Evaluation of system thinking tools & techniques

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Introduction

'At a broad level, systems thinking encompasses many methods, tools and principles that are oriented to looking at the interrelatedness of forces, and seeing them as part of a common process. This includes brainstorming and discovery techniques, scenario planning and graphs or diagrams representing the system relationships, as well as simply an awareness of unintended consequences.

The value of Systems thinking lies in its ability to assist organizations identify and effectively alter the systems they operate within, as a means of resolving the many challenges that may arise.

Through exploration of the concepts of the Learning Organization, this report aims to evaluate three System Thinking tools; Root Cause Analysis, Causal Loop Diagrams and Scenario Planning.Root Cause Analysis

Many organisations find themselves with unwanted, recurring situations. This is generally referred to as Root Cause Analysis, finding the real cause of the problem and dealing with it rather than simply continuing to deal with the symptoms.

In normal operational environments, it is often difficult to find candidates for root cause analysis as the situations which repeat are either distributed over time so one doesnt realize they are actually recurring, or the situation happens to different people so there isnt an awareness of the recurring nature of the situation. However, 'those situations which are recurring with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify are generally the most suitable candidates for root cause analysis.

An organisations first challenge in the use of any systems tool is that they must establish if the situation warrants the chosen application. RCA is best used on those situations which occur with the greatest frequency and consume the greatest amount of resources to rectify.

On completion of identifying the situation, the overall aim is to find the root cause of the issue and remove it prior to the cycle commencing again. However, it must be determined whether the removal of the root cause warrants the resources required to resolve the problem, rather than continuing to treat the actual symptoms of the problem.

The goal of root cause analysis is to investigate and determine the following;

• What is happening?

• Why is it happening?

• What is being done to prevent it from happening again?

Dealing with a recurring problem is not seen as an acceptable solution. Firstly, it is a requirement that the root cause be identified by the project team. Secondly, a plan is put in place to ensure the surrounding issues do not surface again in the near future.

Causal Loop Diagrams

Causal loop diagrams (CLD) are a way of attempting to understand inter-relationships which occur within all systems and processes. They trace cause and effect through a system and, in particular, attempt to model feedback.

There are two specific types of loops that are generally used to display system variables at work, the reinforcing loop and the balancing loop. The reinforcing loop depicts either growth or decline that is occurring within a system at an ever-increasing rate. A reinforcing loop is applied to a situation in which an action produces a result which in turn promotes more of the same action.

Represented in the diagram below is an assumption, the larger the Population the greater number of Births as there are more people of child bearing age. From our assumption, that any increase in Population will cause an increase in Births, and then a further increase in Population. These increases can be shown on the CLD by a + sign, as below. The positive sign indicates that a change in the causal variable will cause a change in the variable it is affecting in the same direction. That is, an increase in Population will cause an increase in Births.

This is the simplest CLD and represents a Positive Feedback Loop. A change in any variable will cause the system to continually move in one direction either continually increasing (a virtuous cycle) or continuously declining (a vicious circle).

The above example demonstrates a reinforcing loop, in which two factors are identified as an explanation into increased population. The 'elements' in this example are 'Population' and 'Births' and the circle structure represents the forces of influence and the '+ 'indicates that the influence adds to the element, had one element had a subtracting influence a '-'would have been displayed. The above diagram is by no means complete. As Population increases, deaths must also increase. And as Deaths increase, the Population will effectively decrease.

The decrease in Population due to an increase in Deaths is shown in the CLD with a - sign. This sign indicates that a change in the causal variable (Deaths) creates a change in variable it is affecting (Population) in the opposite direction. This second loop is known as a Balancing Loop. Balancing loops can be applied to any situation where an action is used in an attempt to bring the other elements within a system into agreement.

The use of causal loop diagrams should be approached carefully as it will only be with a thorough understanding of the process and the ability to identify leverage points within the system that an organization will be in a position to determine the most appropriate ways of influencing change.

