Joy Luck Club

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AMY TAN

Tan, Amy, Asian American novelist, was born in Oakland, Calif., on February 1, 15 approximately two and a half years after her parents emigrated from China. Amy Tan grew up in a rather large family as the second-to-youngest child. She attended high school in Switzerland and has been educated at eight different colleges, including Berkley and Oregon University.

Growing up in the San Francisco Bay area, she was fiercely opposed to her Chinese background in her youth, and she even went as far as sleeping with a clothespin on her nose hoping to narrow its Asian shape. Tans ties to China have so much to do with her mother. Though her father was a deeply religious (Christian) man, her mother always kept her Chinese traditions on reserve. When Tans father and brother both became terminally ill with malignant brain tumors, her mother called on as many of the Chinese religious traditions that she could. Tan says she is still haunted by these spirits that her mother so faithfully believed in; her works are especially reflective of these childhood experiences. After Tans father and her older brother died from brain tumors within eight months of each other in 168, her mother revealed that she had three daughters from a previous marriage still living in China. Tan felt sure that she was, in her own words, the wicked daughter, so she became more rebellious and rejected her background with a renewed vigor.

After this family tragedy, Tans mother took her and her younger brother to live in Europe. Tan finished high school in Montreux, Switzerland, and the family returned to the United States shortly thereafter. She attended numerous institutions before receiving a masters degree in linguistics from San Jose State University in 176. Though she has always had writing in her blood (her first published work was What the Library Means to Me at age eight), Tan has not always been the well-known author she is now. She has held quite a few odd jobs--bartender and carhop, for example. After graduation she worked as a consultant for developmentally disabled children until she turned to freelance writing in the early 180s.

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The overwhelming success that Amy Tan achieved with her first novel, The Joy Luck Club (18), resulted in part from the vividness of her recollections of growing up as a Chinese American. Although the novel dealt with the problematic relationships between Chinese-born parents and their Americanized children, Tan was reluctant to be considered a spokesperson for Asian Americans. She felt she was dealing with a personal conflict rather than with the raising of political consciousness. More importantly, she wanted her literary accomplishments to be regarded as aesthetic creations rather than as vehicles for cultural or historical edification, and the success of her subsequent novels did indeed establish Amy Tan as a notable literary presence whose bestsellers generated widespread, multi-ethnic appeal.

As a release from working 0 hours a week as a well-established business writer, Tan decided in 185 to pursue her dream of writing fiction. She attended a writers workshop, read lots of fiction, and began writing a short story. The short story she composed, called Endgame, was about a young girls success as a chess champion. Endgame eventually became a part of The Joy Luck Club, a novel which actually began as a series of short stories written for magazines.

The Joy Luck Club, her most widely-read work, was nominated for the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award, and was the recipient of the Commonwealth Gold Award and the Bay Area Book Reviewers Award, along with the massive amounts of praise it received from critics everywhere. Her latest book, The Hundred Secret Senses, is sure to be as successful as The Joy Luck Club and the subsequent novel, The Kitchen Gods Wife.

The Joy Luck Club related the experiences of four Chinese mothers, their Chinese American daughters, and the struggle of the two generations to communicate with one another. Tan was strongly motivated to write this novel when, after her mother was hospitalized due to an apparent heart attack, Tan decided to get to know her mother better, take her to China, and write a book. Finally, upon meeting two of her half-sisters on her trip to China with her mother in 187, she felt a sense of belonging, and she reflected this feeling and wove parts of her mothers life into The Joy Luck Club. Tans first novel met with instant critical and commercial success. It became the longest running bestseller on The New York Times bestseller list in 18. The book was also made into a feature film, for which Tan co-write the screenplay.

Tan followed her first successful novel with a second novel, The Kitchen Gods Wife, in 11. As with her first novel, her style was infused with flashbacks, storytelling, and a strong sense of history. Her second novel became a number one bestseller on The New York Times hardcover list. Her third novel, which focused on the bond between sisters, used ghosts and other unearthly phenomena to explore the intricacies of human relationships. It appeared on the bestseller list upon its release. In addition to her novels, Amy Tan wrote two childrens books, The Moon Lady (1) and The Chinese Siamese Cat, with illustrator Gretchen Schields.

