Marketing permission

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Godin (1) has proposed a new idea- permission marketing. Here, consumers provide marketers with the permission to send them certain types of promotional messages. This is seen as reducing clutter and search costs for the consumer while improving targeting precision for marketers. This paper makes three contributions First, a critical analysis of the concept and its relationship to existing ideas in the marketing literature is discussed. Second, a taxonomy of four models used to implement permission marketing today, direct relationship maintenance, permission partnership, ad market and permission pool, is presented. Permission intensity is seen as a key differentiator among models. Finally, a comprehensive conceptual cost-benefit framework is presented that captures the consumer experience in permission marketing programs. Consumer interest is seen as the key dependent variable that influences the degree of participation. Consumer interest is positively affected by message relevance and monetary benefit and negatively affected by information entry/modification costs, message processing costs and privacy costs. Based on this framework, several empirically testable propositions are identified.

Introduction

Permission marketing (also called invitational marketing) envisions every customer shaping the targeting behavior of marketers (Godin, 1). Consumers empower a marketer to send them promotional messages in certain interest categories. Typically, this is done by asking the consumer to fill out a survey indicating interests when registering for a service. The marketer then matches advertising messages with the interests of consumers.

This is a new idea. Even though targeting appropriate customers has been recognized early on as a core marketing principle (Smith, 156), most targeting today can best be described as "targeting on averages." The advertiser obtains the average profile of the consumer (e.g., a marketer may identify the proportion of a show that meets a certain pre-specified demographic or behavioral category using Simmons data) and chooses, say, a TV show that matches the target consumer profile most accurately1. This leads to low targeting precision since not all consumers match the profile.

Theoretically, direct marketing holds the promise of improving targeting. One-on-one marketing proposes thinking about a segment of size one (Peppers & Rogers, 1, Pine, Victor & Boynton, 1). Given the new capabilities of addressing each individual (Blattberg & Deighton, 11) the goal is to customize the marketing mix in accordance with the needs of a consumer. Relationship marketing takes a long-term orientation in targeting as opposed to a short-term transactional orientation (Dwyer, Schurr & Oh, 187; McKenna, 11, Sheth & Parvatiyar, 15). The idea is to understand the lifetime value of the customer and allocate resources in accordance with these values (Day, 000). The emphasis is on retaining existing customers rather than on obtaining new ones (McGahan & Ghemawat, 14).

However, since one-on-one marketing and relationship marketing both propose marketer-initiated targeting, several problems arise. For example, consumers receive an excessive volume of proposals for relationships with firms, they do not perceive control over the terms of the relationship and do not perceive much value addition from such relationships. As a result, these techniques breed consumer cynicism (Fournier, Dobscha & Mick, 18). This is especially a problem with the Internet because the marginal cost of sending an additional promotional message is nearly zero for the firm (Shiman, 16).

Our goal in this paper is threefold. First, a critical analysis of the concept of permission marketing and its relationship to existing ideas in the marketing literature is provided. Second, a taxonomy of business models implementing permission marketing today is presented. Finally, a comprehensive conceptual cost-benefit framework that captures the consumer experience in permission marketing programs is presented. Based on this framework, several empirically testable propositions are identified that might serve to guide future theory-building and empirical research in this area.

Permission Marketing and the Internet

Clutter is a big problem on the World Wide Web ("Web" hereafter). The increased size of the Web- "an estimated lower bound on the size of the Web is 0 million pages" (Lawrence & Giles, 18, p. 8)- has led to increased search costs. More recent estimates put this number much higher. For example, the "bow tie" research study by IBM, Compaq and Alta Vista reports sampling over 600 million pages ( http//research.compaq.com/news/map/www%0paper.htm) and the search engine, Google, claims to index over a billion pages. Debris on the Internet (e.g., pages that are no longer updated) further exacerbates search costs.

Search engines (e.g., www.google.com) and Internet portals (e.g., http//www.yahoo.com/) were attempts at helping consumers navigate through this clutter. But when individuals search for information at these places, they are presented with hundreds of selections. Consumers will not go through all selections and are most likely to focus on the first few results. Hence, search-engine optimization has become an important research area (Bradlow & Schmittlein, 1). However, due to heterogeneity in the algorithms used by search engines, it is not always possible for one's site to be featured in the top few.

Therefore, it is clear that search engines alone will not help consumers find sites relevant to their needs. Increasingly, search engines tap into smaller and smaller fractions of the overall Web (Lawrence & Giles, 18) with no engine capturing more than 16% of the Web content (Lawrence & Giles, 1).

Individuals may cope with the increased search costs by focusing on firm reputation (Choi, Stahl & Whinston, 17, Chapter 6). For example, recently The Economist reported that 75% of all business to consumer e-commerce originates from five sites- Amazon.com, Buy.com, eBay, Yahoo and America Online (AOL). Hence, it is clear that these sites have established a reputation that is better than others . However, that does not necessarily ensure the delivery of relevant information since each of these sites contain a lot of information (For example, as of August 000, Yahoo! had links to at least 1.5 million pages on its site- http//searchenginewatch.com/reports/directories.html) - not all of which is relevant to any single consumer. Moreover, consumers may be interested in newer sites whose reputation may not be fully established.

Banner advertising and sponsorships were tools that were considered to have the potential to provide consumers with relevant information. However, despite the early promise detailed in pioneering research (Hoffman & Novak, 17), the click-through rates have not improved4. Average rates are in the 0.5% range. Banner advertising is also plagued with measurement problems. Getting a reliable estimate of the number of consumers who viewed a banner is a big challenge (Dreze & Zufryden, 18) and so is reliably identifying the top websites globally. Moreover, a recent eye-tracking study presents troublesome evidence that Internet users may "actually avoid looking at banner ads during their online activities" (Dreze & Hussherr, 1, p. ). If this is true, then placing banners around web content may be a poor way of delivering the message.

