Malaysian studies

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Topic Religions and Beliefs

There are many religions and beliefs practiced in the whole wide world. Basically in Malaysia there are 4 main religions and beliefs. The religions practiced in this country are Islamic, Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity while the beliefs are Confucianism and Taoism.

The Islamic Religion

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The Islamic Religion is the official religion in Malaysia. Islam was brought to the world by Prophet Muhammad who was born in Mecca on 4 Apr 570AD or 1 Rabiul Awal Tahun Gajah. His father was Abdullah bin Abdul Muttalib and his mother Aminah binti Wahab. He was raised by his grandfather, Abdul Muttalib when he was orphaned then by his uncle, Abu Talib when his grandfather died. Even as a young man, he was already honored as al-Amin by his community who was impressed by his noble character. He married Siti Khadijah binti Khuwailid at the age of 5 and managed his wife's business. He showed his leadership qualities when he solved a dispute among the chiefs of Quraisy over the relocation of the Hajarul Aswad Stone to its original site after Mecca were beset by flood.

The Prophet received the first divine revelation on 6 August 610 (17 Ramadan) from the angel Gabriel at the Hira' Cave. The first revelation was the Surah al-Iqrawhich means 'Read in the name of your God who made man from a drop of blood…' After a few months, he received the second revelation from the Allah S.W.T to spread the teachings of Islam. He carried the command for 1 years. During this time the Prophet and his followers suffered great anguish and torment from the Quraisy people of Mecca.

On receiving Allah S.W.T command to move, the Prophet then migrated to Yathrib on 1 September 6 AD (1 Rabiul Awal). The Prophet and the people of Yathrib entered into agreements, namely the Aqabqh I Agreement and the Aqabah II Agreement. Following that Yathrib was renamed Madinah. After a few years the Quraisy was forced to succumb to the Prophet and accepted Islam.

The basics of Islam are akidah and syariah. Akidah is absolute faith or believe in the oneness in Allah S.W.T and everything that has been revealed by Allah S.W.T. Syariah is the laws and regulations of Islam contained in the holy Koran and the Sunnah (Hadis). The major festivals of the Muslim community are Hari Raya Puasa, Hari Raya Haji and Maulud Nabi.

Buddhism

Basically there are two types of practices. The Chinese practice the Mahayana (Great Vehicle) branch of Buddhism which spread to and developed bin China during the Han Dynasty. This version of the religion has undergone adaptation. The Thais, however followed Hinayana (Little Vehicle) Buddhism, a more original version which places importance on saintly living.

Buddhism is based on the teachings of Siddharta Gautama (56 to 48 BC), a prince from Kapilavatsu in North India near Nepal. Gautama was disturbed by the plight and suffering of the people so he leave the comfort of his family to seek truth and to experience the life of the ordinary people. He found enlightenment under the Bo tree.

The basics of Buddhist teachings are the four truths which the Buddhists call 'noble truths'

1. Suffering and unpleasantness in life, like old age, disease and death, are gifts of nature.

. Suffering is caused by greed or desire for wealth and pleasure which do not last.

. Suffering can end when greed and desire is overcome or controlled.

4. To overcome or control desire and end suffering one should followed the noble Eightfold Path or the Middle Way.

The Buddhist celebrates Wesak Day which is a public holiday in Malaysia.

Hinduism

It was brought here by the Indian workers who migrated to Malaya in the 1th and early 0th centuries. There is no one founder of Hinduism. The Hindus have two set of sacred books- the Vedas and the Upanishads. These books were written in Sanskrits. The epics Ramayana and Mahabharata are also regarded as holy texts. The Vedas consist of Rig-Veda, Yajurveda, Atharva Veda and Samaveda.The Hindus believed in Trimurthi (Three Transformation). This concept explains that god appears in the form of different deities- Brahma (the Creator), Vishnu (the Saviour) and Siva (the Destroyer). It also teaches the incarnation of the soul when people died.

The main festivals of the Hindus are Thaipusam and Deepavali. Others include Thaipongga, Navarathri and Hindu New Year.

Confucianism

It is founded in China by Kung Chung-Ni who was called by Kung Fu-Tze or Kung the Master. The Europeans, especially the Christians westernized the name to Confucius. The teachings of the Confucianism are contained in a holy book called the 'Analects'. He emphasized life in this world in his teachings.

Followers of Confucianism in this country worship Kung Fu-Tze as a deity and have built temples for this purpose. On festive occasions, they make offerings of roast pigs and sample money notes. There is no statue of Kung Fu-Tze, like that of Buddha, in such a place of worship; only a stone tablet on which is written the teachings of Confucius.

Taoism

It was founded by Lao-Tze. His teachings focus on 'Tao', which means 'way'. Hence the name of is teachings, Taoism. His teachings are just as blur and difficult to understand today, as they were in the past. The holy book of Taoism is Tao Teh Keng.

According to Lao-Tze, Tao determines the course taken by the universe and is responsible for its movement. Because of this, Tao is the 'way' which must be used by mankind. It is the way to unite mankind with the universe and consequently co-ordinate man's life with the universe.

The two complementary principles of yang and yin in Chinese tradition explained the concepts of harmony in Taoism. Yang is positive, bright and masculine. Yin is negative, dark and feminine. The interaction of Yang and Yin is thought to maintain harmony of the universe and to influence everything within it.

