemical products,

manufactures of metal, iron and steel products, refined petroleum products, optical and

scientific equipment, transport equipment and processed food.

Imports by the end use for the three main categories in Malaysia for the first quarter of

00 are

- Intermediate goods stood at 7 percent of total imports

- Capital goods 1.7% and

- Consumption goods 6.5%

Major exports

Malaysia's principal exports of commodities are electrical and electronic products

(including machinery), palm oil, chemicals and chemical products, crude petroleum

liquefied natural gas, machinery, appliances and parts, wood products optical and

scientific equipment, refined petroleum products, manufactures of metal, textiles and

clothing. Total exports for 00 stood at RM 54,40.1 (US$ billion).

Trade balance

International trade in Malaysia is the principal contributor to its economic growth.

Malaysia's total trade adds up to more than 00% of its GDP. For the first quarter of the

year 00, Malaysia posted a trade surplus of RM 17.5 billion (USD 4.6 billion) an

increase of RM4.7 billion (USD1. billion) or 6.7% as compared to a surplus of RM1.8

billion in the same quarter of last year. Total exports went up by 7.8% to RM88. billion

(USD. billion) while imports expanded by .4% to RM70.8 billion (USD18.6 billion)

as against RM81. billion (exports) and RM6. (imports) in the same period last year. In

00 Malaysia posted a trade surplus of RM50, 4. (USD1.4 billion) with exports at

USD billion and imports at USD 80 Billion.

Significant Trading Partners

The United States, Singapore, EU, Japan, Hong Kong and China. Meanwhile, Malaysia

has emerged as China's largest trading partner from South-East Asia, with bilateral trade

between the two countries growing by 50%. Bilateral trade between US and Malaysia

totaled us$1.7 billion in 001 making it the 11th largest trading partner and 17th largest

market for us exports. This amounted to about 0.% of Malaysia's total trade in 001. In

001 Japan led the suppliers, supplying 1.% of total imports closely followed by US

(16%) and the EU (1.%).

Trade Policies and Practices

Tariffs are the main instrument used to regulate the importation of goods in Malaysia.

However 17% of Malaysia's tariff lines (principally in the construction equipment,

agricultural, mineral and motor vehicle sectors) are also subject to non-automatic import

licensing designed to protect import-sensitive or strategic industries. The average applied

MFN tariff rate is approximately .18 percent however, duties for tariff lines where there

is significant local production are often higher.

The level of tariff protection is generally lower on raw materials it increases for those

goods, which have, value added content. In addition to import duties, a sales tax of 10

percent is levied on most imported goods. Similar to import duties, however, this sales

tax is not applied to raw materials and machinery used in export promotion.

Malaysia also has an export licensing system. In some cases such as textiles, export

licenses are used to ensure compliance with bilateral export restraint agreements. In other

cases such as rubber exports, special permission from government agencies is requiring.

Export duties ranging from 5 percent to 10 percent are imposed on the principal

commodities petroleum, timber, rubber, palm oil and tin.

Export subsidies

Malaysia offers several export allowances. Under the export credit-refinancing scheme

operated by the central ban, commercial banks and other lenders provide financing to

exporters at a preferential rate for both post-shipment and pre-shipment credit. Malaysia

also provides tax incentives to exporters, including double deduction of expenses for

overseas advertising and travel, supply of free samples abroad, promotion of exports,

maintaining sales offices overseas, and research on export markets.

Quotas

Quantitative import restrictions are seldom imposed, except on a limited range of

products for protection of local industries or for reasons of security. In line with this, a

system of quantities licenses has been instituted for the import of certain plastic resins,

for the purpose of protecting a domestic petrochemical operation.

Malaysia has a number of free zones (FZ's) in which export-oriented manufacturing and

warehousing facilities may be established. In to these zones raw materials, products and

equipment may be imported duty free.

Other Barriers

Various companies (especially US companies) have indicated that they would welcome

improvements in the transparency of Malaysian government decision making and

procedures, and limits on anticompetitive practices. A considerable proportion of

government projects and procurement is awarded without transparent, competitive

bidding.

Ringgit vs. US Dollar

The Ringgit exchange rate remained pegged to the US dollar at the rate of RM.80 per

US dollar in 00 and arrangement that has been effective since nd September 18. The

Ringgit appreciated against all major currencies, including regional currencies in tandem

with the strong US dollar. In terms of its trade-weighted nominal effective exchange rate,

the Ringgit appreciated 5.5 during 001 in line with the appreciation of the US dollar.

