William Golding

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After serving as a WWII fighter pilot, Golding returned home no longer disallusioned. He had seen with his own eyes what evil and horrors of man is capable of committing. In his novel Lord of the Flies he used this new insight to imply that man should no actually fear a beast that he can touch and

feel, but rather the evil that each man is capable of committing.

Golding uses many examples of man fearing not a beast but man himself. one is on page . It

gives good detail about everybody being scared and worried. Then it says,simon stirred in the

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darkness right after that Piggy says, You shut up, young Simon! Why couldnt you say there wasnt a

beast? Golding never comes straight out and says it, but he uses great expressions as to how Simon is

being mistaken for a beast.

After Simon was misken for the beast, Golding gives another example of fear of the unknown

beast. On page 5 it says, There was a speck above the island, a figure dropping swiftly beneath a

parachute, a figure that hung with dangling limbs. Sam and Eric was on duty to keep the fire going, Eric

noticed the dead pilot swaying with the wind. But it was dark and he couldnt make it out. He called

out Sam, Sam, until he finally answered. Sam and Eric saw the figure, but never got close enough to be

certain of the figure. Then again man is fearing man himself instead of a beast.

Golding implies that if Simon leaves to join the others, he will still find evil among the boys at the

beach. On page 10 it reads, Simon, walking in front of Ralph, felt a flicker of incredulity-a beast with

claws that scratched, that sat on a mountain-top, that left no tracks and yet was not fast enough to catch

samneric. The next sentence says that Simon pictures a human at once heroic and sick. I do not believe

that Simon actually fears a beast but a man.

In conclusion, I think Golding is trying to imply that every human sees only the bad and not the

good side of people. Although Golding had just got out of WWII, I believe he has a point about the

whole man vs. man idea.