The author now lives in San Francisco with her husband, Lou DeMattei, and has no children but two dogs she loves.

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SKILL 3

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SKILL ANSWER STATED DETAIL QUESTIONS CORRECTLY

PASSAGE ONE (Question 1-)

Ice ages, those periods when ice-covered extensive areas of the Earth, are known to have occurred at least six times. Past ice ages can be recognized from rock strata that show evidence of foreign materials deposited by moving walls of ice or melting glaciers. Ice ages can also be recognized from land formations that have been produced from moving walls of ice, such as U-shaped valleys, sculptured landscapes, and polished rock faces.

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1. According to the passage, what happens during an ice age?

(A) Rock strata are recognized by geologists.

(B) Evidence of foreign materials is found.

(C) Ice covers a large portion of the Earth¡¦s surface.

(D) Ice melts six times.

. The passage covers how many different methods of recognizing past ice ages?

(A) One

(B) Two

(C) Three

(D) Four

. According to the passage, what in the rock strata is a clue to geologists of a past ice age?

(A) Ice

(B) Melting glaciers

(C) U-shaped valleys

(D) Substances from other areas

PASSAGE TWO (Question 4-6)

The human heart is divided into four chambers, each of which serves its own function in the cycle of pumping blood. The atria are the thin-walled upper chambers that gather blood as it flows from the veins between heartbeats. The ventricles are the thick-walled lower chambers that receive blood from the atria and push it into the arteries with each contraction of the heart. The left atrium and ventricle work separately from those on the right. The role of the chambers on the right side of the heart is to receive oxygen-depleted blood from the body tissues and send it on to the lungs; the chambers on the left side of the heart then receive the oxygen-enriched blood from the lungs and send it back out to the body tissues.

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Mexico City History

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Mexico City is the capitol of Mexico and the center of the nations politics, culture and economic environment. Its current population is around 17 million which makes it the second largest metropolitan area in the world behind Tokyo, Japan.

Mexico was built on the ruins of Tenochtitian, which was the capital of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs had developed an advanced civilization that dominated much of what is now the country of Mexico during the 15th and 16th centuries. In the early 16th century Spanish explorers arrived and conquered the Aztecs, founding Mexico city on the Aztec ruins. Mexico City soon became the center of Spain's American colonies. Mexico gained its independence from Spain in the 180s and Mexico City became the capitol of the new nation.

Mask uncovered from Tlatilco

The central region of the Mexican high plateau has been inhabited by different peoples for at least 0,000 years. Evidence of this is found through artifacts uncovered at Tlapacoya and Tepexpan, although it is believed that the capitol of civilizations in Mesoamerica (Known as Olmeca), was actually focused on around the Gulf coast of Mexico between 1500B.C. and 500 B.C. These remains found at Tlatilco are mostly small figurines believed to be included in burial offerings. Others believe that these objects were dedicated to a cult to the dead which existed in the pre-Hispanic era.

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Other groups slowly developed settlements along the shores of the lakes, living off of small agriculture, fish, and small game which was usually caught in the surrounding forests. "Copilco, Tetelplan and Cuicuilco were some of the more notable ceremonial sites existing during the period from 500 B.C. to 100 A.D.." Cuicuilco was particularly special due to its circular pyramid which was eventually undone by lava flows from the Xitle volcano, which erupted during the 1st Century A.D..

Over the years from 100 to 00 A.D., many different human groups settled and flourished in the central part of Mesoamerica, the most important of which was Taotihuacan (around 0 miles northeast of Mexico City). "During this era the distinction of social classes was consolidated and an extraordinary level of urban planning, with carefully delineated rules of art and architecture linked to religious worship and everyday life was achieved." Most of these societies based their economies on planned agriculture, trade, and military rule.

Between 650 and 00 A.D., the city fell to surrounding establishments and relinquished its position of power. Other communities that rose to stand in its place were cities such as Xochicalco, Cacaxtla, and Cholula. The controlling military ideas of Teotihuacan were passed on and taken in by the Toltecas, whose culture grew and helped to aid in the fall of the city Tula, in around 1168.