Permission marketing offers the promise of improving targeting by helping consumers interface with marketers most likely to provide relevant promotional messages. Many permission-marketing firms (e.g. yesmail.com- now part of the business incubator, CMGI) claim customer response rates in the region of 5-0% and since most use e-mail, they are not affected by the measurement problems of banner advertising. Since the ads arrive in the mailbox of the individual, it is likely that more attention would be paid to them in comparison to banners.

Even though permission marketing can be implemented in any direct medium, it has emerged as a serious idea only with the advent of the Internet. The two reasons for this are (1) on the Internet, the cost of marketer-to-consumer communication is low (Hoffman & Novak, 16; Shiman, 16); () the Internet has enabled rapid feedback mechanisms due to instantaneous two-way communication (Hoffman & Novak, 16).

Another motivation for permission marketing on the Web has been the failure of the direct mail approach of sending unsolicited promotional messages. The prime example of this is unsolicited commercial e-mail or "Spam" (Cranor & LaMacchia, 18). Senders of spam realize three things- the cost of obtaining a new e-mail address is minimal, the marginal cost of contacting an additional customer is nearly zero (Shiman, 16) and it is easy to deceive the consumer. Spammers can easily obtain new e-mail addresses from websites and Usenet groups using software programs that "troll" the Internet. Individuals provide their addresses at these places for other purposes and hence, this violates their privacy rights (Bloom, Milne & Adler, 14). In addition, marketers incur similar costs if they send out 1 million or 10 million e-mails. Moreover, there are now programs that enable the large-scale use of deceptive practices (e.g. forged e-mail headers). Due to these problems, Spam cannot be a legitimate form of marketing communication5. Using it would lead to an excessive message volume for consumers, weakening of brand reputation and a slowing of the entire network. Hence, permission marketing is seen as a feasible alternative for Internet marketing communication.

Permission marketing is now a large-scale activity on the Internet. A leading Internet business periodical recently noted that, "permission marketing was once a niche business. Now, everybody is doing it." (Business .0, April, 000, p. 176). In addition, permission marketing has been incorporated in leading texts on marketing management, e.g., Kotler's millennium edition.

Literature Review

Although the term "permission marketing" was coined by Godin (1)6, the general idea of customer permission in direct marketing had surfaced earlier in the marketing literature, mainly in the context of privacy issues in direct marketing. For example, Milne and Gordon (1) discuss the role of customer permission along with volume, targeting and compensation in the context of direct mail. However, their reference is to an individuals providing a direct marketer the permission to share his or her personal information with others. In other words, they see permission as a tool to establish privacy rights rather than to enhance targeting. Moreover, the privacy issue is different now since an infomediary (Hagel & Singer, 1) retains all the personal information and supplies ads based on that information; the advertisers never see the information.

Recently, Sheth, Sisodia and Sharma (000) have proposed the concept of customer-centric marketing, which includes what they call co-creation marketing. Co-creation marketing envisions a system where marketers and consumers participate in shaping the marketing mix. In the authors' own words, "Co-creation marketing enables and empowers customers to aid in product creation (e.g., Gateway computers), pricing (e.g., priceline.com), distribution and fulfillment (e.g., GAP store or GAP online delivered to the house), and communication (e-mail systems)"(Sheth, Sisodia & Sharma 000, p. 6). Hence, permission marketing can be viewed as focusing on the communication aspect of a larger concept called co-creation marketing. Gilmore and Pine II (17) had also earlier identified collaboration between marketers and consumers as one form of one-on-one marketing.

The direct marketing literature has also pointed out the importance of consumers controlling the terms of their relationship with marketers. Phelps, Nowak and Ferrell (000) point out that individuals like to control "how personal information about them is used by marketers, the kinds of advertising mail and catalogs that they receive and the volume of advertising mail they receive"(p. ). In this literature, direct mail is viewed as a social contract between the consumer and the marketer (Milne & Gordon, 1). Moreover, there is recognition that what is necessary to improve direct marketing relationships is not just a reduction of privacy concerns of individuals, but rather an improvement in the consumer's trust of the marketer (Milne & Boza, forthcoming).

Marketing scholars have long been disenchanted with the marketer-initiated approach to direct marketing. For example, in a critique on database marketing, Schultz (14) noted

If the database works for the consumer and not just the marketer, duplicate mailings should never exist. For the database to have value for customers, it should simplify and improve their personal lives, not just complicate them with unwanted offers or ridiculous solicitations. Also, if the database was really working for the consumer - and not just the marketer - privacy would not be the issue it is. Perhaps the greatest concern about the value of the database is the one-way marketing systems that are being developed- systems that favor the marketer and are disincentives to the consumer (emphasis added).(p. 4)

Hence, it is not surprising that several marketing scholars have begun to indicate their acceptance of permission marketing as a viable concept. For example, Petty (000) proposes "shift(ing) property rights for soliciting and selling information about consumers to the consumers themselves thereby reducing the marketing costs imposed upon consumers without their consent"(p. 5). Further, he argues that "by bearing the costs of identifying disinterested customers, marketers get an audience interested in their message. Consumers get fewer messages and only ones that they are interested in receiving "(Petty 000, p. 5). Similarly, Sheehan and Hoy (000) also suggest that permission marketing may be a technique to reduce privacy concerns of individuals. Even though they do not use the term permission marketing, Milne, Boza and Rohm (1) propose that "opt-in methods (can act) as a trust-building alternative to more effective information control".

Permission Marketing Business Models on the Web

In order to understand how permission marketing is currently being practiced on the Web, we define a key construct permission intensity.