Scenario Planning

Scenarios are stories that pose alternative futures for the organization, based on assumptions about current trends and events. Usually a best-case scenario, worst case scenario, and a scenario somewhere in between are developed to map out the ranges of possible futures the organization might face, the threats and opportunities each future might pose, and what the critical success factors might be in addressing those futures.

One of the benefits surrounding the construction of scenarios is to promote learning by the planning team; sensitize team members to plausible, though perhaps unlikely, futures; and develop strategies better able to handle most eventualities. However, the main purpose of scenario planning is to directly face inevitable uncertainties for long-range future and strategic outlooks. E.g. Global Financial Markets

Acknowledging uncertainty in this respect means thinking in terms of different but equally plausible interpretations of what is happening and the effects it will induce in the long run. In scenario-based planning these subjective interpretations and expectations are reflected as a number of alternative paths for future developments. This approach to planning serves as an aid to develop strategies that promise success under most divergent environmental conditions.

In order for the project to be successful, it was imperative for each team member give adequate contribution on the past history and success of this type of technology in their region. However, it was the project manager's responsibility to ensure that each of the Director's focus on looking towards the many possible futures that lay ahead of the organisation and the possible challenges these futures may bring.

By the end of the discussion, the working group had a number of scenarios to consider, along with the affects that they may have on the organisation. It then comes down to a vote (at board level) on which of the possible scenarios should be researched further and inevitably be invested in. Exploring these scenarios gave the organisation a better understanding of our current goals and strategies in which to forecast our long term strategic position in the market place.

Conclusion

It is common practice for companies to rethink their business strategies. With systems thinking can come new mental models and a shared vision to take organizations into the next century. Through providing its people with the basic concepts and tools, an organization is in effect encouraging them to take responsibility of the environments within which they work.

Each has to do with how we think, what we truly want, and how we interact and learn with one another."

However, some of today's most successful organizations are embracing these ideas to meet the demands of a global economy where the value of the individual is increasingly recognized as our most important resource.

Bibliography

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.systems-thinking.org/rca/rootca.htm

'System Behaviour and Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.public.asu.edu/~kirkwood/sysdyn/SDIntro/ch-1.pdf

James R, 'Validation of Casual Loop Diagrams', www.pmcorp.com

'Scenario Planning', www.planning.mala.bc.ca

Jepsen, M. Turner, T. Marshall, J. Dibley, C. Paterson, H. Calway, B. Brown-Parker, J. Buchanan, N. 'LEB50 The eBusiness Environment', Swinburne University of Technology

'Causal Loop Diagrams', http//www.cc.jyu.fi/~aphalo/YMP460/pdf/foilsYMP460_C.pdf

'Root Cause Analysis', http//www.materialsengineer.com/A-root-cause-analysis.htm

McNamara, C, 'Systems Thinking', http//www.mapnp.org/library/systems/systems.htm

Senge, P. 14, 'The Fith Discipline Field book', London, U.K.

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The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear

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Desire is a quality inherent to every human being. Each person possesses within themselves certain cravings, whether they be good or bad, saintly or malicious, frivolous or practical. In fact, the play King Lear clearly states that the desire for something greater than basic needs is what separates man from beast. While most people attempt to protect themselves from being overcome with their own greed and desire, some simply give into this deadly vice. They allow their lives to become focused solely upon the quest for money, status, influence, love, or whatever satiates their longing. For many of the characters in King Lear, the desire for power became their most destructive vice and eventually led to ruin, betrayal and death.