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NIKE

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The athletic apparel industry in which Nike is involved is a major money maker in the United States, but the fact that none of the factories are located in North America has brought some heat to the company. Nike controls more than 40 percent of the U.S. Market for sports related goods, but doesn't have a single sneaker factory in this country (Miller 1). Nike continues to make millions of dollars yet exploits workers overseas by paying them very little, while requiring long hours without overtime pay in factories that are not up to "American" standard. Nike subcontractors employ nearly 500,000 workers in plants in Indonesia, China and Vietnam (Saporito 1). The exploitation of workers in Third World counties, where the majority of Nike's labor is done sparks a controversial issue. People question why is it that Nike continues these practices. According to "Just do it, Nike," Nike seems especially fond of doing business in undemocratic countries like China and Indonesia, where the military can be relied upon to "crack heads" if workers get out of line (Miller ). The military monitoring has been a large controversy due to the fact that these are often Chinese working against other Chinese workers, or Vietnamese against their own people also. For Nike there are two benefits it it's a cheap way to monitor in an overseas factory and it creates a sheaper labor workforce. In turn making the labor cheaper for Nike. This makes it possible for Nike workers from the states to work on other things and only tour the factories when nessecary. While still assuming a stable workforce without good pay. The critics of Nikes labor practices have taken tours and witnessed the mistreatment firsthand. Time magazine reported saying," The plants were found to be modern and clean, well lighted and ventilated and paying a decent wage by local standardsalthough by no means are they trouble free. Make no mistake these are factories not amusement parks, and even in developing Asia, where jobs are scarce and getting scarcer, this is not the job of choice." (Saporito 1) The wages that the workers overseas are paid is nothing when compared to how much we pay for a pair of shoes or the profit that CEO Phil Knight is making off his sportswear giant he once operated out of the back of his car as a college student. "A big issue that surrounds sweatshops is wage. The minimum wage often does not reflect the cost of living." (Hepner Online) Is the wage fair? There are many people who feel the wage is fair and the cost of living is taken into account when the wage is looked at, but studies show otherwise in many factories. Just recently, CNN reported a raise to entry level workers in Indonesia, Nike officials said "the increase will raise the minimum monthly compensation packagewhich includes bonuses, housing, healthcare, transportation and meal allowances to approximately $7.14 a month."(Nike Establishes Labor" Online) To many people living in the U.S., that package may sound good however the compensation package doesn't do away with the long hours, the poor conditions or the low rate of pay. Many of these workers are young children working to help support their families. The benefits do not make up for the low pay rates that keep them in the work force. The pay is only enough to get by where these children want to be saving in order to leave the factories and return home. In "Taking a Look inside Nike's Factories", part of Bill Saporito's, "Can Nike Get Unstuck?" this is what was found. "Americans pay $100 for a pair of shoes that a worker gets less than $ a day to make. They pay Michael Jordan $40 million to endorse them. Can't they find more money to pay the workers? The short answer is no, because corporations pay the going rate for labor whereever they are." (Saporito 1) If this statement is true Nike pays the wage for the country the factory is in, then what is the controversy about? Much of it stems from the overtime that these workers are forced to work without over time compensation. Here in the United States there are regulations placed on businesses that require then to compensate their workers with a higher wage for over time hours. So since Nike is an U.S. based company should Nike have to pay overtime? The answer is no. Nike doesn't have to pay overtime like here in the U.S. so they don't. In Vietnam "Workers so want a reduction in overtime, the length of annual leave for the Indonesian workers making Nike shoes is more than 0 days though dozens of workers interviewed in November, said the actual amount is 10 days." (Ballinger ) There has been evidence of Nike breaking at least nine labor laws in China according to AMRC; a Hong Kong based human rights group that has been monitoring the abuse of human rights in China for the last 0 years. "Children as young as 1, were found employed in Nike factories, working from 144-1 overtime hours per month to make ends meet." (Designer 1) Ernest and Young, an accounting firm, hired by Nike, to do research and the issue reported conditions in Vietnam "where young women toil sixty-five hour weeks for $10, in air so bad that 78 percent of the employees have respiratory problems." (Miller1) Factory workers endure abuse on the job lacking a voice or ablility to do anything about it. Since Nike contracts out for their factory managers, it has been hard for Nike to regulate what goes on when they are not on their tour or walk through. "A Korean supervisor in a Vietnam factory was found guilty of beating 15 Vietnamese about the head with a shoe "upper", and another Korean supervisor was charged with sexual molestation." (Saporito ) In this instance it was not an U.S. supervisor, nor was it a military officer but someone of a different nationality. The hard part is that there are no independent unions and meaningful corporate codes of conduct to discipline management. So workers must turn to the courts for help which is a long fought battle that no one wants to attempt. In one case that made it to, a Vietnamese court recently found a Korean supervisor guilty of beating workers and extradition may be sought for the accused sexual molester who fled. In Indonesia 4 discharged Nike workers are challenging the legality of their dismissal before the country's Supreme Court (Saporito ). These are major breakthroughs in the court systems to have someone tried and convicted in these distant countries whose courts are often corrupted. Factory conditions are consistently getting press here in the U.S., as many are angry with Nike for not providing for their overseas employees. The following account is of the conditions in a Chiniese factory Twelve hour shifts several days a week; wages as low as 16 cents and hour; 16 workers to a dorm room; pregnant women fired. Workers are not allowed to talk. There is constant pressure to produceworkers are yelled at. If you don't meet your high production quota you must stay until you do-without pay. The factory is noisy, filled with dust and fumes. Workers have fainted, overcome by the long hours and the glue fumes. One worker died; another lost an arm; other has had their fingers broken by the equipment. Most workers have never heard of the Nike code of conduct. There is no union and workers are afraid that if they complain, they will be fired. When a group of workers stopped working in March to protest had not been paid, they were fired. The supervisor warns workers in advance of any inspection, the factory is cleaned and if workers are interviewed it is in the presence of factory management. ("The Neediest and the Greediest" 4) This is only one description of the factory conditions and the requirements that are put on the workers of these factories, on contract with Nike. In order to deal with the criticism Nike gets about working conditions and pay, "Nike Inc recently established a new department with a mandate to continue to evolve it's monitoring of subcontracted manufacturing facilities and to continue to upgrade conditions for workers in subcontracted facilities around the world." ("Nike establishes" 1) This department will monitor, compensation issues, benefits, the work environments, recruiting and hiring policies, overtime policies, worker management, environmental issues and supervision of independent monitoring systems. All these are large steps by Nike to improve it's factories and to repair the relations with people here in the U.S. who are appalled by the reports of poor work environment workers are forced to endure. "The company has been tarred by an image as a sweatshop operator that exploits Asian workers who make shoes and apparel for Nike subcontractors. Nike's efforts to be a good corporate citizen, and they have been considerable, have yet to sway the public forum. Basically, our culture, and our style, is to be a rebel, and we sort of enjoy doing that," says Knight, who created a jock empire based on hero worship backed up with good product and great advertising. "Now that we reached a certain size there's a fine line between being rebel and being a bully, and yeah, we have to walk that line."" (Saporito 6) According to Knight he will continue to make the sport-wear giant successful any way he can. "The estimated net worth of co founder and current CEO Phil Knight is $5.4 billion, one of the wealthiest people in America." (Miller 1) The issue remains whether the sports wear giant, Nike, will continue to do work in other countries, where labor is cheap and regulations are few, and not monitored on a normal basis. Nike will continue to exploit workers in these countries as long as America continues to buy the products. Nike, who recently spent $78 million in one year on advertising worldwide, depends upon Americans and their children to purchase its sneakers. Yet it locates 150 factories and some 50,000 jobs in Asia. Knight recently made the absurd and arrogant statement that, "Americans don't want to make shoes."" (Sanders ) Is CEO Phil Knight right? Are American workers not willing to make the shoes that are so popular in stores and classrooms across the nation. If so, the exploitation will continue and Nike workers will remain underpaid and over worked in poor working conditions.