Consumers define the boundaries of their relationship with firms in such businesses. In some cases, they give the business tremendous leeway and in others the firms are held on a tight leash. Formally, permission intensity is defined as the degree to which a consumer empowers a marketer in the context of a communicative relationship7.

Compare two scenarios.

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Globalization and the United States

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Part 1

Introduction

Globalization is about worldwide economic activity

As all of you know, globalization is about open markets; competition and the free flow of goods, services, capital and knowledge. In other words, the world as we know it is getting increasingly smaller with the advancement of technology, i.e.- the Internet, and planes and soon to come out, telecommunication over the Internet, but that's another story. Because of this technology people around the world are more connected than ever to spread new ideas.

Information technologies are the key driver of globalization, they open up a huge potential for greater efficiency through e-commerce, the Internet and the instantaneous delivery of information anywhere in the world, at any time. They also provide greater access to information and knowledge, THEY are the raw materials of innovation, and spread the free flow of information from all sources, which authoritarian regimes cannot stop even if they wanted to. Technology and innovation cut costs to the direct benefit of consumers. Some view it as a process that is beneficiala key to future world economic developmentand also inevitable and irreversible.

Yes this is globalization, but what is the role of the US They are the big brother, they are the ones who can prosper without global trading…it is the developing countries that truly depend on the United States

Kevin A. Hassett and James K. Glassman explain that

Rarely in history has one nation been as dominant in the world economy as the United States is today. The U.S. (GDP) -- exceeded $10 trillion in 00. Thats greater than the total GDP of the next five countries combined. All told, the United States, with 1/0th of the worlds population, accounts for one-third of the worlds output and, last year, more than three-fifths of its growth.

The U.S. economy is so large that its metropolitan areas produce more than entire countries. For example, in 00, Chicago had about the same GDP as Australia. Boston had the same as Taiwan; Dallas, the same as Saudi Arabia; San Francisco, Hong Kong; and Milwaukee, Pakistan.

Its only natural that such a dominant position can sometimes provoke envy and anger from other nations, but the truth is that economics is not a zero-sum game. In a world that is tied together by trade, the United States wins when other nations prosper -- and other nations win when the United States prospers.

The notion that wealthy countries and big businesses are the main beneficiaries of global free trade is flat-out nonsense. The United States could continue to prosper if it backed away from the world-trade stage. Even if it stopped trading altogether, the United States would continue to enjoy a high standard of living, with a GDP of more than $0,000 per person. Americas lifestyle might slip from 00 levels to mid-10s levels. Thats all. But if trade stops or even slows down, developing countries would be devastated. No longer would citizens be able to get quality goods at bargain prices. No longer would smaller nations be able to increase their markets on a vast scale.

But the United States understands the responsibilities that come with being the worlds largest economy.

Does the US take advantage of their position?

They must be if sweatshops exist, I mean, why do they exist

US Companies Profit From Chinese Sweatshops

By Jim Lobe, IPS, 1 March 18

WASHINGTON, Mar 1 (IPS) - U.S. clothing and footware companies, which import more than 15 billion dollars a year in Chinese-made goods, are profiting from sub-contractors whose mainly young, female workers toil in sweatshop conditions, according to a new report released here.

The report, which covers 1 factories in China, found that the foreign-financed boom in southern China is being fuelled by poorly-educated women from rural areas, who are unaware of their legal rights and forced to work up to 1-hours-a-day, seven days a week - for as little as 1 cents an hour.

Working conditions in China actually violate Chinas own labour law and internationally recognised worker rights, as well as U.S. coprorate codes of conduct, according to Charles Kernaghan, director of the National Labour Committee (NLC) which released the report Wednesday.

Yet the workers - whose conditions approach indentured servitude - have no independent unions, human rights, womens or religious organisations to protect them, and US companies take advantage of their vulnerability, said Kernaghan.

Kernaghan used the release of the report, Made in China Behind the Label, to launch a national campaign to press these companies, which include some of the US most fashionable labels, to fully disclose the conditions under which their merchandise is being produced.

The public has a right to know in what countries and in what factories American corporations are producing and under what human and labour rights conditions, he said.

Several Democratic lawmakers have pledged to push for legislation this year that would ensure greater disclosure(discovery). The bottom line is that the American people should not, unknowingly, be purchasing products made in sweatshops, said Rep. Bernie Sanders.

Named in the report are such companies as Ralph Lauren, Ann Taylor, Kathie Lee, Wal-Mart, Liz Claiborne, Esprit, J.C. Penney, The Limited, and K-Mart. Most of these firms maintain that they monitor factories where their merchandise is made, but investigators from the Hong Kong-based Asian Monitor Resource Centre and China Labour Bulletin found evidence of widespread, unregulated subcontracting among the sector of foreign, privately- owned factories booming in the south of China.

These factories operate in climate of secrecy, according to the report, often with no signs posted and frequently not even listed in business directories.

American companies are actually lowering standards in China as they shift their production from publicly-owned factories in the north to private, foreign-owned sweatshops in the south, slashing wages in the process, eliminating benefits, imposing excessive mandatory overtime hours, and tolerating widespread arbitrary firings and unsafe factory and living conditions, said Kernaghan.

In the Liang Shi Handbag Factory, which makes Kathie Lee handbags, for example, a work week consists of seven 10-hour days for wages as low as 1 cents an hour, according to the report. The factory has no fire exits and workers are housed in dirty, cramped dormitories, five to a room. After paying for one weeks worth of food and lodging, workers are left with only .44 dollars.

In the Yeu Yein Factory, which makes Nike and Addidas shoes, 50,000 to 60,000 young women ages 18 to work six or seven days a week, 10 to 1 hours a day, for 1 cents an hour, the report said. In some cases, workers living in factory-built dormitories are subject to constant surveillance.