In the opening scene of the play, Goneril and Regan, the two eldest daughters of the aging King Lear, are seen contending for their father's inheritance. At Lear's request, they engage in a sort-of contest where they each express why they love him the most. In both of their flamboyantly flattering speeches, they profess undying love to their father who sits by and watches this sickening spectacle. The two sisters, clearly vying for a more lavish part of the inheritance, engage in shameless flattery in an obvious struggle for power (in the form of land). By stating, "I love you more than the world can wield," and "I find myself felicitate in your dear Highness' love," the girls clearly show their brazenness toward their aging father. The comments of Cordelia do much to solidify their falsity as she states, "…I am sure my love is more ponderous than my tongue." When she refuses to take the same path of extravagant compliments as her sisters, it shows that, because Lear favors her the most, her intentions were the most genuine. Thus the play shows that virtue is placed on the one who does not covet greater power.

The desire for power further manifests itself in the sisters even after they gain their respective inheritances. The two, nearly overwhelmed with power and responsibility, still feel the need to manipulate the people around them, namely those who remain loyal to their father. They are under the impression that the Earl of Kent, Lear's most loyal supporter, has been exiled and thus turn their wrath toward the Earl of Gloucester. They know that he maintained allegiance to their father, and took advantage of his weakened state which resulted from his manipulation at the hands of his son. In the most gruesome scene of the play, Regan and her equally power-hungry husband, the Duke of Cornwall, engage in gouging out Gloucester's eyes for aiding her father on his way to Dover. This brutal act epitomizes Regan's struggle for power as she ignores any sense of decency while torturing an old man for looking out for her father. She even goes so far as to reveal Edmund's treachery against him, information she knew would destroy the aged Earl. She does not exercise the slightest amount of mercy in revealing his son as she states that "thou call'st on him that hates thee." By this time, it is obvious that the girls, especially Regan, are completely consumed with the desire for power.

Within that gruesome scene, however, appears a character who exemplifies the antithesis of this struggle for power. The only person in the room during Regan and Cornwall's torture of Gloucester who spoke up against their brutality was the servant of Cornwall. Without doubt, this virtuous man possessed no desire for power or self-advancement, and instead acted based upon his own morals and values. In his plea to Cornwall, he stated that, "I have served you ever since I was a child; But better service I have never done you Than now to bid you hold." Then, when Cornwall refuses to yield, the two fight and Regan, in a fit of rage, stabs the servant. This demonstrates well the infectious and destructive nature of the desire for power as it seemingly triumphs over virtue and humility.

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Another character who embodies the want for authority is the bastard son of Gloucester, Edmund. From the very beginning, Edmund is introduced as different from his brother, Edgar. In the opening scene, Gloucester goes out of his way to label Edmund as a bastard, although he does have feelings of affection for the young man. Perhaps it is this separation that triggers Edmund's feelings of hatred toward his father and his half brother, Edgar, who is Gloucester's legitimate son and heir to his fortune. In his first soliloquy, Edmund reveals his disgust in Gloucester's love for Edgar and his intention to bring him down and win the love of their father.

"Legitimate Edgar, I must have your land [16]

Our fathers love is to the bastard Edmund

As to the legitimate fine word,--legitimate!

Well, my legitimate, if this letter speed,

And my invention thrive, Edmund the base [0]

Shall top the legitimate. I grow; I prosper

Now, gods, stand up for bastards!"

Paralleling the filial infidelity of Regan and Goneril, he too takes advantage of his trusting father and also seeks to destroy his brother. The two plots are very similar, both incorporating the fall of one character and the rise of another. Unfortunately for the risen, they are all eventually brought down; By the end, Edgar himself states that, "The wheel is come full circle I am here." By this he means that he has risen, as if on a wheel, and inevitably descended back to his rightful place.