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Gwen Harwood, Father and Child

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Gwen Harwood (10-15) was born and educated in Brisbane; she was one of Australias greatest lyric poets. She began writing poetry in 150. In this time, men were still dominant, and only very few women entered the work force. Gwen¡¦s poems are based on her Christian beliefs and societys beliefs. However, Gwen did not just follow the strict social rules, instead of challenging the beliefs towards motherhood and many other issues of the time. She also wrote some stories and critical essays. Now, it¡¦s my pleasure to present and analyse one of her well-known poem ¡¥Father and Child¡¦.

The poem ¡¥Father and Child¡¦ is actually made up by two poems in narrative style; it tells the story of a young child whose journey from total innocence to the brutal death is the major thematic concern. Because it is made by two parts of poem, we can easily compare these two and also to understand how author portray the difference perspective in these two poems.

¡¥Barn Owl¡¦ is the first part of this poem; it describes the understanding of a child¡¦s inner world. Harwood sets the poem in the point of view of the child as it allows the audience to into the child¡¦s thought and emotions. When the child says, ¡§Let him dream of a child obedient, angle-mild¡¨ which in the poem represents the child is trying to against her father¡¦s order and acts as individual. As the child is aware that while its father is ¡§robbed of power by sleep¡¨, he is the one in control. The use of the metaphor ¡§Master of life and death, a wisp haired judge¡¨ describes the power that the child has hold in form of the gun. Harwood uses visual and smell image to make the hunt of the owl effective and really. ¡§I stood holding my breath, in urine-scented hay¡¨ the use of smell image allows the audience to visualise the smell of the old barn, and feel as thought they are standing beside the child. ¡§Beating his only wing, as I watched, afraid¡¨ Harwood uses the strong image of the dying owl to emphasise the child¡¦s shock and disbelief of death. The child¡¦s frightened action illustrates to the audience that he had no prescience of his action and the result it would have, ¡§a lonely child who believed death clean and final¡¨. ¡§I saw those eyes that did not see, mirror my cruelty¡¨ this represents the child loses her innocence, the realisation of how bad of her action.

The father speaks once in the poem; ¡§End what you have begun¡¨ this changes the child understands of the responsibilities associated with power and the consequences of the misuse of this power. ¡§Owl blind in the early sun¡¨. The symbolic description of the owl allows the audience to make a contrast between the owl and the child. The owl which is old and wise is compared to the young child who is youth and lacks of wise. The conclusion of the poem states ¡§for what I have begun¡¨, suggesting to the audience the child has lost their innocence and father¡¦s trust, beginning something which cannot be reversed.

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In contrast to innocence of the young, Gwen Harwood also attempts to understand death and how it changes the personality of the people experiencing its influence. In the second part of the poem ¡§Nightfall¡¨ continuous the story of the child forty year from ¡§Barn Owl¡¨ and completely changes to a different person from ¡§the child once quick to mischief¡¨ attempting to cope with her father¡¦s imminent death. Moreover, unlike the child in ¡§Barn Owl¡¨, she understands the implications of death, ¡§what sorrows, in the end, no words, no tears can mend.¡¨ The father, who in the first poem is depicted as an ¡§old no-sayer¡¨, is now held in high esteem. He is admired and respected as an ¡§old king¡¨. Besides, ¡§Nightfall¡¨ is written in the form of an ode that taken through the feelings of the women who is narrating the story herself.

In compare to the narrative of ¡§Barn Owl¡¨, the language of reflection and memories constructs ¡§Nightfall¡¨ who can be what you were? Link your dry hand in mine, my stick-thin comforter. Far distant suburbs shine with great simplicities. Birds crowd in flowering trees.