Independent unions are illegal in China where, according to Sally Chun of China Labour Bulletin, workers lack minimum social guarantees and ...are subject to government repression and violence when they voice their demands.

She and Apo Leong of the Resource Centre expressed scepticism about the effectiveness of US corporate codes of conduct which have become more widespread in recent years, in part because of publicity generated about apparel-making sweatshops discovered in Central America and the Caribbean by Kernaghans NLC.

In an open letter to the White Houses Apparel Partnership, Kernaghan called for an immediate review of factory working conditions in China for their compliance with international standards and a ban on unregulated subcontracting. He also called for companies to ensure that their codes of conduct are posted in subcontracting factories and that human and worker rights groups are given access to workers.

The Partnership, which consists of six rights groups, two labour unions, and eight companies, including several of those named in the new report, has spent more than a year negotiating the mandate of an association that would certify companies compliance with a tough code of conduct. Such a certification would then permit them to tag their merchandise with a No Sweat label.

The Partnership has agreed to the elements of such a code, which includes virtually all of the demands put forward by Kernaghan, according to its co-chair, Linda Golodner, who is president of the National Consumers League.

The Partnership still has to work out details on what constitutes a living wage and how the code should deal with countries, like China, which do not permit freedom of association. Once these matters are resolved, it hopes that most other companies in the apparel and shoe industry will join the effort.

This reports poses a lot of very important questions for the companies and our own government to look at, said Golodner told IPS. She noted that Washington has done nothing to discourage companies from investing in China, despite the absence of workers rights there. This needs to be looked at very seriously, she added.

At the Tianjin Yuhua Garment Factory in China a young woman earns cents an hour. For over 60 hours a week she sews clothing to be sold in Wal-Mart stores across the U.S. She works in a sweatshop, but the profit margins from her sweat are not enough for some. Soon she may be laid off, as Wal-Mart moves its contract to a privately owned factory in the south of China with less regulations and even lower wages. There, Wal-Mart's contractors can pay workers as low as 1 cents an hour to sew the same garments. Wal-Mart is the largest retailer in the world. They control almost 15 percent of the US retail market. And selling goods made in sweatshops helped their 18 revenue rise to $11 billion$4 billion more than Canada's 18 revenue.

Those who are accused of exploiting workers to maximize profits often respond by calling sweatshops an unfortunate, but necessary evil of economic growth and free markets. Claims are made that sweatshops are the only way to meet consumers demand for low-cost goods and that they provide jobs that otherwise would not exist.

And yet, sweatshops are not inevitable. They are not a necessary by-product of economic growth or the intended outcome of some dangerous force in the economic universe. They are the result of corporations single-mindedly seeking the fattest bottom line. This race to the bottom line squeezes out savings and profits at every level, but ultimately, from the sweat of the workers squeezed at the bottom of the cycle.

These factors drive demand for sweatshops Corporate greed U.S. and manufacturers have found that they no longer need to operate their own factories. In a world virtually free of borders, they look for subcontractors in countries where regulations are weak and labor and operating costs are lowest.

International policies

Governments, international trade regulatory agencies like the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank and other foreign lenders create international trade laws and lending policies requiring developing nations to bolster their economies by creating export industries regardless of implications for social justice and environmental sustainability. And Third World countries desperately need the foreign money. But these policies have created a excess of manufacturing plants and plantations (often in countries with poorly developed labor and environmental laws), which allows U.S. corporations to dictate their purchase prices.

More specifically

ESPN Exposes NIKE

On April , ESPNs Outside the Lines ran an hour-long show on Nike and Reebok sweatshop abuses in Vietnam.

The crew also interviewed a 5-year-old female worker who - just a week prior - was grabbed around the collar and hit on the head by a male Korean guard as she departed a Nike factory during a shift change.

Some of the problems at the sneaker factories appear to be caused by language barriers. Many of the supervisors speak little or no Vietnamese. And some of them prefer a militaristic approach in dealing with workers.

When asked to account for these instances of abuse, Nike executive Tom Clarke kept talking about these events being taken out of context. He failed to explain what sort of context might justify physically abusing workers.

Aside from the physical harm in these sweatshops workers have to deal with ridiculous conditions

Workers in the Nike and Reebok factories breath a toxic mix of chemicals with only useless cotton masks for protection. Dara ORourke, an environmental consultant for the United Nations and human rights activist who has visited several Vietnamese shoe factories, says Wearing a cotton mask to protect yourself against hazardous solvents is like wearing flip-flops in the NBA, she said. It just doesnt work.

Nike says that it is working with its subcontractors to offer an environment that protects the workers health and safety. Health concerns were raised, however, when an inspection report that was prepared for Nike was leaked in November to the New York Times. Ernst & Young found that workers at one factory were exposed to a chemical that exceeded legal standards by 177 times in parts of the plant and that 77 percent of the employees suffered from respiratory problems. Although Nike says those readings are impossible, it was Nikes own accounting firm, Ernst & Young, which documented the readings.

There are other people that oppose world integration because they feel that it is another way of saying Americanization

Have you heard the word Americanization? In the early 100s Americanization meant taking new immigrants and turning them into Americans...whether they wanted to give up their traditional ways or not.

Critics now say globalization is nothing more than the imposition of American culture on the entire world. In fact, the most visible sign of globalization seems to be the spread of American burgers and cola to nearly every country on earth.

Even globalization champions like Thomas Friedman see it. In a recent column describing why terrorists hate the United States, Friedman wrote

...globalization is in so many ways Americanization globalization wears Mickey Mouse ears, it drinks Pepsi and Coke, eats Big Macs, does its computing on an IBM laptop with Windows 8. Many societies around the world cant get enough of it, but others see it as a fundamental threat.