The pegged exchange rate regime continues to be supported by the strong fundamentals

of the economy as reflected by the strong current account surplus, the low rate of

inflation and the high level of reserves.

Membership in Economic Unions and Associations

Malaysia is a member of the Association of Southeast Asia Nations (ASEAN) Free Trade

Area (AFTA), which aims to reduce trade barriers among the member countries over a

15-year period. Malaysia is also a member of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation

forum. Malaysia has 6.6 percent of its tariff lines for goods under the AFTA Common

Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT); 7.1 per cent of those are already at 0 to 5 per cent;

60.4 per cent are already at zero. The goal of ASEAN is removal of all import duties

among the six founding countries by 015 and 018 for the four remaining members.

This is ahead of the schedule of 00 set by APEC.

In addition to regional associations, Malaysia is a member of the World Trade

Organization (WTO), which came out of the Uruguay Round of trade talks to administer

the updated General Agreements on Tariffs and trade (GATT).

Malaysia is a member of the following Association of Natural Rubber Producing

Countries (ANRPC), Association of Tin Producing Countries, Commonwealth,

International Organization, International Monetary Fund, EU Trade and Co-operation

Agreement, World Tourism Organization, World Bank and a host of other associations

Trends in Trade

Most of Malaysia's economic prosperity can be attributed to its trade with the its most

major trading partners. Malaysia remains closely bound by trade to the economic fortunes

of the US, the EU, Japan, China and its region with this partners buying over 0% of its

exports and supplying over 85% of imports. Although Malaysia is on a steady growth, it

will not escape the slowdown being experienced in these countries, especially the US.

The slowdown of the Malaysian economy in 001 was a direct consequence of the

slowdown in the US economy.

There appears to be a consensus that in the long-run Malaysia will face competition from

producers within the region who are trying to reduce costs. Key trends and government

decisions in response are discussed below.

Manufacturing Plus-plus Strategy encompassing

(a) Moving along the value chain from assembly-based and low-value added

activities towards higher value-added activities; and

(b) Shifting the whole value chain to a higher level through productivity-driven

growth.

Cluster-based Industrial Development with emphasis on

(a) Development of competitive industry clusters through integration of key

industries, suppliers, supporting industries, critical supporting business services, requisite

infrastructure and institutions; and

(b) Generating backward and forwarding linkages, domestic spin-offs and value

added, and development of domestic SMIs.

Liberalization and reduction of barriers related to export oriented goods and services.

Expansion of Malaysia's gateway to trade through the ports.

ECONOMIC ASSESMENT

Relative Level of Per Capita Income

In line with the strong economic growth, the level of per capita income of Malaysians is

expected to grow in the current year increasing by 5.5 per cent to RM 14100 (USD 700)

in 00 compared with RM 1400 (USD 500) in 00.

Degree of Employment Stability

Despite slower economic growth in 001, Malaysia continues to enjoy full employment,

recording an unemployment rate of below 4.0%. The labor market however, did

experience a slight increase in unemployment. Unemployment rate in 001 increased to

.6 percent from .1 percent in 000. The rise was due to retrenched workers from the

electronics sub sector.

Malaysia is focusing on the potential threat of structural unemployment as the workforce

moves toward more knowledge based activities by increasing the expenditure in the

education sector and by retraining the workers to match the labor force.

Degree of Price Stability

Malaysia's January 00 consumer price index (CPI) grew at 1.7% year-on-year and

0.% month-on-month, the same pace as in December 00. Inflationary pressure, as

measured by the index, looks to remain benign for the rest of the year after growing 1.8%

in 00. Inflation is expected to moderate to 1.5% as the Malaysia's macroeconomic

fundamentals are expected to remain strong in 00.

Level of GDP Growth

Malaysia is in its fourth year of achieving positive real GDP. Malaysia's GDP after the

Asian crisis picked up in 000 with an annual growth of 8.% only to decline to 0.4% in

001 due to the economic slow down around the world. The economy rebounded with a

growth of 4.% in 00 and its expected to improve between 6.0%-6.5% in 00.

Forecast of Economic Conditions

Malaysia's economic growth was expected to rebound by at least 6% to 6.5% in 00

but has been reviewed down by economists world over to about 5%. This is due to the

current health conditions in the region. Although Malaysia has only one reported case of

SARS there are still some weariness about the region. This is coupled with the change of

government due in November. The same leader has governed Malaysia for most of three

decades and any change might cause a dislocation in the political stability of the country.

Economists are somewhat divided as to the importance of the war on terrorism in the

region and the implications of the war on Iraq. This would cause a slow down in the

tourism sector, which is a major foreign exchange earner for the economy.