The extended metaphor ¡§Since there¡¦s no more to taste ripeness is plainly all. Father, we pick out last fruits of the temporal.¡¨ Appeals to our senses and is known an aural metaphor, it illustrates the father¡¦s life becoming satisfied. It has come near to its end and the father and child will now spend the last moments of the father¡¦s life together. Additionally, over time, her appreciation of her father has changed; this is shown through ¡§who can be what you were?¡¨ and ¡§old king, your marvelous journey¡¦s done.¡¨ She has realized that the valuable life and great loss will be left after he is gone. The child, now a grown woman learns another lesson about death, it can be quiet and peaceful. For instance ¡§you night and day are one¡¨ suggests that death can be as simple as going to sleep and never waking up. As we can gather from the examples, Gwen Hardwood uses languages to create dynamic backgrounds and images to subtly delineate the changes experience by the character in the poems.

In Harwood¡¦s poems entitled ¡§Father and Child¡¨. She explores the changing relationship between a father and child; the self growing up and growing old. This can include emotional and physical growth of self. Through the study of both poems, it is the presence of death that has caused the self to change.

Thank you for listening!

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Consumer-Manufacturer Relationships

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The American Honda Corporation has a great track record of consumer-manufacturer relationships, making it important to research the relationships it has built with the consumers. New technologies in communications and database management have led to an explosion of managing consumer relationships. This holds true, especially in consumer and business-to-business, as the marketing effort returns from a mass mentality to a shopkeeper's mentality, from supply to demand marketing. The ideal one-to-one approach is through direct marketing to capture understanding, evolution, value and treatment of customers (Stearns 1).

The American Honda Corporation began as a small motorcycle company in 15. Today, Honda is a top manufacturer of motorcycles, power equipment, ATVs, generators, marine engines, and automobiles. From the first Honda vehicle, the S500, released in Japan to today's top-selling Accord and Civic, Honda is one of the world's leading manufacturers in the automobile industry. In 167, auto production began in the Suzuka factory. In 17, the Honda Civic debuts and by 177, the Civic ranks first in United States fuel-economy tests for the fourth consecutive year. The Honda Prelude debuts in 178, followed by the most profitable Honda Accord in 18. In 186, Honda introduces its luxury line, Acura. By 10, the Honda Accord becomes the best-selling car model in the United States and wins the fifth consecutive 1st ranking in the J.D. Power and Associates Consumer Satisfaction Index.

Honda Motor Corporation's basic philosophy of making products acceptable in international markets has led the Company and its subsidiaries' unique business development since its early days. As customer acceptance of Honda products in key markets increases, this philosophy has expanded to a basic business strategy of making products wherever they are being sold in quantity. Through this approach, Honda has been able to contribute to the economic welfare of a number of countries that produce Hondas. An example of Honda's commitment to the people and countries in which its products are sold is Honda of America Manufacturing, Incorporated, in Marysville, Ohio.

Because of successful marketing relationships with customers, Honda has gained a great reputation for itself. It has created a unique development and manufacturing capability producing a variety of consumer products built around compact, high-performance engines. By developing, manufacturing, and supplying 'quality' products, using local resources, and reinvesting capital, Honda fulfills its goal of being a responsible and contributing corporation.

Honda always finds a way to delight its customers, be it the gas efficient hybrid vehicle or the launching of scooters in India; there is always something new to make Honda customers proud of the company. Honda realizes the need for achieving cost leadership and often devises ways to delight its suppliers, but it is usually difficult to find the right vendor. Honda tries hard to build a long-term relationship. In order to sustain long-term relationships, most suppliers are inter-linked with Honda. While some companies try to make the payment procedure complex, with the underlying intention of delaying the payment, Honda is trying to come up with procedures so that payment can be expedited. Such activities undertaken by the company makes it an ideal customer in the eyes of the suppliers who reciprocate by providing the best of their products and services at the lowest possible price. The symbiotic relationship results in fruitful association for both (Sharma 1).

Relationship marketing, itself, centers on all marketing activities directed toward establishing, developing, and maintaining successful exchanges with customers. It is crucial to maintain positive relationships with the customer and the manufacturer of the product, because loyal customers tend to be more profitable to keep than those who are price-sensitive and see little difference among competing products. Also, a company that is successful usually has strong relationships with customers, making it hard for any other competitor to penetrate the interests of the customer. For example, Honda spends more than $5 billion annually for materials and components from three hundred suppliers. The expenditures by the three hundred member purchasing staff at Honda of America represent eighty percent of the firm's annual sales. Each sector of the chain is involved in manufacturing the product, the marketing techniques, delivery, and customer service support after the initial sale. If any of these factors were affected, so will the success of the popular products within the corporation (Hoffman et al 174).