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Hip Hop, is it poetry?

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I think that Hip Hop (The popular street culture of big-city and inner-city youth, characterized by rap music.) is just another word for rap (A form of popular music characterized by spoken or chanted rhyming lyrics with a syncopated, repetitive rhythmic accompaniment.) is a contemporary form of poetry. The reason I think that Hip-Hop and poetry share common elements such as metaphors, rhymes, and lyrics. A poem is a verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of condensed language chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme.

Poems and lyrics contain elements of people and their surroundings to describe the artist/writers emotions, moods, and feelings. Some examples of these elements are a dark room, which represents sadness and fear, a bright day, representing happiness and joy. Artists use human emotions such as anger, happiness, sadness, and laughter their subjects emotions as well as their own.

Many people from past generations believe that some Hip-Hop/Rap is just senseless junk because they just pay attention to the curse words and not to what the music is actually trying to say. However, when my dad and I listen to music we actually pay attention to what is being said rather then just the melody and the curse words. An example of an artist that puts significant meanings in his songs is Eminem and artists like him. My dad actually likes his songs because even though Eminem uses curse words my dad feels that Eminem actually thinks about the lyrics before he writes them and that he speaks from his heart and soul. Instead of other rappers, such as Lil Bow Wow, who he feels only talk about bad things and just speak to speak. He feels that all they think about is how to rhyme with curse words.

"Lose Yourself", is a song written by Eminem that I think is poetically worthy. Eminem is a rapper who grew up in Detroit. He had a very traumatic childhood. At a young age he was abandoned by his father and abused by his mother, who also took drugs. "Lose Yourself" is about Eminem while he is trying to make a career as a rapper.

Custom writing service can write essays on Hip Hop, is it poetry?

After constantly being booed, hissed, and called degrading names, because he would choke and was unable to speak, he realized not to let the negative energy stop him. Instead, he used the energy to his advantage and to make his dream come true.

This song clearly states that Eminem had a very hard life before he hit the big league of rappers and how he pulled himself out of the gutter, so to speak, to become the wonderful and successful artist we know him as today. The way I am telling it, it sounds more like a story. However the way he said it and it is supposed to be read is either as a poem or a song so that way it has more poetic feeling because of both the form it is read in and the feeling given to it by the person reading it.

The bigger message in the song is not to give up when you have an opportunity, no matter what happens. Like he said in his song, he figured out what he wanted his career to be. He obtained the opportunity to make it happen, and instead of listening to people saying he should give up, he did not let it slip. Instead he persisted until he got the rapping career.

Many of the key elements in poetry have been used in this song such as rhyme (which shall be illustrated by word that are bolded), beat and rhythm (which shall be illustrated by the word pause located in parenthesis). Ex Lose yourself (pause) in the moment (pause) you own it (pause) you better never let it go. However just because it has those poetic qualities are in the song does not necessarily make it a good song/poem. What makes it good is the degree of poetic feeling involved because he uses such raw emotion. Eminem usually talks about stuff that has a strong sense of importance to him such as his daughter or recollections of his past, political changes, and most of his songs have morals and points. Like at the end of Lose Yourself he clearly states the point he was trying to make You can do anything you set your mind to, man. Or as in the song Cleanin Out My Closet the whole thing was one giant recollection of the past.

You see, any song can become a poem if it has enough emotion inter-wound within the words. Even Nelly, who I thought was one of the bad rappers, turned out to be good after I listened and understood the lyrics, it is a different form of poetry from Eminem's style, because of the degree of poetic feeling and the issues discussed in each song, but it is poetry none the less. An example is in most of Eminems songs such as Say Good-bye to Hollywood he discusses the troubles of being famous and having a family. As opposed to Nellys song Air Force Ones in which through the entire song all he talks about are shoes. I also realized that just because Nelly speaks about things that I used to think were meaningless, does not mean that it is meaningless to everyone else.

In a sense both Eminem and other rap artists where treated a lot like Shakespeare when he created the first of his work. He was treated like a weirdo and an outcast but that never discouraged him, and eventually people grew to love and accept his works of art as a regular part of their culture.

I guess when you think about it all music can be poetry weather it is rap, rock, salsa, or R&B. It all can be poetry. It depends on how you interpret it. Even techno and other forms of music that do not have words can be poetry, like I said, it all depends on how you interpret it. When you think about it the definition of music (The art of arranging sounds in time so as to produce a continuous, unified, and evocative composition, as through melody, harmony, rhythm, and tone.) is also very much like the definition of poetry because of the unification of common poetic/song elements.

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The lord of the flies

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Simon

The character of Simon plays an important role in the story Lord of the Flies by William Golding. He is a visionary and an intellect, always trying to find the truth. Simon is primarily a symbolic figure. Also, Simons encounter with the Lord of the Flies has notable significance in the story. Golding uses the character of Simon to reveal humanitys ignorance.

Simons intuitive wisdom separates him from the rest of the boys. He foretells Ralphs eventual rescue from the island by saying, I think youll get back all right. Furthermore, Simon has an inward sight that the beast was only a man once heroic and sick. His intelligence leads him to recognize the boys fear of themselves and that there is no beast, it is only them. The boys ignore his words of wisdom and laugh at what they cannot understand.

Simon symbolizes many things. He represents the prophets and philosophers that Golding feels are being ignored just as Simon is ignored by the boys. He characterizes the highest aspirations of the human spirit. It has also been said that Simon is an intended Christ figure in the novel. He is a symbol of all that is good and sincere in humanity.