Finally, the two parallel plots come together at the end as the two sisters battle for the hand of Edmund in order to complete their scope of power. It becomes obvious that Goneril has already established a relationship with Edmund, despite her marriage to the Duke of Albany. And, after Cornwall is slain by his servant, Regan announces her intention to seek the hand of Edmund. The sisters are obviously drawn to Edmund's recent acquisition of Gloucester's inheritance and aim to expand their own holdings by marrying him. Goneril's betrayal of her living husband, though, appears far more scandalous than Regan's intentions of marrying Edmund. Once again, they both show their shamelessness in seeking whatever will further their personal gains. Unfortunately, this struggle would turn the two against each other, as their desires once again overcame familial loyalty. In the final scene, after Edmund has been revealed, and in an ironic turn of events, a gentleman enters and announces to the Duke of Albany that, "Your lady, sir, your lady [is dead] and her sister by her is poisoned; she confesses it." In the end, the common desire that the two shared destroyed them both, as well as destroying Edmund, the object of their yearning. And Albany, who is the voice of reason in this scene, says, "This judgement of the heavens, that makes us tremble, touches us not with pity," because he knows that they all faced the fate to which they had been prescribed. Their actions came full circle and they were destroyed by the vices that they so emphatically embraced.

At the conclusion of this play, the resulting carnage allows the reader to see just how deadly the vice of desire was for the characters. The bodies of Regan, Goneril, Cordelia, Gloucester, Lear and Edmund plainly show the result of striving for power. Lear himself eventually regretted the loss of power, but only because he finally realized what good he could have done with it. Cordelia, like the servant, represented virtue as her loyalty to Lear endured through her exile to France. Unfortunately for her, as well as Gloucester, their loyalty was not rewarded. Gloucester, though, did die happy when he realized that Poor Tom was his true, loving son, Edgar.

Even more than jealousy, ignorance, lust or pride, desire led to the downfall of these characters. Some were the innocent victims, while some were the purveyors of this deadly vice. In the end, though, it was so strong that it mastered all loyalty and love. It ripped apart families, caused murder, suicide and madness. However, the surviving characters learned a valuable lesson. They learned that power does not lead to happiness and that one's family should be the recipient of all loyalty. In one of Albany's final addresses, he states very simply that, "All friends shall taste/The wages of their virtue and all foes/The cup of their deservings." And he was correct the lives of the ones who gave into power were eventually shattered, as well as the lives of the ones they loved.

Please note that this sample paper on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on The desire for power as the most destructive vice for the character in King Lear will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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To Be one

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We all set of around 50 amd meet at kilcoy servostation. we arrived at land cruiser mountain park around 80 and in a short brake in the weather we all set up then it started raining again. it rained for most of saterday. after setting up we all went and watched steve and andrew do SS1 which they broke a cv and snaped a winch cable on the first corner. after fixing the cv we went over to the next two stages. which they blized and were the first to drive SS with some help from a spare tire. they then did SS in the dark and got one of the best scores. after dinner we went to SS4 which was the gorge run it was made quite difficult by the rain. steve and andrew managed to win that that stage. by some clever thinking. on the sunday they hade the vertical asult which caused some damage to some cars. steve managed to make it to the second round and then found a tree after some decent air.

after the vertical asult we all packed up and went to the presentations and then headed of home. We all set of around 50 amd meet at kilcoy servostation. we arrived at land cruiser mountain park around 80 and in a short brake in the weather we all set up then it started raining again. it rained for most of saterday. after setting up we all went and watched steve and andrew do SS1 which they broke a cv and snaped a winch cable on the first corner. after fixing the cv we went over to the next two stages. which they blized and were the first to drive SS with some help from a spare tire. they then did SS in the dark and got one of the best scores. after dinner we went to SS4 which was the gorge run it was made quite difficult by the rain. steve and andrew managed to win that that stage. by some clever thinking. on the sunday they hade the vertical asult which caused some damage to some cars. steve managed to make it to the second round and then found a tree after some decent air.

after the vertical asult we all packed up and went to the presentations and then headed of home.

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Pornography

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In this paper I am going to defend that some but not all pornography is immoral. The pornography that I am going to be dealing with is any that I feel dehumanizes woman as sexual objects.

The main definition that I will be going by is from Judge Frank Easterbrook (Satris, 17). Pornography depicts women "dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities; enjoying pain or humiliation or rape; being tied up, cut up, mutilated, bruised, or physically hurt; in postures of sexual submission or servility or display; reduced to body parts, penetrated by objects or animals, or presented in scenarios of degradation, injury, torture; shown as filthy or inferior; bleeding, bruised or hurt in a context which makes these conditions sexual." He also says that pornography is a kind of act that has certain effects depictions of subordination.