Since the typical industrial corporation spends over half its sales revenues on industrial purchasing, supplier management has been recognized as crucial to the firm's competitiveness, likewise with the Honda Corporation. Honda invests so mush to ensure the very best in quality, that the supply-in-demand must be more than expected to ensure a profit. The automobile industry is a good way to look at the traditional and relationship models of the buyer-supplier relationships (Kim and Michell 11). Several factors must be examined when looking at these types of relationships. These are the percentage of supplier sales to the automaker, the percent of non-redeployable capital equipment, annual man days of face to face contact, information sharing, assisting quality improvement, assisting cost reduction, supplier's trust in automakers fairness, supplier's expectation of unfair and fair treatment. All factors work to achieve the trust of the consumer (Kim and Michell 10). People's identification with Honda is based primarily on the perceptions of its core or defining characteristics. The mission, structure, processes, and climate shape this identity. It also represents hierarchical constellations of characteristics or traits that are central to the Company and eventually, makes Honda relatively distinct against other automobile manufacturers (Bhattachanya and Sen 77).

Supply-chain management is a way of connecting operations of a company with other strategic suppliers and its main mediators and customers, therefore, improving effective and efficient productivity.

According to the elements contributing to effective relationships, consistency and reliability rank among those of importance. J.D. Power Vehicle Consumer Center, rates Honda vehicles among the highest in mechanical quality, performance, style, safety, fuel economy, and overall long-term reliability. Ratings by such a credible source as this, instills trust in potential customers as well as creates continuity for present customers. Customers, then, have confidence in Honda. The fact that Honda has an impeccable track record for their performance of their vehicles makes them an unbelievable commodity.

The American Honda Corporation has experienced marketing success, because of its implementation of the Acura Corporation, a luxury subsidiary, creating business-to-business marketing. Honda's relationships are a viable strategy for social exchange, business-to-consumer marketing, and non-profit marketing (Arnett and German 8). With the establishment of the American Honda Corporate Foundation, the company is able to use Honda to be beneficial to the community through scholarships and grants, making a sector of Honda a non-profit organization ("Honda Corporate").

The channel that Honda uses for its marketing relationships is specifically

Supplier - Manufacturer (Honda)/Assembly - Retailer (Dealership) Consumer

Earlier, the supplier-manufacturer dynamics were introduced, but it is also important to understand the remaining tiers of the marketing relationship. The assembly in this model is one of the most crucial portions. If the assembly does not come through with a quality product, then a company like Honda could suffer from potential callbacks and costly repairs. If production creates a series of lemons, over time, consumers will lose confidence in the manufacturer. The dealership is responsible for delivering the product to potential buyers. If there are not good salespersons, then there will be less profit and also prices would not be appealing to customers, because there would be less demand for them. After the sale, it is important that the product continues to perform well. Customers need assurance; therefore, there is a warranty upon receipt of the vehicle. Also, there is customer service and maintenance services provided at local dealerships. All of these things contribute to overall customer satisfaction and makes relationships with Honda a good one.

In conclusion I foresee more research in the field of relationship marketing in an international context. Comparisons are made between the US and Japanese buyer supplier relationships in the automotive industry and then between four of the major automakers in Japan. In the comparative study of the US and Japan the data support the existence of a clear difference in supplier management between the two countries. Further research directions may be suggested, both conceptually and empirically. Future research will probably give focus in the differences between the majors in each county and possible convergence between both types of relationships contractual and relational. There is a managerial implication drawn from exploratory studies showing that there is a potential myth that Japanese automakers have pursued very similar supplier relationships. They have more likely pursued different supplier relationships based on, for instance, their size and profitability. It is recommended that a comparison of the major automakers in Japan be made individually, not collectively. .

Please note that this sample paper on Consumer-Manufacturer Relationships is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Consumer-Manufacturer Relationships, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Consumer-Manufacturer Relationships will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Hickam Vs Riley

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Hickam Vs. Riley

Homer Hickam's mother, and his teacher, Miss Riley, both helped him achieve his dream. They both modeled something that helped Sonny. Both of them stood strong and believed in Sonny. Neither of them would let him give up. They were two of the biggest catalysts in the story.

Sonny's mother helped him throughout the entire story. Firstly, she wanted him to prove to his dad that he could do more than work in the mine. Secondly, she wanted him to get out of Coalwood and away from the mines. When he wanted to quit she told him to keep going. She kept strong about his goal, even when he didn't. There were many people that supported Sonny throughout the story.

Miss Riley was one of his first supporters. She always believed him, and always stood up for him when the principal tried to demean him. Secondly, Miss Riley got him the rocket book, which proved to be invaluable. Lastly, she also got him into the science fair, where he almost met his idol. Miss Riley always helped him whenever or however she could, and modeled many aspects that he needed to see.

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His mother modeled, for Sonny, stability. She stayed strong no matter what the situation. Miss Riley modeled faithfulness. She believed in Sonny no matter what, and she always stood up for him. They both modeled something that helped him achieve his goal. Not only modeling, the two also helped Sonny in other ways.