The United States economy is generally viewed as basic to Malaysia's growth and the

recovery of the United States economy spells good fortunes for the Malaysian

government.

Otherwise economic growth over the next two years would be provided by higher

government fiscal spending, strengthening domestic demand and from the steady

recovery in external trade.

The movement of the economy to knowledge based one would help in delivering value

added to the goods and services.

Malaysia would remain attractive for FDIS. Although China is a major magnet for FDI's

it will not pose a direct threat to Malaysia as its most attractive proposition remains on

labor intensive industries. This is not the focus of Malaysia strategy wise; furthermore the

economy of Malaysia is in a matured state with the backing of good infrastructure and

banking facilities. This plus the fact that English (the global business language) is widely

spoken within the business community.

Further more the Malaysian government intention to penetrate markets of West Asia,

Central Asia, Eastern Europe and South Asia, including India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka has

huge potentials for Malaysian goods and services.

In summary, the Malaysian economy is heavily dependent on the growth of its trade sector which is a

factor of the growth of the world economy. A continued growth can only be guaranteed when the overall

global economy picks up.

Weaknesses in the domestic financial and corporate sectors need to be overcome to enable growth to have

a domestic focus to balance the strong external focus that Malaysia has relied on so successfully to build

its economy.

References

1. United States & Foreign Commercial Service Market Research Report, Malaysian Country Commercial Guide for year 00

. The Economist newspaper and the Economist Group, Country Briefings on Switzerland from the Economist Intelligence Unit.

. World of Information Business Intelligent Reports (UK Walden Publishing ltd)

4. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 00 Economic Surveys Malaysia.

5. How to do Business in Sixty countries; Kiss, Bow or Shake hands by Terri Morrison, Wayne a. Conaway, and George A. Borden, PhD

6. The World Wide Web

7. Bumiputra Commerce Economic Research Services (Economic Outlook 00)

8. The World Wide Web

http//www.pwcglobal.com (Malaysia written by Pearlene Cheong)

http//weblt04.ntrs.com/library (Northern Trust Economic Research, Malaysia)

http//www.epu.jpm.my/bi/stat (Malaysian Economy in Figures)

http//www.emedia.com.com.my (6.5 pc GDP growth in 00)

http//www.devdata.world bank.org

http//www.economist.com

http//www.matrade.gov.my

http//www.statistics.gov.my

http//www.deloitte.com

http//www.mytrade.com

http//www.thestar.com

http//www.imd.com

http//www.members.tripod.com

http//www.aseanbiz.com

http//www.census.gov.my

http//www.asiatradehub.com

http//www.klse.com.my

http//www.bnm.com.my

http//www.photius.com.com

http//www.geocities.com

http//www.wto.org

http//www.tradepartners.uk

http//wwwe-directory.com.my

http//www.utusan.com.my

http//www.mergentonline.com

http//www.bartleby.com

http//www.eia.doe.gov

http//www.msia.org.uk

http//www.treasury.gov.my

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Population Distribution in New Zealand

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There are numerous factors that influence the location where people choose to live and the numbers in that specific area. In New Zealand, the relief of the land, weather climate throughout the year, employment availability, and urban centre locations are major aspects determining the distribution of people across the country.

The relief of the land has a strong correlation to the concentration of people in an area. People tend to live in coastal lowlands where the land doesn't fluctuate as much making it easier to build homes in close proximity to one another. The major cities in New Zealand (Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin) are all located on flatland relatively close to the ocean for easy access to ports, public beaches, fishing areas, sea views...etc. 75% of New Zealand's population is located on coastal plains despite the fact that only a small portion of the land is flat and near the sea. Because New Zealand is situated right on top of tectonic plates a greater part of the country is made up of mountainous terrain and rough hill country. These areas tend to only have zero to ten percent of the population located in those areas because of the difficulties that come with living in the area. Recently however, the mountains and volcanoes are serving as a tourist attraction therefore job opportunities are created. Also places close to volcanoes are growing in population numbers because of the fertility of the soil in the area increasing farming opportunities.

Weather conditions are another natural factor greatly influencing the populations spread around the country. People prefer to live in areas where the climate is warmer, which is why 75% of New Zealanders are situated in the North Island. Despite the fact that weather conditions can often change at irregular periods during the day in the northern part of the country, it is favoured over the cold environment in the South Island. Snow is more common in the south island making mountainous areas like Queenstown near the Southern Alps ideal skiing resorts and tourist attractions. The amount of rain and wind in an area also affects where people choose to live. Even though Wellington is the capital city, Auckland still has a larger population and this may be due to the windy citys reputation.