This also covers three acts the locutionary act proposition expressed, perlocutionary act what effects our communication and the illocutionary act action preformed in saying words. Pornography is said to shut down or disable these three acts by first, locutionary act it causes fear, intimidation - prevents people from speaking at all, perlocutionary act fails to achieve its intended act, last illocutionary act, you speak but it fails to perform what you said. These are three main reasons why pornography could hurt women.

In comparing this to what Hobbes says, "in our natural state one has their beliefs and values and another has theirs", you satisfy your desires and I will satisfy mine.

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If we used these beliefs there would not be any moral or immoral beliefs for anything and this state of mine would definitely be unacceptable in today's society. On the other hand Aristotle's belief in the ultimate good would probably work better than any of the others that deal with strictly finding pleasure at any cost. I believe Aristotle's idea would work well because he feels that excellence and success should be intertwined with ones ethics and morals. He says you cannot be successful unless you are ethical, so when people are going for their goals or the ultimate good they will at least use judgment in their life. All other Hedonistical ideas would not work in society today. You can try to avoid pain but it always seems to find you and you will never be able to live a completely Europhoric life. Therefore all the ideas I used besides Aristotle's would not work especially if you apply it to pornography, in which case it would become out of control and Hedonistic behavior at any and all costs would be acceptable.

Law has traditionally considered pornography to be a question of private virtue and public morality, not personal injury and collective abuse. The law on pornography has been the law of moral regulation, not the law of public safety, personal security, or civil equality. When pornography is debated, in and out of court, the issue has been whether government should be in the business of making sure only nice things are said and seen about sex, not whether government should remedy the exploitation of the powerless for the profit and enjoyment of the powerful. Whether or not pornography is harmful to the social fabric has therefore been considered; whether particular individuals or definable groups are hurt by it has not been.

Since, in this traditional view, pornography can only violate an idea of the society one wants to think one lives in, the question of pornography has not required looking into who can violate whom and get away with it. Once pornography is framed as a concept rather than a practice, more thought than act, more in the head than in society, its effects also necessarily appear both weak and unsupported. So both what pornography is and what it does, lie in the eye of the beholder, to be a question of ones point of view and moral clause. And since the accepted solution for differing moral views has been mutual tolerance, one mans harm has been anothers social value. This is shown in the form of greenbacks, since the gross profit in the porn industry in the United States has doubled in the last ten years. One can argue this is due to the invention of the Internet and without enough effective interfaces from the judicial system.

The legal conception of what pornography is has convincingly shaped the social conception of what pornography does. Instead of recognizing the personal injuries and systemic harms of those depicted in the pornography, the law has told society that it is a passive reflection or suggestive by-product of the real world. It therefore becomes, a word or picture replay of, something else, which is not real. So its harms have not been seen as real. They have, in fact, been protected under the disguise of the name commonly given to them called speech.

In conclusion I would like to validate why I believe that pornography degrades society as a whole. I am a firm believer of many of Aristotle's ideas and theories. I believe what he says about having to mix success and excellence with ones ethics and morals are extremely relative to anyone in today's society. With corruption at an all time high in some of the most well known business in America today, I find it hard to believe that CEOs and COOs of all major companies consider their own personal ethics and morals when deciding what is best for their company, and ultimately their bank accounts. And I also wonder this; what sort of morals do the porn kings live by? How do they question what is right and wrong in their profession when theyre ultimate goal is to reach a part of society that many consider to be the lowest of the chain?