His mother helped Sonny in a passive manner. She never directly gave him anything, except unending support. Miss Riley gave him more of a direct help. She gave him the rockets book, and got him in the science fair. Both of them gave him help he needed, and their impact on Sonny helped him achieve his ultimate goal.

They both had a positive affect on Sonny. They both gave him help, not matter what the cost. Both of them provided a model for Sonny. They both gave him never-ending support. Without Miss Riley, or his mother, Sonny never would have achieved his goal.

Please note that this sample paper on Hickam Vs Riley is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Hickam Vs Riley, we are here to assist you. Your college paper on Hickam Vs Riley will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Individual weight loss paper

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Individual Paper on a Weight-Loss Program

The weight-Loss program I am reviewing is the Atkins diet. The Atkins diet has gained significant popularity within the United States due to its basics allowing you to eat all the meat and cheese you want. According to Dr. Atkins, the cornerstone of the Atkins philosophy is a four-phase eating plan in conjunction with vitamin and mineral supplementation and regular exercise. Further, it is based upon four principles (Atkins, 00). Phase 1 is the introduction, restricting your carbohydrate intake to 0 grams or less. Phase is ongoing Weight Loss by adding fiber rich foods to your diet. Phase is making the transition from Weight Loss to Weight maintenance. Phase 4 is the lifetime maintenance and involves learning how to select and control the amount of carbohydrates you ingest.

Atkins Diet - Claims

• You will lose weight fast.

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• You can eat all the protein and fat you want and still lose weight.

• Your will have increased energy.

An example of a typical day's menu is as follows

Typical Induction Menu

Breakfast

Bacon slices, 4 slices

Coffee, decaf, 8 ounces

Scrambled eggs,

Lunch

Bacon cheeseburger, no bun

Bacon, slices

American cheese, 1 ounce

Ground beef patty, 6 ounces

Small tossed salad, no dressing

Seltzer water

Dinner

Shrimp cocktail, ounces

Mustard, 1 teaspoon

Mayonnaise, 1 tablespoon

Clear consomm, 1 cup

T-bone steak, 6 ounces

Tossed salad

Russian dressing

Sugar-free Jell-O, ½ cup

Whipped cream, 1 tablespoon

Typical Ongoing Weight Loss Menu

Breakfast

Western Omelet

Eggs,

Cheddar cheese, ounces

Bell peppers, 1 tablespoon

Onion, 1 tablespoon

Ham bits, 1/10 cup

Butter, 1 tablespoon

Tomato juice, ounces

Crisp bread, carbohydrate grams (¼ slice)

Tea, decaf, 8 ounces

Lunch

Chefs salad with ham, cheese, and egg with zero-carb dressing

Iced herbal tea, 8 ounces

Dinner

Subway seafood salad, 1 item

Poached salmon, 6 ounces

Boiled cabbage, / cup

Strawberries, ½ cup with 4 tablespoons cream

Typical Maintenance Menu

Breakfast

Gruyere and spinach omelet

Eggs,

Gruyere cheese, ounces

Spinach, ¼ cup cooked

Butter, 1 tablespoon

½ cantaloupe

Crisp bread, 4 carbo grams, ½ slice

Coffee, decaf, 8 ounces

Lunch

Roast chicken, 6 ounces

Broccoli, / cup, steamed

Green salad

Creamy garlic dressing

Club soda

Dinner

French onion soup, 1 cup

Salad with tomato, onion, carrots

Oil and vinegar dressing

Asparagus, 1 cup

Baked potato, ½ small with sour cream ( tablespoons) and chives

Veal chops, 1 serving

Fruit compote, 1¼ cups (generous cup)

Wine spritzer, 16 ounces

Atkins Diet - Drawbacks

• Initial weight loss may be quite fast, but is rarely sustainable.

• Eating protein and fat gets boring, fast.

• Any ketosis-inducing diet strains the kidneys and may be harmful.

• You experience constipation due to lack of fiber.

• Your fat intake is likely to be too high for comfort.

• No diet which eliminates entire food groups is a viable long-term diet.

• Giving up potatoes, corn, bread, fruits and vegetables and much more for as long as it takes to lose the weight, is not a user-friendly diet plan.

• Eating the Atkins way might encourage you to continue eating large quantities of meat, cheese and cream.

Supplements

Dr. Atkins recommends taking chromium picolinate, potassium, magnesium and calcium supplements among the many others he advocates. You will certainly need supplements while you are only eating high protein/high fat foods.