A major change came in the 1th century with the arrival of the Mexica, whose primary god was Huizilopochtli, meaning Left-handed Hummingbird. Led by a priest Tenoch, one by one they conquered the established tribes and secured themselves a place by the lakes. In 1, they settled at Chapultepec, only to be driven out by the Acuhuas, forcing them to relocate to an island in the lake. The vision of and eagle devouring a snake while perched on a cactus growing on the island signified that the journey for the Mexica was over, and they established the City of Mexico- Tenochtitlan on June 8th 15.

Map of the origins of Mexico City and the surrounding areas

Due to the connections of the Mexica with the surrounding groups and people, Tenochtitlan became a melting pot for many different cultures. "Within the short period of about 00 years, they were able to expand to vastly, conquer surrounding tribes, and build a magnificent city. This expansion was done under the rules of Izcoatl, Moctezuma I, Axayacatl, Tizoc, Ahyuizotl, and Moctezuma II."

One of the biggest parts of the culture of the Aztecs was their religious beliefs and their monuments and holy constructions. The most prevalent of these constructions was the Templo Mayor. The Templo Mayor was a double pyramid dedicated to the gods Tlaloc, god of water and rain, and Huitzilopochtli, god of war. There were many other temples, all of which were dedicated to a certain god who represented a certain purpose. The Templo Mayor stood as "not only the most visible landmark of a vast urban infrastructure, but also represented the cosmic center of a universe which required frequent human sacrifice to sustain it."

The Aztecs started to branch out off of the small island that was the original city through a system of land refill and reclamation through small floating plots of land (Chinampas). Out of these came small canals which connected houses, palaces, temples, "a fully stocked zoo", plazas, markets, and even aqueducts. All of this construction and public mobility promoted a social and political organization centered around small productive communities, Calpulli.

The city remained connected with the rest of the civilizations in the valley through the large causeway with a network of bridges and dams, as well as jetties and docks. One of the most impressive things about these early settlement cities is their ability to blend the lines between rural and urban environments. By 151, the city was a dominant presence in the world, in terms of structures as well as advances.

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Self Harm

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Self Harm

Self-harm is when people deliberately inflict physical harm on themselves. It is not necessarily a suicide attempt and may not mean the person wants to die. People who self-harm are usually doing so to try and alter their mood, especially if they are angry or depressed. Self harm includes deliberately cutting, burning, biting and hitting your body.

Self harm can bring an immediate sense of relief but it is only a temporary solution. It can also cause permanent damage to your body if you damage nerves. If you or a friend are hurting themselves deliberately it is important that you take care of the injuries caused and if necessary, seek medical help.

It may also be necessary to speak to someone like a your local doctor or a psychologist or counsellor to help work through some of the reasons for hurting yourself and find alternative strategies for alleviating the pain you feel inside.

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In trying to stop hurting yourself, it is usually important that you have support from a friend, family member and/or health professional. It may also be necessary to have some alternative strategies to self harm for managing your emotions.

If you are feeling like you want to hurt yourself there are a number of things that you may try to distract yourself until the feelings become more manageable. Make sure that you are around people and remove any sharp objects. Some ideas for releasing energy or feelings include

Scream it Dream it - A place where you can release some of the emotions by writing things down and shooting them away in a rocket.

Do some exercise - Go for a run or walk to use up some excess energy.

Play video games - This may be a good way to distract you and help until the anxiety passes.

Learn relaxation techniques - Activities like yoga or specific relaxation techniques are often helpful in reducing anxiety.

Talk to someone - Talk with supportive friends or call a helpline like Lifeline (1 11 14) or Kids help line (1800 55 1800).

Suicides among young people nationwide have increased dramatically in recent years. Each year in the U.S., thousands of teenagers commit suicide. Suicide is the third leading cause of death for 15-to-4-year-olds, and the sixth leading cause of death for 5-to-14-year-olds.

Teenagers experience strong feelings of stress, confusion, self-doubt, pressure to succeed, financial uncertainty, and other fears while growing up.

For some teenagers, divorce, the formation of a new family with step-parents and step-siblings, or moving to a new community can be very unsettling and can intensify self-doubts. In some cases, suicide appears to be a solution.