Please note that this sample paper on pornography is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on pornography, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on pornography will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Beyond the Broad-Brush

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The history of humans on Earth is mind-boggling. For more than ninety percent of human's brief history, humans have wandered in small bands, scraping out an existence in a world fraught with danger from animals, the weather, and disease. Only recently did humans decide to settle in villages and grow their food rather than hunt and gather it. And then humans learned to live in larger societies, eventually forming governments, class structures, economies, and empires, and some of these societies came to dominate others, and some got richer than others. When probing into it, one will discover deeper and deeper questions about why Europeans are now in America, why China didnt conquer Europe with its more advanced culture, and so on. Jared Diamond took on the task of having a reasonable discussion about the intriguing question of why Europeans spread all over the world during the past few centuries to a greater degree than ever before in human history? In Diamond's book Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies, he takes a wide-angle view of world history from very high up, in order to provide an overview of human societal development from about 11,000 BC to the present. Its an impressive book, but overall, Diamond's presentation is a little uneven, making this book difficult to rate.

Despite the fact that Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is broad and attempts to cover all major aspects of societal development (including technology, politics, language, and economics), but the book has its limitations. Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a book that works very well within the specific range it covers, but it turns out that that range is somewhat limited. In other words, Diamond is guilty of false advertising. The books cover and introduction imply that he is going to tell people why Europeans came to dominate the world in the past few centuries. He does not do this, because his arguments do not apply on that time scale, nor do they apply to such a modern situation. This book is well worth reading, as long as a person is aware of where it fits in the historical landscape.

Diamond focuses on the geographical and environmental factors that affect human societies. These are indeed very important factors. Remember that humans used to live outdoors. Humans used to carry most of our belongings with them. Humans used to know very few humans outside our own group. Humans used to be at the mercy of where the herds wandered, what the weather was like that year, and what the climate was like that decade. Diseases and droughts regularly wiped out whole tribes. Rivers or mountain ranges could literally be uncrossable for years at a time if conditions were not right. For the majority of human history, humans have been profoundly shaped by the immediate surroundings in which they lived.

Diamond makes a great case for why some areas of the world learned things earlier than other areas. How could a society possibly learn to domesticate animals if no domesticable species lived in that part of the world? How could they learn agriculture if few or none of the native plant species were domesticable? Indeed, the distribution of animal and plant species suitable for human domestication was not very equitable in the ancient world. Some areas just had it luckier than others. The winners were in Eurasia, which had the largest number of qualified candidates for domestication. For animals, qualification has to do with reproductive cycles, and other factors that make them easy for humans to adapt and modify to their purposes. For plants, qualification is about having large grains, being cultivable from cuttings, and other factors that make farming better compared to gathering. In contrast to Eurasia, Africa and the Americas suffered from a lack of candidates.

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Geography also affects the spread of information, or it did for most of human history. By looking at archaeological findings, it is possible to trace who knew what when, at least roughly. One can see types of pottery getting passed from society to society, for instance, as well as farming techniques and tools. Thus, large regions tended to share information faster, thus accelerating their development.

Many of Diamond's arguments are believable. The Earth is the way it is, and humans have been amazingly adaptive to be able to live in many diverse regions, from desert to tundra. But that doesnt mean that all humans had an equal shot at developing new lifestyles or at inventing new technologies. It would have been impossible for metalworking to evolve on some Pacific islands since some of them have no metal! In many cases that Diamond describes, those humans who developed certain capabilities are exactly the ones one would expect to have done so, given the physical surroundings they lived in. Thus, Guns, Germs, and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a detailed, well-researched, and thoughtfully organized book of what one would call physical history. Diamond describes unquestionable advantages that Eurasia had over the rest of the world. As he says, I expect that if the populations of Aboriginal Australia and Eurasia could have been interchanged during the Late Pleistocene, the original Aboriginal Australians would now be the ones occupying most of the Americas and Australia, as well as Eurasia, while the original Aboriginal Eurasians would be the ones now reduced to downtrodden population fragments in Australia. . Its the environment, not the people.