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The confrontation of Simon and the Lord of the Flies is one of the more important events in the book. It depicts the goodness of mankind encountering the lowest part of man. The meeting represents the recognition of these forces in all men. This is when Simon fully understands that the beast is within each of the boys. Through this event, Golding expresses his belief that evil exists inside everyone and it is a necessary part of the human condition.

Simon is a mystical figure. The insightful wisdom that he possesses regrettably goes unseen by the boys and this inability to comprehend Simon is what leads to the disintegration of the society of the island. Golding is saying is that humanity is deaf to the voices of its prophets. Golding also expresses his point of view by Simons interview with Lord of the Flies where he indicates that man is inherently evil. The author communicates his morals and beliefs through the character of Simon.

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Business management

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Business management. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Business management paper right on time.

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1. (0 points) Managers require a wide variety of skills. Not all types of skills, however, are equally important at all levels of management. For the following three types of skills, identify the level of management (top management, middle management, or front line management) for which the skill is most important and why you think it is most important for that level.

• Technical skills

Technical skills are most important in front line management. When I complete my BBA with an emphasis in management I don't expect to go to work managing a chemistry lab at M. Although I may be an excellent manager, I would have no idea how to guide the chemists in their work. I could, however go to work as a construction site foreman for xxx, a national construction firm. I could use my knowledge about which construction materials are needed, how they are put together and my management skills to lead and develop the crew's construction skills.

• Conceptual skills Conceptual skills are important to top level management. If I were the CEO of xxx I would not want to worry about the day to day operations of each individual construction site. I would not need to know much about construction or even which end of a hammer to use. I would need to have extensive knowledge of how my organization's parts fit together and what this makes it capable of. I would use this knowledge to develop a vision for where I would lead xxx and make it capable of expanding into these areas of the construction market.

• Communications skills

Communication skills are important in absolutely every level of management. Management is coordinating the activities of people to get work done that you cannot do your self. To do this you have to effectively communicate what you want done to the people doing it for you. This is true for front line management to communicate to labor what needs to be done for the day to get the next phase of construction done, middle management to communicate to the frontline managers to coordinate the construction of the entire building complete and for top management to communicate to the middle managers who are setting up operations on the east coast so that we can start bidding on projects in the growing construction market there. Each level must effectively communicate to and receive communication from the level below it to successfully direct it in the way you want it to go.

. (0 points) For years, the tuna canning companies bought tuna from fishing boats that caught and killed dolphins (the mammal) as a "by-catch." Some years back, this practice was brought to light by activists, which caused an uproar among the public. Threats of boycotts against the companies ensued and there was substantial negative publicity. Fearing a loss of revenues, most tuna canning companies adopted a policy of not purchasing from boats that engaged in this practice. To communicate this policy to the public, the companies put a small logo on their cans of tuna guaranteeing that they were "dolphin-friendly." Using the authors' terminology, what level of social responsibility would you ascribe to the tuna canning companies? Justify your answer.

Considering that the tuna canning companies put the "dolphin friendly" seal on the cans of tuna in response to a threatened boycott originated by the International Marine Mammal Project and the negative publicity that ensued, I would ascribe to them the Social Reaction level of social responsibility.

Tuna fishermen used to actually look for dolphins and set their purse seine around them because for unknown reasons the tuna stay close to the dolphins. Canners such as Starkist, Chicken of the Sea and Bumblebee all knew that this fishing method was being utilized, and would have been classified as "social responsiveness" had they stopped before public outcry forced them to.

I think that this level has changed since then. Congress passed legislation setting a standard of non-encirclement of dolphins which became the U.S. legal standard for the Dolphin Safe tuna label. Because of this they are required to follow this standard and now are at the "social obligation" level. The tuna industry has also adopted another method of catching tuna that have adverse environmental effects. This is called "log fishing" where all marine life including turtles, sharks, and other animals are caught along with the tuna. The canners know the effect this has on sea life but continue. Until they voluntarily quit this type of practice before they are forced to by either social or legal obligations they will never be a socially responsive industry.

. (0 points) Describe the following concepts or terms. Where do these concepts or terms come from and to what do they apply?

All four of these concepts come from Geert H. Hofstede and his work on four dimensions of cultural variability, commonly referred to as Hofstedes Dimensions. Hofstede originally published these concepts in his 180 publication, Cultures consequences International differences in work-related values. This study took existing survey data (sample size of 116,000) collected from a multinational corporation. The result was a score in each of the dimensions for 40 different countries. Hofstede calculated scores for these dimensions (on a scale from around 0 and 100) for many countries.

• Power Distance

Power Distance is defined as the extent to which the less powerful expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. Power distance can be described in terms of high and low power distance. In a high power distance culture people are subordinate than in a low power distance culture. In a high power distance culture such as China, employees would never expect to be consulted about a task; they just do what the supervisor asks. China has a power distance score of 80. Israel has a very low power distance score of 1. In this culture supervisors would be expected to be very democratic and take input from subordinates on decisions.

• Uncertainty Avoidance

Uncertainty avoidance is how comfortable a culture feels about the unknown. Cultures with higher uncertainty avoidance express a need for formality, predictability and clear rules so that there is no question about how things are done. They also have more anxiety when faced with situations where the unknown is a factor. Denmark has very low uncertainty avoidance at while Japan's is very high at .

• Individualism versus Collectivism

In individualistic societies there are few ties between the members of that society whereas in collectivist societies people belong to strong, cohesive groups. The United States, as we know, is very individualistic. We are actually the most individualistic society with a score of 1. We could not care less what others think, we will do whatever we please. Many Asian countries tend to see themselves as a part of the whole. Some examples of these are Taiwan and South Korea who have individuality scores of 14 and 18. This is one of many reasons for the rapid economic rise of these countries in the last century. They work as a collective to effectively accomplish a task that a number of individuals could not.