A cultural feature that has an effect on the population distribution is the location of various urban centres. In these areas better employment and education institutions are established in comparison to those available in the country as well as easy access to major airports/ports for travel in, out and around the country. 85% of New Zealand's population live in urban areas. These include towns and cities in various places across the country (not just coastal). Another reason for people living in cities is because of the family connections and ties. Some people live in the same areas their whole lives and for generations to come. People tend to live close to their relations, which is why in some areas there are more of a certain ethnic group then others.

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Obviously the greater the population the greater the need for different jobs to provide for those people. In major cities the chance of getting a well-paying job is favourably higher because of the number of businesss, factories and services to supply a growing city (Auckland alone inhabits a quarter of New Zealand's population). There is a rising need for jobs and people wanting to join the workforce to make more money and as a result more and more cities and towns are being populated (and less people around more isolated areas).

The growing trend that these factors influence may not impact on the whole percentage of the population too radically in the near future but in a few decades or so New Zealands major cities may find that they are over-populated therefore the problem will need to be addressed and a conclusion issued (Aucklands traffic problem for example is making it harder and harder for people to get where they need to go on time).

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SOURCES OF FUNDS

Entrepreneurs and some small businesses usually are not aware of the fact that numerous possibilities and combinations of financial packages can be obtained for funding. It is actually very important to understand not only the various sources of capital but also the expectations and requirements of these sources. Not knowing all the detail an entrepreneur or the small business owner might be frustrated with attempts to find appropriate capital.

Commercial loans, public offerings, private placements, convertible debentures, venture capital and informal risk capital are some of the major terms used in the search for capital.

Entrepreneurs and small businesses must not rely on only one source of financing. Obtaining smaller amounts would be much easier than trying to obtain one source for a large amount. This method is known as layered financing.

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Proper planning should be the golden key to unlock the opportunity of financing sources and you should target sources of funds that suites your particular needs. The following should be included in your plan

What do you plan to do with the money

How much capital is needed

Why is the capital needed

For how long will you need it

How you will repay the loan.

Sources of funds is the following

COMMERCIAL BANKS

About 11 000 commercial banks operate in the United States. Some banks will make unsecured short-term loans, but receivables, inventory or other assets secure most bank loans. Maturity loans of one to five years bank requires collateral in the form of machinery, equipment and real estate. Systematic payments over the life of the loan are required.

DEBT FINANCING

Long term financing can be obtained from manufacturers when particular equipment is purchased.

Short term financing can be obtained by negotiating extended credit terms with suppliers. The same is for Trade credit. Many businesses obtain this type of credit when no other form of financing is available to them.

Factoring is the sale of accounts receivable, under this arrangement, the receivables are sold at a discounted value to a factoring company.

Finance companies are asset-based lenders who lend money against assets such as receivables, inventory and equipment. The advantage of dealing with a commercial finance company is that it often will make loans that banks will not.

PERSONAL SAVINGS

Entrepreneurs should at first try to fund the business/venture out of their own pocket. Usually the lenders or investors wants to know that the entrepreneur put his own money up, this usually is also an indicator that the entrepreneur is willing to risk his money.

FRIENDS AND FAMILY

The second place that entrepreneurs look for money is from his friends or family who just might be interested and willing to invest in the company at a low interest rate. It is recommended that you set up family loans in a business-like fashion This is an excellent source of seed capital and can get a start up far enough to attract further capital from other investors.

ANGELS

Not all venture capital is raised through formal sources such as public and private placements. Many wealthy people in the United States are looking for investment opportunities. They are referred to as business angels or informal risk capitalists. These investors seek other, non-financial returns, among them the creation of jobs in areas of high unemployment, development of technology for social needs.

PARTNERS

Usually partners going into a partnership agreement pool together their private savings. In return, they share in profits.

HOME MORTGAGE

If you own a house that is already mortgaged, you can apply for a second mortgage on the amount of equity you have in the property. Equity is the value of the property beyond the total amount owed on it. The risk involved is that the bank can claim your house if you do not meet your mortgage payments.

CREDIT CARDS

You can borrow for the short-term on credit cards, usually at a higher interest rate than the prevailing interest rate.

LIFE INSURANCE

Some insurance companies will lend you money against the cash value of your life insurance policy.

SMALL BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (SBA)

These programs offer loans, loan guarantees, and grants to small businesses. The Small Business Association has helped many small businesses get started, including those unable to obtain financing from other sources.