There are many specific issues that can to be brought up to react to Diamonds thesis. First of all, there are a lot of supporting factors that are important in societal development that cannot be explained by geography, local wildlife, and climate. They include factors like religion, the number system and languages. In the factor of language one could only wonder why did some parts of the world end up with alphabets, and others sets of characters? This may have had a deep effect on which societies were able to record and share information most easily. In the factor of the number system, the roman numerals are notoriously tedious for doing calculations. Arabic numerals, in contrast, are still in use today because they proved to be much easier and more adaptable. This may contribute to the dominance of Middle Eastern science a few thousand years ago. "The remaining way for kleptocrats to gain public support is to construct an ideology or religion justifying kleptocracy." In the factor of religion Diamond makes the fascinating point that religion evolved in parallel with systems of state government, primarily as a means to justify military action and class differences. This is a broad explanation for the development of complex religions designed for mass appeal in societies of thousands of people. Why did Buddhism and Taoism evolve in East Asia, while monotheism arose in West Asia? Did these differing worldviews shape the societies that practiced them, perhaps contributing to their paths of development?

Diamond did bring up these very points, but he does not do much with them. He has little to say beyond setting up the structure, such as why state religions evolved in the first place. In these cultural cases, Diamonds view is simply too little.

The bottom line is that physical arguments are very broad-brush. They are entirely acceptable when considering large area of history that cover thousands of years during which humans were totally dependent on their environment. But they cannot help on short time scales, where local cultural effects matter a lot. Nor are they relevant in the modern, interconnected world where geography plays much less of a role. That is not to say that it has no effect, only that it has less effect now than it did when humans were wandering around in groups of 40 people or so. Guns Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies doesn't give one a complete answer to Yali's question in full, but explains different cultures limitations and advantages geographically and environmentally. So Guns, Germs and Steel The Fates of Human Societies is a solid book to explain such things as why Native Americans developed agriculture after the Chinese did, and why some Pacific Island cultures never developed it at all. It explains why small pox and syphilis were so devastating to tribes of the New World, while their diseases rarely did so much damage to people of the Old World. It explains why cultures that had agriculture could go on to develop complex states, which supported specialist classes, including the class of soldier. But do not expect to learn why Britain hates France or why China adopted Communism. These things are beyond the broad-brush of physical analysis. So in the end, one will stick to what one said at the beginning that this is an excellent book for the range it works in. But that range is a bit limited.

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Legalize Marijuana

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Right now, many people are being fined or imprisoned for trafficking marijuana, especially in southwest Saskatchewan. If marijuana were legalized, how much would the crime rate go down? Also, many people die from legal "drugs" such as alcohol and tobacco, yet there has never been a recorded death from someone just smoking marijuana. To overdose on marijuana you would need to smoke fifteen thousand pounds in fifteen minutes. This drug has also been proven to help patients who have cancer and are taking chemotherapy, because smoking marijuana makes you hungry, or gives you the "munchies". The Canadian government has recently been discussing legalizing this drug. There are many advantages and many disadvantages on this drug being legalized.

There may be some problems to legalizing this marijuana. One problem would be abusing the substance. It may become like a new tobacco and people could start smoking packs a day. Should children be allowed to buy it or smoke it? Or shall there be an age limit like alcohol and tobacco? When someone is high off of marijuana, the user's reaction time slows down and perception of time is off. This would make driving dangerous.

There would have to be a way to solve these problems. To solve substance abuse, the government could make a limit on how much you could buy at once. If you were required more for medical purposes, the doctor could write a prescription out for you. If you did not want young people to buy or smoke it, you could do an I.D. check before they buy it. To keep people from driving while under the influence of this drug, there could be strict driving laws against it, which would make you pay heavy fines.

Marijuana should be legalized, because the crime rate will go down. In Amsterdam, Holland, after they legalized marijuana, the crime rate dropped forty per cent. Have you ever heard of someone dying from marijuana?