• Masculinity versus Femininity

As you said in class, this has nothing to do with gender; it has to do with the aggressiveness of culture. More aggressive cultures are considered more masculine and more passive cultures are considered more feminine. In a more masculine culture people are assertive, tough, and concerned with material success. In a more feminine society people are more modest, tender, interested in the quality of life and display very little confrontation.

Austria is very masculine at 7 and Denmark is more feminine at 16

All of these concepts are important to keep in mind when dealing with other cultures.

4. (0 points) In the Boston Consulting Group Portfolio Matrix, the preferred action when dealing with a cash cow is to dedicate just enough resources to keep it going but not engage in any meaningful investment in the unit. What is the reasoning behind this strategy?

This is because you have a situation where one of your strategic business units is experiencing low market growth rate and high relative market share. Now that I have learned what a cash cow is in this class I realize that my former employer is a cash cow and is an excellent example for this paper. xxx Fuel is part of a larger organization that includes other fuel companies and barging outfits. I worked for them for 7 years and in that time we took over most of the residential, commercial and marine fuel market share in xxx. The only competition has just enough of the market to keep others from coming in to compete. We set up the local infrastructure such as storage tanks that enable us to get the cheapest fuel possible, warehouses to store resale items and maintenance facilities to keep everything running. Everything is as efficient as possible and there is no more room to grow so any further investment would be pointless. The larger organization can use the cash generated in xxx to invest in strategic business units where they have a high market growth rate and high market share which would be considered a star.

5. (0 points) Explain the phenomenon known as "heightened commitment" or "escalation of commitment." Why does this occur and how might you as a senior manager avoid it in your company?

This is a situation where you become increasingly committed to a poor choice of action. This can occur if emotion becomes involved in your decision making or if a project is fundamentally flawed and it is not realized right away. You may have a project that is your "pet" and you want it to work so badly that you keep "pouring good money after bad" in an attempt to make it work. I saw a good example of this on TV the other day. A sex education instructor had what she thought was a great idea. She sewed a small pocket into a pair of underwear that was to contain a condom. She figured that if it was right there when it was needed it was more likely to be used. Her students thought it was a great idea and were supportive so she invested twenty thousand dollars into producing a bunch of this underwear. She got some interest from small clothing outlets but was rejected by large distributors because it was too risqu. (Possibly like this example!) She wanted it to work so badly that she ended up investing one hundred thousand dollars into it, but still not many people wanted to buy it. She poured good money after bad because her emotional involvement in wanting to increase condom use caused her to invest more money in a product that had little appeal to consumers.

If I were a senior manager I would avoid this in the following ways First I would instruct my project leaders to keep emotions separate from decision making. Secondly, I would set goals for a project which if they are not met by a certain time the plug will automatically be pulled. Lastly, I would have one person start the project, then have another carry it from there, the second will be more likely to have an objective view of its success or failure. The woman in my example should have done more market research by contacting distributors to gauge their interest and use focus groups made up of her target market that have no bias toward her product.

Bonus Question (5 points) What are the advantages and disadvantages of group or participatory decision-making?

Personally I like to make important decisions on my own. If I just consider all of the facts that I can and make the decision I save myself a lot of frustration. The hardest part of involving a group to make a decision is to deal with their dynamics. If everyone would focus on the question at hand it would make the process easier. I was the president of the Cooperative Preschool last school year. I was the only male there and it was very hard to get a bunch of moms to focus on the task at hand. I decided to grin and bear it and chalk it up to leadership experience. It would take a lot of time to get a simple decision during a ½ hour long 1 hour meeting because it was hard to fit important topics in between the conversations about quilting and stuff. There was one woman, the treasurer, who had a very strong personality. Everyone was afraid to make a decision if she wasn't there and when she was there she tried to dominate the meeting. I had to do some careful stepping to make sure that she did not have undue influence on our decisions. It is very hard to get the right mix of talents when your talent pool is the parents who happen to enroll their kids in the preschool that year. I did my best and tried to get the right personalities in the right positions.

It may sound like this was a bad experience but, no way, it was a great experience. I learned that I cannot always make all of the decisions and that if I included others they were generally more accepted. All of the moms, and me, put our heads together, brought our individual talents to bear, and made some great decisions like getting xxx to help us get all new tables, chairs, play equipment and learning materials. I learned that I did not always have all of the information necessary to make a proper decision. Once I wanted to have the accounting done professionally, and almost did it before I decided that the entire board should make this call. A parent told us that she knew someone who would donate accounting services to us. I did not have that information! Being president of the preschool was beneficial to me and the other parents because we all developed lasting relationships and learned much about decision making.

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The Chicken Doesn't Skate.

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The Chicken Doesn't Skate is a book about hockey and chickens. The author of the book is Gordon Korman, he also wrote other books like; The War With Mr. Wizzle and Hacdonald Hall Goes Hollywood. The way he wrote this book is interesting. Each chapter is from a different persons point of view. The book was written in 18 and is a thriller and comedy. The book is about a chicken that started as a science project and then changed peoples friend. For some people it was there mascot, there school pet and for one person, dinner!

It all started when the science teacher, Ms. Baggio said that There will be a science fair in a couple of weeks. All the children started to think about topics. Milo a seventh grader, decided to do his report on the food chain.

Milo went and adopted a chicken for his project. Milo had no friends because he just moved from California and was a science geek. He hoped by winning the Science Fair, he would find a friend that also likes science.

When Milo brought his chicken to school everyone loved it. They all named it Henrietta. Milo thought that to name a project was stupid. By the end of the day, everyone got attached to Henrietta. However Milo thought that everyone knew what happens at the end of his project. When Henrietta would be fully grown, Milo was going to serve her to the judges at the Science Fair. He warned everyone not to get attached to it, but they didn't care what he had to say.