Depression and suicidal feelings are treatable mental disorders. The child or adolescent needs to have his or her illness recognized and diagnosed, and appropriate treatment plans developed. When parents are in doubt whether their child has a serious problem, a psychiatric examination can be very helpful.

Many of the symptoms of suicidal feelings are similar to those of depression. Parents should be aware of the following signs of adolescents who may try to kill themselves

change in eating and sleeping habits

withdrawal from friends, family, and regular activities

violent actions, rebellious behavior, or running away

drug and alcohol use

unusual neglect of personal appearance

marked personality change

persistent boredom, difficulty concentrating, or a decline in the quality of schoolwork

frequent complaints about physical symptoms, often related to emotions, such as stomachaches, headaches, fatigue, etc.

loss of interest in pleasurable activities

not tolerating praise or rewards

A teenager who is planning to commit suicide may also

complain of being a bad person or feeling rotten inside

give verbal hints with statements such as I wont be a problem for you much longer, Nothing matters, Its no use, and I wont see you again

put his or her affairs in order, for example, give away favorite possessions, clean his or her room, throw away important belongings, etc.

become suddenly cheerful after a period of depression

have signs of psychosis (hallucinations or bizarre thoughts)

If a child or adolescent says, I want to kill myself, or Im going to commit suicide, always take the statement seriously and seek evaluation from a child and adolescent psychiatrist or other physician. People often feel uncomfortable talking about death. However, asking the child or adolescent whether he or she is depressed or thinking about suicide can be helpful. Rather than putting thoughts in the childs head, such a question will provide assurance that somebody cares and will give the young person the chance to talk about problems.

If one or more of these signs occurs, parents need to talk to their child about their concerns and seek professional help when the concerns persist. With support from family and professional treatment, children and teenagers who are suicidal can heal and return to a more healthy path of development.

It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teen-ager - who has lived for such a short time - would choose to die. But adolescents who cant get over their depression sometimes do kill themselves.

Boys commit suicide more often than girls, but no one is immune. In one recent survey of high school students, 60 percent said they had thought about killing themselves. About percent said they had tried at least once.

Why has the youth suicide rate gone so high in recent years?

Its easier to get the tools for suicide (Boys often use firearms to kill themselves; girls usually use pills);

the pressures of modern life are greater;

competition for good grades and college admission is stiff; and

theres more violence in the newspapers and on television.

Lack of parental interest may be another problem. Many children grow up in divorced households; for others, both of their parents work and their families spend limited time together. According to one study 0 percent of suicidal teen-agers believed their families did not understand them. (However, this is such a common teen-age complaint that other factors are playing a role, too.) Young people also reported that when they tried to tell their parents about their feelings of unhappiness or failure, their mother and father denied or ignored their point of view.

If your teen-ager has been depressed, you should look closely for signs that he or she might be thinking of suicide

Has his personality changed dramatically?

Is he having trouble with a girlfriend (or, for girls, with a boyfriend)? Or is he having trouble getting along with other friends or with parents? Has he withdrawn from people he used to feel close to?

Is the quality of his schoolwork going down? Has he failed to live up to his own or someone elses standards (when it comes to school grades, for example)?

Does he always seem bored, and is he having trouble concentrating?

Is he acting like a rebel in an unexplained and severe way?

Is she pregnant and finding it hard to cope with this major life change?

Has he run away from home?

Is your teen-aager abusing drugs and/or alcohol?

Is she complaining of headaches, stomachaches, etc., that may or may not be real?

Have his eating or sleeping habits changed?

Has his or her appearance changed for the worse?

Is he giving away some of his most prized possessions?

Is he writing notes or poems about death?

Does he talk about suicide, even jokingly? Has he said things such as, Thats the last straw, I cant take it anymore, or Nobody cares about me? (Threatening to kill oneself precedes four out of five suicidal deaths.)

Has he tried to commit suicide before?

If you suspect that your teen-ager might be thinking about suicide, do not remain silent. Suicide is preventable, but you must act quickly.

Ask your teen-ager about it. Dont be afraid to say the word suicide. Getting the word out in the open may help your teen-ager think someone has heard his cries for help.