Exercise

Dr. Atkins plan recommends a combination of aerobic exercise, for its cardiovascular benefits, and weight-bearing exercise, to protect your bones and strengthen your muscles as you age. For this reason, it is particularly important that women establish a regular exercise program. An example is to start with any aerobic exercise at any level you can sustain. (If you are overweight, don't start off running; it places too great a stress on your body.) Check with your doctor before embarking on an exercise routine. If you're out of shape and very heavy, you may need to start with only 10 minutes a day. Just make sure that 10-minute regimen takes places five times a week. The body can usually handle a 10 percent increase in workload per week (Good, 00).

Behavior modification

The maintenance program Dr. Atkins advocates is a well balanced diet, but his quantities for complex carbohydrates are lower than most nutritionist recommend.

Atkins Diet - Verdict

• Not recommended. Clinical diet research continues to show that the Atkins-type high fat diet elevates total cholesterol, LDLs, triglycerides, homocysteine and fibrinogen (Fleming, 000).

• By contrast, clinical diet research shows that the high-carb/low-fat type diet leads to improvements in all cardiovascular risk factors (Fleming, 000).

In conclusion, I find that the Atkins diet will help you loose the weight, but not in a healthy manner. A well balanced 40-0-0 plan of 40% carbohydrates, 0% protein and 0% fat along with a regularly planned exercise routine will help you to loose weight and remain healthier. The road to success will take longer, but the over all results might last a lifetime.

References

Atkins, Dr. (00). Atkins Nutritionals WhyAtkins Works. Retrieved March 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//atkinscenter.com/Archive/001/11/-67514.html

Fleming RM, Boyd LB. The effect of high-protein diets on coronary blood flow. Angiology 000; 518176.

Good, J. (00). Easy Exercise Program for Weight Loss. Retrieved March 5, 00 from the World Wide Web http//www.stress-free-weight-loss.com/January-1-00.htm

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Operant Conditioning

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Operant-Conditioning

The use of Operant Conditioning to shape a desired behaviour

Behavioural psychology is a branch of Psychology, which studies the way in which humans learn and adapt to their environment. The ability to adapt and to learn from a constant changing environment is essential for survival of all species, not exclusive to the human race. "Operant conditioning involves operant behaviour, as each individual act operates on the environment to produce rewarding or punishing stimuli". (Myers, 00, 01.).

Operational Conditioning is a method used to increase a desirable behaviour, and to decrease an undesirable behaviour. This method incorporates shaping, positive and negative reinforcement, token economies and reinforcement schedules to further increase a desirable behaviour within a species. B.F. Skinner, one of the most influential behavioural psychologists who developed his theory of Operational Conditioning from Edward L. Thorndike's Law of Effect, used these fundamental principles of reinforcement and reinforcement schedules to shape and modify the behaviour in rats placed in a controlled environment, called a Skinner box. (Myers, 00, 01.).

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Edward. L. Thorndike's theory of the Law of Effect states that "Rewarded behaviour is likely to recur, whereas punished behaviour is likely not likely to recur." (Myers, 00, 01.). Using this theory as a starting point, Skinner developed a behavioural technology that revealed principles of control. These principles enabled Skinner to teach pigeons such behaviours as walking in a figure eight, playing ping-pong, and keeping a missile on course by pecking at a target on a screen. (Myers, 00, 01.).

Operant-Conditioning 4

Critics of Skinners theory denounce it stating "he dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and by seeking to control their actions." (Myers, 00, 01.). Skinner's response was that "recognizing behaviour that is shaped by its consequences, we, as a society,

should administer rewards in ways that promote behaviour that is more desirable. Due to the fact that people's behaviour is already haphazardly controlled by external consequences, why not administer those consequences for human betterment"(Myers, 00, 01.).

The present study is an attempt to test the efficiency of Skinners principles of Operant Conditioning to increase desired study behaviour, by the use of a controlled experiment. A participant recorded his/her daily activities on a daily calendar. For the period of approximately two weeks the participant recorded when the desired behaviour of study occurred naturally. The participant then recorded on a daily calendar the occurrence of the desired behaviour for four weeks with the use of operant conditioning principles as an intervention to gradually increase the amount of time studied. It was expected that the participant would observe and benefit from an increase in the desired study behaviour.

Method

Participant(s)

The participant for this study was a male, approximately 18 years of age, and was a Douglas College psychology 100 student who participated in this study for course credit. For two weeks, he participant was asked to record base line data of his study behaviour as it occurred naturally, then was asked to record his behaviour with a four week intervention, using key techniques and principles of Operant Conditioning. The participant, during the four-week

Operant-conditioning 5

intervention was asked to record the number of minutes studied each day, for each week. The participant agreed and signed a consent form. (see appendix A).