VARIOUS TYPES OF CAPITAL AND THEIR USES

FIXED CAPITAL

Fixed capital is used to purchase a business' s permanent or fixed assets such as buildings, land and equipment needed. Large sums of money are usually invested in these fixed assets and credit terms are lengthy. Lenders of fixed asset capital expect that these purchases will increase the efficiency and profitability of a company to ensure repayment.

WORKING CAPITAL

Working capital is the funds needed to support a business's short-term operations, which include paying bills, pay salaries and wages, buy inventory and other everyday expenses. May be influenced by seasonal changes. Lenders expect that their capital will enable the business to produce higher cash flows to ensure repayment.

Typically, Mi Familia would like to obtain more working capital. The owner Dario Mendoza is working full time at another job an only devote part-time attention to his business. Obtaining growth capital would enable him want to devote his full time attention to growing the business and to earn a salary from the business.

GROWTH CAPITAL

Growth capital is the capital needed to finance an existing company's growth or expansion in a new direction. Companies who experience one of the above are operating the same as a new business. Lenders expect the same return from financing growth capital as for fixed capital. Funds should improve the business's cashflow position to ensure re-payment.

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Magic

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Newts. Witches' spells. Love charms. Flying broomsticks and cauldrons. Halloween. It's amazing how many stereotypes still exist about magic and witchcraft. We are living in a time when a tremendous amount of knowledge is available to the average person, and yet there still exist a great deal of misconception about, and even intolerance of, Magic. The reason why I chose Magic as my topic was because I have always had an interest in all things magical. However, when I first began researching this topic I came to realize that my views on magic were very narrow and stereotypical. I believe that through researching this topic thoroughly I have reached a better understanding on the world of magic.

The craft of magic making is an ancient one, woven into every facet of life to ensure survival. It is not just the rabbit in the hat illusion as we so casually view it. In our modern society, however, we have no need to fight for our lives or to ask the elements to help us find food and water. But because of the progress in material terms, our ancient connection with the land and the natural elements has diminished. The loss of contact with the natural elements means we have also lost contact with an immensely important part of ourselves, and consequently we behave as if we are separate from that other world beyond the veil, the world of spirit.

Some form of belief in witchcraft and magic exists in all lands, from earliest times to present day. The art of spell making, or witchcraft, is a very powerful and beautiful way to reconnect with this other life that runs parallel with our own outer realities. However, as with all things, it must be approached with reverence and respect, otherwise it can lead to all manner of problems.

Magic is created through intent of thought. The mind or intellect is the most powerful facility we possess. Therefore everything in our outer reality is a direct reflection on our inner thought processes, we are constantly creating our own realities, both consciously and subconsciously. It teaches that we in fact are our thoughts and what we think defines how we live and who we are.

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Today's culture has quite an interest about magic and witchcraft. It is proven by how many books and films that have recently been released are about magic. Harry Potter, Lord of the Rings, Hocus Pocus and Charmed are just to name a very select few, so I had no problems finding research material on my topic.

There has always been a mystery about magic and until now, magic was always a taboo subject. There were times, in the medieval ages when chaos broke loose and hundreds of thousands of people (mainly women) were being accused of witchcraft and sentenced to death. Even though the play, 'The Crucible' was fictional, the way witchcraft was perceived in Salem was completely factual. If any of those women behaved like how they did, today's society would label them insane. However, their lies and pretend fits paved they way for the witch hysteria that came about in Salem.

Because of extensive religious propaganda dating from the late Middle Ages, Magic has often been linked to Satanism. Magic beliefs and practices are no closer to Satanism than they are to Buddhism, Hinduism, or Islam. In fact, practitioners of magic do not recognize the existence of an all-evil supernatural being similar to the quasi-deity Satan. He is found mainly in Christianity and Islam.

It is also important to realize that some conservative Christians consider all non-Judeo-Christian religions to be Satanic. They believe that when followers of these religions worship their Gods and Goddesses, they are really worshipping Satan and/or his demons. For this reason, they consider Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Wicca, and hundreds of other religions to be either Satanism or inspired by Satan.

My ideas on magic have changed dramatically since I first began this topic. Like many others, I pictured magic as witches flying around on broomsticks or leprechauns watching over their pot of gold. I have since come to realize that real magic is more hidden and even your next-door neigbour could be a practicing witch or wizard. Witches come in all shapes and sizes and the majority don't proclaim their faith from their rooftops. Magic should not be feared of anymore but to be respected and celebrated.

Please note that this sample paper on Magic is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Magic, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Magic will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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