Reassure him that you love him. Remind him that no matter how awful his problems seem, they can be worked out, and you are willing to help.

Ask her to talk about her feelings. Listen carefully. Do not dismiss her problems or get angry at her.

Remove all lethal weapons from your home, including guns, pills, kitchen utensils and ropes.

Seek professional help. Ask your teen-agers pediatrician to guide you. A variety of outpatient and hospital-based treatment programs are available.

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Speech

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A man-eating monster who terrorizes the Danish people. Grendel is a ruthless, stinnky, beast, yet Grendel is not simply a mindless monster. He is jealous over not being able to share in the Geat's feasting and celebrating under God's love. Grendel is doomed to an eternity of banishment from God's light because of his ancestors sin.

When Cain killed Able, God banished him far from mankind. Grendel is a descendant of Cain, so he shares his banishment. Grendel is therefore displaced from God. This is what causes Grendel to destroy. It is no wonder Grendel was considered so monstrous, he has nowhere that is a refuge to him, because he has been removed from his home, or in Grendel's case, the love of the Lord. Grendal took refuge in the bottom of dark foul lake. This gloomy swamp which is his joyless home

He is a deadly enemy to Hrothgar and Herot. Grendel willingly kills men in their sleep with no sorrow or remorse. The reason behind Grendel's slaughter is because he has been kicked out of the light and is jealous of their celebration under Gods love. Grendel is selfish and feels that if he cant be in the light that no one else should be able to either. It looks as though Grendel did not accept his banishment without a fight.

Grendel seems to take his only pleasure from assaulting Herot and destroying the warriors inside. All those that live under Hrothgars rule hate him. That's why Grendel, "driven by evil desire and swollen with rage, . Grendel seems to take his only pleasure from assaulting Herot and destroying the warriors inside. All those that live under Hrothgars rule hate him. worked so hard at attempting to destroy Herot. In Grendel's mind, if he could deprive the Geats of their meadhall, which they loved so much, then they would be like him a people with no home and with no joy.

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Grendel lives at the bottom of a foul lake with many other monsters.

Grendel, did not accept his banishment without a fight.

He is called the "enemy of mankind".

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The Handmaid's Tale: By Margaret Atwood

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I believe the novel, The Handmaid's Tale, was a genius's masterpiece. The whole book is Offred's diary that is found later and analyzed as one of the only pieces of evidence on the history of Gilead. By the end of the book, I started thinking about Gilead as a piece of history, and at the same time, the possible future. How do I know that I'm not going to end up just like Offred, trapped in a world that seems to just have shoved it's way into my life? I cannot believe that this fate is in my future, because we are conditioned to believe that we can help circumstances. Humans tend to always believe we are going forward in life. We like to believe we are not like our parents, grandparents, or ancient ancestors. We like to believe that we do not have the same social environment as them. We like to believe that we are constantly progressing, and constantly eliminating obstacles, extending to a sort of utopia. However, Atwood makes us think, Where are we going? When we get there, where do we go next? If there really is a utopia in our future, how do we know when we have reached it? And if we do reach a utopia and know it, does the world end then, because it can no longer progress? Gilead is supposed to be the near future although outsiders may see the past lack of freedom, captivity, sexism, discrimination, deprivation of education, war everything our history books tell us not to do. Even in the "Historical notes" when Professor Pieixoto calls Offred's Underground Femaleroad an "Underground Frailroad" (74) we see the same not so subtle sexism we saw two centuries ago.

It seems to me that most of Gilead revolves around the idea of a womb. A woman's womb is considered a flower. Offred constantly mentions flowers the lilies, the red, bleeding tulips that open up. Offred once finds Serena Joy hacking away at her flowers. I think she felt like her womb has disappointed her, and just as her flowers, her womb is useless. Offred gets two eggs in her breakfast every morning. Every morning, Offred examines her eggs; she admires them, treasures them, and almost worships them. Offred notes, "I think that this is what God must look like an egg…. If I have an egg, what more can I want?"(17). They are conditioned to believe their only value is in their womb.