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Adam Lurie, was in grade 8 but in grade 7 for science because he failed. He was also the captain for the Rangers hockey team had a difficult start at the start of there season; 0-5. They were the worst team in the league. A couple of days after Milo brought his chicken to school, Adam had to take care of her for the rest of the day. Walking home, after school, he remembered that he had a hockey game, and didn't have time to go home and leave Henrietta , so he brought her with him to the game.

They won their first game. The team thought that it was because of Henrietta, so they decided to make her the new mascot. After that day, they started to win games with Henrietta.

Ms. Baggio made a list to help Milo with his project. Her idea was to let people sign up and take turns to look after Henrietta on the weekends. Milo didn't like this idea because he wanted to study her for is project, not let people play with her.

Then something horrible happened; Henrietta got a cold!!! It was all because of Joey and Lynette. They are in the grade 8 and signed up to help with Henrietta. Joey only likes Henrietta because his a player on the Rangers. Lynette decides to have a party in her attic. The place got packed with about 60 teens. People stared to carry Henrietta cage around. Then she broke lose. Everyone except the high school kids who didn't care, scrambled for Henrietta. Then she got so scared that she jumped out the window. Luckily she landed in a big apple tree. They did not have a ladder so the called 11, and had her removed for the tree.

Now that Henrietta was sick, she couldn't go to any of the hockey games. With out Henrietta, the Rangers tied with that last place team in the league.

Finally, Zachary who was in grade 7, broke the news about what was going to happen to Henrietta. Everyone freaked. There was protesters at school, people sending mail to the mayor so that he tells Milo to stop.

That wasn't on Milo's mind, Zachary was. Milo wanted to know why Zachary wanted to be his friend so much. The truth was, Zachary wanted to get into Hollywood with his brutal screenplays, but he would always get rejected. Milo's father is famous on TV, as a great astronaut and scientist. Zachary thinks that Milo's dad can get some connections with Hollywood.

The Rangers got Henrietta back, who was now healthy, they played the finals for there state. They won the game and were challenged by the best team in Winnipeg. The Rangers have never won against Winnipeg in there history.

When the Canadians came off the bus, they were so big that it looked like they were from the NHL. The Rangers were scared.

The night before the big game, three people decided to steal Henrietta from school. Adam, Zachery and Kelly. Kelly was in grade 7 and just fell in love with Henrietta at first sight. They all decided to let Zachary hold her because he was the person that no one would suspect.

When Adam went to pick up Henrietta for the big game. In Zachery's room, his little brother started to attack Zachery's new computer with Hot Wheels. Zachery started to protect his computer by stopping all the flying cars with his chest, arms, feet even his head! What he could use on his body he did.

Adam saw Zachery's old skates in the corner. Adam got an idea. He knew that the goalie that Rangers had now they were going to lose for sure.

Adam promised that the Rangers wont give him wedgies anymore if he plays goalie for the game that day. But there's on problem, Zachery hates hockey.

Will that Rangers beat Winnipeg? Will Milo find his chicken and sever it to the judges at the Science Fair? Will Zachery make it into Hollywood? Its all in this book.

Go to your nearest library and rent it!

The Chicken Doesn't Skate is a great book for all ages. Its got its funny parts and some sad ones too, and some that are just amazing! I also enjoy how the author made the book. The idea of letting people see it from different persons point of view. Its pretty amazing how that book ends. I would recommend this book to all people that love chickens or just hockey. I don't like both that much, but I still liked the book a lot!!! I enjoyed reading it because it just kept getting better and better. I always wanted to read more. I give this book stars out of 10, because I think that the author could have put a bit more detail into it. The book was a bit confusing in the beginning but after 0 pages it was easy as pie.

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A time to remember

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Soon the sun will break over the cliffs witch seem miles above me and hit its peak, edging over the wall of the trees. My kelty pack strapped over my shoulders, ready to take on whatever the beautiful wilderness has in store for me.

As I walk down a narrow dirt trail covered with orange and yellow leaves

those dominate the forest floor. Winds blowing in and out of the pine trees that

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cover the forest floor. After about twenty minutes walking, I see a deer running

through the thick brush. As I'm waking, I think to myself this is the reason I

began hiking in the first place; to see nature first hand. The first time I went

hiking, a friend and I went to Spruce Knob for a weekend, where I first fell in love

with hiking.

The smell of the fresh nature encircles me, allowing me to soak up all the

nature around me and take in the wondrous sights around me. After

about a half hour of hiking, I hear the gentle sound of water running; as I

approach the sun glistens off the Tygart River. The rolling water crashes against

the boulders in the free flowing river behind me. Across the river, I see a black

bear charging through a stream for its meal of the day. I start heading in the

opposite direction, in hopes to avoid an encounter with the bear. Luckily, the bear

didn't see me, so he went on about his way.

In the distance big gray threatening clouds begin to gather and a haze forms

below them. A soft rumble can be heard in the distance coming from the beast

above. The scenery becomes washed out with the dimming light. Glitters of rain

begin to fall quietly around me making a dripping sound and as the sky and sun

becomes completely devoured by the clouds, the cool and refreshing rain begins

to pour, as the rain covers every part of the earth. Everything starts to turn to a

darker color

Hiking is an interesting experience. Throwing on your Kelty pack and

heading out into the woods to a place that is peaceful and relaxing is a great way

to spend your leisure time. Most people have to acquire a taste for hiking to enjoy

the beautiful scenery.

Please note that this sample paper on a time to remember is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on a time to remember, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on a time to remember will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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