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The Great Portrayal of Women

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If someone were to look up the word woman in the dictionary they would get some thing similar to this "an adult female human being. (Microsoft Encarta) There are also many other words to describe a woman from today's words like chick and girl to back in the middle ages and medieval times when women were known as maidens or damsels. For many years women have not been viewed as equals to men up until the last century, and yet the role of women in society is still constantly changing. Geoffrey Chaucer gives his readers a slight glimpse into the life of a few women of the medieval society in his collection of stories known as The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer portrays the men and women of this time period quiet accurately. Chaucer gives his readers a glimpse into the lives of a nun, a monk, a friar, a lady known as "the wife of bath" and a group of merchants and their wives. While letting the reader into the lives of these people Chaucer makes quite a bit of a difference in the way he describes different sexes; Chaucer, seemed to lead the reader to believe that women had an evil-like quality, and that they always tempt and take from men. They were depicted as selfish, spiteful and vain. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote the Canterbury Tales in the late 1400s. Chaucer cleverly reveals a particular social condition of England during the time; in this period, the status, role, and attitudes towards women were clearly different from that of today. Women were seen by many to be inferior to men during the middle ages. Women were taught by the church that they should be humble and compliant to their fathers and husbands. However very few of the women during the middle ages could stay quietly at home because most of them had to work for a living. The women would work in the fields beside their husbands and fathers, while at the same time feeding and clothing their family. The wives and daughters of the craftsmen were often employed and operated as tradeswomen on their own. In the towns, women worked in a variety of occupations. Some women were shopkeepers, others were spinners, while some were bakers. Both married and unmarried women were expected to work for a living. Often women would do a combination of several jobs because they were paid less than men. The women also dressed differently depending on their status, their status being whether they were married or not. Young single women often wore their hair loose where as married women were expected to keep their hair covered at all times in a linen as a sign of modesty. Many unmarried women entered convents and nunneries where they would live their lives in a similar way to a monk. Nunneries offered women the opportunity to lead a religious life, obtain an education, and take on responsibilities they would not have been able to in the world out side of the nunnery. As local landowners and employers, many nuns played an important part in the community. In reality landowners whether they were male or female were powerful figures in medieval society. An unmarried woman of property had the equal rights of a man. However when a woman got married she gave up all her land and rights to the man she married. On his death she was entitled to one third of his land upon which to support herself.

Women according to Chaucer, were selfish, spiteful and vain. All women to him possessed these qualities but he choose to bring one out more than the other two in each woman he wrote about. The first woman he wrote of was the prioress, she was a selfish woman who did not honor her vows to her church. Chaucer says it best when he says "Her greatest oath was only "By St. Loy!""(line14). In her using "By St. Loy!" Chaucer is making reference to St. Eligius, patron of goldsmiths and courters. This is just one way the prioress is shown to be selfish, in it her love of gold and herself is shown. Nuns during those times took a vow of poverty and celibacy, in the prioress's love for gold and herself she breaks those vows many times. The first thing we see is that she feeds herself only fine things like meat and white bread and then we see that she wears a trinket with the inscription "love conquers all" which shows that she longs for a love. The prioress to many is very selfish for doing those things. She knew how she would have to live and she still went along with becoming a nun. In her wanting to both be a nun and live a wealthy life of fine things she shows that she is selfish and believes she should always have things her way.

The wife of Bath is a very spiteful women, who desired only a few simple things in life. The wife of Bath is a tough woman with a mind of her own and she is not afraid to speak it. She intimidates men and woman alike due to the strength she possesses. But instead of showing this as a positive characteristic, Chaucer makes her toothless and ugly. However, Chaucer, instead of portraying her low-social class as shameful, showed that she is actually prudent and eloquent. The wife of Bath has also had five different husbands and countless affairs, thus breaking innocent men's hearts. Chaucer tells about her many affairs best when he states "And knew the remedies for love's mischances /An art in which she knew the oldest dances" Chaucer portrayed her as spiteful but in reality she was just a woman trying to make a better life for herself in a society where women were looked down upon.

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