The world of Gilead is almost entirely justified by biblical precedents. In the beginning, when God created man in his image, he then 'took a rib' from man (Adam) to create a 'companion' for him. Woman (Eve) is meant to be a follower of man. Of course, Eve is the one who defies God, and 'makes' Adam do so as well. I think the Bible is saying that women are trouble, and should not be given privileges. Atwood seems to play on this observation as well. In the 'Historical Notes,' Pieixoto repeats a quote; "Our big mistake was teaching them to read. We won't do that again."(8). Judd took the women's reading and writing privileges away, therefore eliminating the threat of defiance or rebellion. This is entirely justified by the Bible.

The Handmaids are stripped of their names and given names such as Ofglen, Ofwarren, and Ofcharles. The name, Offred, suggests she belongs to Fred, the commander. To rob someone of their name is to rob them of their identity. They have no identity. This is vividly apparent when Offred is meeting with Ofglen and realizes it is a different girl that approaches her. Offred asks, 'Has Ofglen been transferred, so soon?' The woman says, "'I am Ofglen.' Word perfect. And of course she is, the new one, and Ofglen, wherever she is, is no longer Ofglen. I never did know her real name." (5). Their name serves it's purpose, to state who their Commander is, and that is all anyone ever needs to know or wants to know about them.

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'The Ceremony', I believe, is incredibly destructive to the whole community, all for the sake of procreation. Serena Joy cries every time she takes part in The Ceremony. She must lie in a room and watch her husband have sexual intercourse with another woman who is lying on her stomach. This gesture, to watch, is disgusting on its own, but the fact that it is her husband makes it worse. Not to mention the fact that she is not allowed to have sex with him herself. She cannot bear children on her own. This takes away from her womanhood and, I am sure, makes her jealous of Offred. The Commander feels as though he is sinning knowing what he is doing to his wife. Offred is being degraded, violated, abused, mutilated, used… and "the Commander is fucking." (116). She must detach herself. There are no words to describe the horror of this act.

After the Commander has invited Offred into his office a couple of times, they must go to another Ceremony. Here the Commander has sex with her because it has become more personal. Later, Nick becomes a way for her husband, Luke, to live on, and she makes love to him.

Reading this novel now shocks me more, because the war is going on. I feel like Gilead is possible and is more likely now that we have so many nuclear weapons. I fear the day when Gilead takes over our society, and wish this day never to come.

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Feminism within Roald Dahls Childrens Book, The Witches

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Introduction

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Like all of Roald Dahls books, The Witches is a highly entertaining and humorously sarcastic look at many of the fears and realities that children face. As the title indicates, this particular Dahl story is about witches. From this simple understanding we know that the tale is about women, for only women are witches, males are warlocks. With that perspective in mind the following paper examines how one could look at Dahls story from a feminist perspective.

The Witches

It should be noted, first and foremost, that while can argue many different perspectives in an examination of this story, the perspective being offered is one that indicates Dahls book is a very negative look at feminism and at women in general, providing a somewhat derogatory understanding of who women are.

In understanding how Dahls work seems negatively directed at women we first look at the fact that women have, perhaps throughout history, been negatively classed as a witch if they voice their opinions or make a stand of some kind. Good women were called ladies and were never considered witches. And, in all honesty, there is only one good woman in Dahls book. That woman is not just any woman but a grandmother. In this respect we can argue that the grandmother symbolizes the ideal female who is neither pretty nor truly opinionated. She is nurturing for she takes care of her grandson and loves him. That is her life and she is not sexual, pretty, or threatening in any way. She is the ideal female, in the opinion of the stereotypical and ignorant male.

We are then left with all the other women in the book, all of whom are angry vicious witches. In the following we gain an introduction into who these women are, and they are far from nurturing and positive

In fairy tales witches always wear silly black hats and black cloaks and they ride on broomsticks. But this is not a fairy tale. This is about REAL WITCHES. REAL WITCHES dress in ordinary clothes and look very much like ordinary women. They live in ordinary houses and they work in ordinary jobs. That is why they are so hard to catch (Dahl ).