Materials

The participant was asked to use a pencil and daily records calendar to record his daily behaviours, as they occurred naturally for two weeks. After the two-week period, he was then asked to record his daily behaviour and his study behaviour while using the principles of operant conditioning to increase his study behaviour. After each day, if the required behaviour occurred, the participant was given a token in which he could redeem for 'free' time.

The principles of operant conditioning used were continuous, positive reinforcement by using tokens to gain personal time, tokens, a fixed-interval reinforcement schedule as every time the desired behaviour occurred the participant received a token, and shaping, the use of operant conditioning to modify and enhance the desired behaviour. The participant used Myers 6th edition psychology textbook to study from.

Procedure

The participant was asked to record his behaviour every day for two weeks. This would provide a controlled variable in which to compare the experimental variable. After two weeks, the participant was then introduced to principles of operant conditioning (ex positive and potent reinforcement and a reinforcement schedule.). For four weeks, he recorded his daily behaviour and for every time the desired minutes of daily study behaviour was achieved, he received a token. Each token granted to the participant could be redeemed for one hour of personal time. Each week the number of desired study minutes increased. At the end of each week, if all desired study minutes from Monday through Sunday exclusive were achieved, the participant was

Operant-Conditioning 6

allowed to purchase two new CDs. If the desired study minutes were not achieved for each week,

Monday through Sunday exclusive, the participant was denied the purchase of two CDs.

For two weeks the participant collected base line data. In week one of the intervention period the participant was required to study for a minimum of 45 minutes per day, per week. In the second week the participant was required to study for a minimum of 75 minutes per day, per week, then for 15 minutes per day, per week in week three. Finally, the participant was required to study for a minimum of 150 minutes per day, per week. If all of the desired minutes of study was accomplished, at the end of each day the participant received a token in which he could redeem for free minutes of personal time. At the end of each week, if all minutes of study were accomplished, the participant was allowed to purchase two new CDs as a reward. At the end of each week the participant recorded his results on a table, which he could then compare to the required results for that week. At the end of the four week intervention all six weeks of data was collected for the purpose of a compare and contrast table to show the behaviour achieved by the participant, and the predicted, desired behaviour defined by the experiment. (see appendix B)

Results

The effectiveness of operant conditioning principles during the four-week intervention period was assessed by comparing the experimental intervention data with the two-weeks of base line data. As anticipated, the participant's study behaviour gradually and steadily increased during the intervention period.

Operant-Conditioning 7

As the figure 1 demonstrates, the amount of time in minutes in which the participant studied was average. During the four weeks of intervention however, the participant's behaviour steadily increased.

As table one indicates, during the four weeks of intervention the participants study behaviour increased, and as shown in weeks four and five, surpassed the desired target.

Discussion

The results of this study demonstrate that the use of operant conditioning principles, such as positive reinforcement, token economies and reinforcement schedules for shaping behaviour were effective. The two weeks of base line data indicated that the study behaviour of the participant was average, however it was not consistent from day to day. As expected, when the participant underwent a four-week intervention period using operant conditioning principles, his study behaviour steadily increased and was consistent each day.

Past experiments suggest that operant conditioning is effective in shaping a desirable behaviour through reinforcement. B.F. Skinners experiments with rats and pigeons found that the use of successive approximations by rewarding only the desirable behaviour, and administering reinforcers that have a positive effect will promote shaping of a specific and desired behaviour. "By making rewards contingent on desired behaviours, researchers and animal trainers gradually shape complex behaviours." (Myers, 00, pg 0.).

The study encompasses limitations. There were no control measures taken to ensure that the time studies were done at the same time, each day for consistency and continuity. The study itself was a case study, only focussing on one individual, therefore generalization cannot be

Operant-Conditioning 8

drawn form this studies findings. Although tokens were used and reinforcers were present, the fact that the participant administered there own rewards may have altered the results as the participant could give himself rewards regardless if he completed the desired behaviour or not. Finally, due to the fact that the positive reinforced must be, according to Nancy Maloney a psychology professor at Douglas College,"immediate, accessible and potent"(N. Maloney, personal communications, 00.); the reinforcement in this study may not have been potent or accessible enough for the participant as it was not immediate. The reinforcement was given at the end of each week, rather than each day.

Further research would benefit from a reinforcement that is immediate and accessible, administered by the experimenter, rather than the participant, and experimenting upon larger populations, randomly selected would give more credible and sound results in which a generalization may be pulled

In conclusion, the findings support the hypothesis in that operant conditioning is a successful way in which to modify, shape and increase a desired behaviour through the use of its fundamental techniques and principles.

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