This simple introduction leads us to know that we would never be able to recognize a witch, for she does everything just like everyone else. She works and dresses like any other woman. We do not ever see these other women, but we assume they are mothers and good women like grandmothers. This is further emphasized in the following, which provides us an incredibly negative look at women A real witch hates children with a red-hot sizzling hatred that is more sizzling and red-hot than any hatred which you could possibly imagine.......Even if she is working as a cashier in a supermarket or typing letters for a businessman or driving around in a fancy car (and she could be doing any of these things), her mind will always be plotting and scheming and churning and burning and whizzing and phizzing with murderous bloodthirsty thoughts (Dahl 7).

Considering that the women we see are all witches, save the grandmother, we are led to assume that all these women we see who do not have children hate children and all they stand for. They are vicious and cruel creatures that look like everyone else and who act like everyone else. But, when we get them behind closed doors their evil comes forth as they ultimately try to destroy children.

Symbolically we can argue that what we are seeing is a picture of feminists who argue that women should not be obligated to have children. Feminists have often been seen in a negative light because society assumes they should have children. These witches are those evil women who do not want children. A woman who does not want children is presumed to be very unnatural and in this novel, so unnatural that she is an evil witch that wishes to destroy children.

This also symbolizes how much of a threat such women can be. They look like everyone else, but we better watch out because these independent women are actually incredibly evil. They are successful and appear to be perfectly fine, but they do not have children. This is a sign to a man that a woman is either a lesbian or a feminist in many ways. In Dahls novel we see this very powerful possibility for there is something wrong with these women who have no children.

Dahls novel just takes it one step further and indicates that any such woman is clearly an affront to nature itself. They are evil and they are dangerous creatures. They plot to rid the world of children, and thus symbolically are trying to change the course of a society in which women love children and nurture children.

In further understanding this particular perspective we note that the grandmother is more than a simple nurturing woman, she is also a witch hunter, indicating that any good woman would want to rid the world of women who did not want children The Witches, the main character is seven years old. His Norwegian grandmother, a retired witchophile, becomes his guardian upon the death of his parents...He....enlists the help of his indomitable grandmother to stop the witches evil plot to kill all of the children in England (Royer). In this we can clearly see how the grandmother is guilty of indicating women without children are evil.

We also note that the winners of the battle are a boy and a grandmother who hates witches, or women without children. This presents us with the power of men, for the boy is essentially the mastermind and power in the story. And, the grandmother is certainly on his side wishing to propagate the notion that women should always love children.

It becomes obvious that the story of The Witches offers many negative looks at women who are less than ordinary. And, interestingly enough, Dahl has often been criticized for such approaches Dahl has been accused of sexism by feminists in England, and has been criticized for his negative portrayal of witches by witches societies in the United States. These critics point to statements such as the following in making their case against Dahl But the fact remains that all witches are women (Royer). Many argue that the witch, such as Dahls witches are seen as a celebration of and a reaction against the power of the female imagination, female sexuality, and feminist politics (Bewitched by Witches). One individual, in response to Dahls derogatory attitude towards witches, and thus women as well, states While The Witches presents the same old stereotypes about our kindred, i.e. dwelling on the idea that Witches are evil persons determined to kill children, Dahl has eliminated the !

notion that Witches are ugly, old hags. The resulting message is preposterous (New Moon Rising).

Conclusion

In the end we see that the perspective of women in Dahls book is not a pleasant nor by any means a positive perspective. However, it should also be noted that Dahls books are primarily works that address the distrust for the adult world. Dahls works have always insisted that the children are perhaps wiser than adults, and that they should truly examine the world around them through their own lenses, not through the lenses of those who are in authority. As such one could take another argument in regards to the feminist perspective in this particular work, perhaps arguing that the witches are nothing more than representative of controlling forces and women, such as his grandmother, symbolize the wisdom and strength of women in general in helping children fight against unjust authority.

WORKS CITED

Bewitched by Witches. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//www.rowan.edu/elan/communic/lancioni/bewitched.htm.

New Moon Rising. An Open Letter to the Pagan/Wiccan Community. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//www.nmrising.com/public/76.htm.

Royer, Sharon E.. Roald Dahl and Sociology 101. The Alan Review, Fall 18, v6 n1. Retrieved 7 December, 00 from http//scholar.lib.vt.edu/ejournals/ALAN/fall8/royer.html.

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