Christianity

It was brought here by Christian missionaries during the Portuguese control of Malacca. According to believers, the Christian way of life was taught by Jesus Christ. Jesus began teaching as an itinerant preacher. He taught obedience to one another and also performed some miracles. The Jewish leader plotted to get rid of Jesus. He was sentenced to death and crucified in about AD. Christians believe that God raised Jesus from dead three days later. Jesus met and spoke with his followers for a short period of time and after that was taken into heaven. After this his followers spread the teachings. The basics of Christian teachings are oneness with the God, obedience to God, brotherhood and love. The holy book of Christianity is the Bible.

The Christians celebrated Christmas, God Friday and also Easter.

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Music

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Hip Hop has gotten some pretty bad press over the years.  

The first exposure I had to hip hop that I can personally remember was in 187 when my 8 year-old brother brought home a bootlegged tape of the Disco a.k.a. the Fat Boys Crushin album.  He brought his cassette player into the kitchen and promptly blasted the Fat Boys Protect Yourself / My Nuts for the whole family to hear.  He thought it was hilarious.   I was six years old at the time and giggled profusely.  My mother was furious at both of us, but more so at Prince Markie Dee, Buff Love the Human Beat Box, and Kool Rock Ski.

The above anecdote may indeed be a digression, but it points to the fact that sometimes, like Will Smith once flowed poetical, Parents Just Dont Understand.  More importantly, however, is that hip hop has always been embroiled in controversy and misunderstanding.  Here are some of the issues that hip hop has had to contend with in the mass media and with government officials.

Clearly, hip hop is not merely a rap song or the marketing of image and eye-catching clothes.  It is a form of expression and a way of living and knowing and coping with the surrounding world.  Scholars such as Tricia Rose, William Eric Perkins, and Russel A. Potters, as well as artists and fans, have devoted their lives to the survival of hip hop because of its complexity and cultural value.Order College Papers on Music

The Hip-Hop and Cultural Studies Collective was conceived in the summer of 1 by R. Scott Heath and Shawan M. Wade, graduate students at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor.  It was imagined initially as a central space, run by an organization of individuals to advance the study of hip-hop culture.  At a subsequent meeting the concept was actualized through the formation of the first Executive Committee consisting of the founders and three other charter membersMillery Polyn, Angie Colette Beatty, and Geoff K. Ward.  This group determined the mission of the Collective  to collect and synthesize hip-hop scholarship and cultural production, to document the development of this social movement, to promote and diversify the study of hip hop in the academy and to provide community access to comprehensive and valuable information about hip hop.  The organization has established the following objectives

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In your opinion, is 'The Merchant of Venice' an anti-Semitic play? In the course of your answer, explain clearly how Shakespeare presents Christians and Jews and comment on what the play suggests about prejudice and religious values.

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In your opinion, is 'The Merchant of Venice' an anti-Semitic play?

In the course of your answer, explain clearly how Shakespeare presents Christians and Jews and comment on what the play suggests about prejudice and religious values.

The Merchant of Venice focuses a great deal on religion because it is at the centre of the whole story. Shylock (a Jew) lends money to Antonio (a Christian) and this is from where the whole problem arises and where the story begins. Neither Jew or Christian really want to do business with each other but because of the situation in Venice at the time, Jews tended to be the only money lenders so Antonio did not have a choice if he wanted to help Bassanio he had to borrow money from Shylock. Because of the "ancient grudge" between the Christians and the Jews and the fact that Shylock felt very hard done by by the Christians because of the way they treated him, he decided to use his position as the money lender to get his revenge on Antonio and demand a pound of flesh if he could not pay back the money.

"If I can catch him once upon the hip, I will feed fat the ancient grudge I bear him."&

Help with essay on In your opinion, is 'The Merchant of Venice' an anti-Semitic play? In the course of your answer, explain clearly how Shakespeare presents Christians and Jews and comment on what the play suggests about prejudice and religious values.

The Jews and Christians have a mutual hate for one another purely based on race and both treat each other with utter contempt and would go out of their way to hurt each other just to prove a point. The Christians spit on the Jews and call them dogs and devils and the Jews lend Christians money but charge them high rates of interest and possibly ask for forfeits not unlike the one Shylock demands from Antonio.

"You call me misbeliever, cut-throat dog, And spit upon my Jewish gaberdine, And all for use of that which is mine own."

Shakespeare presents the Jews in a very stereotypical way, especially Shylock. He is greedy, mercenary, spiteful and uncaring and has very few likeable qualities. He is completely evil and shows no mercy at all and when his daughter leaves him, he cares more about the money she stole from him than he does about losing her.

But, instead of making the Christians the complete opposite of the Jews, he also gives them some undesirable qualities, some which are not unlike the typical characteristics of the Jews. Portia, Antonio and Bassanio are all quite mercenary, shallow and greedy and are not even merciful at the trial when casting sentence on Shylock, and mercy is what they claim sets them apart from the Jews. The "Christian" qualities, which they all claim to have, are not there. This is what makes me think that Shakespeare did not intend the play to be anti-Semitic. If he did, then the Christians would not be so much like the Jews and they would be more like "typical Christians." Instead, we see that characters such as Antonio, Portia and Bassanio believe that they act like true Christians but in fact, they act little better than their enemies. Antonio even admits to treating Shylock badly and says that he would be happy to do it again and still calls himself a true Christian.

"I am as like to call thee so again, To spit on thee again, to spurn thee too."

Shylock then agrees to lend Antonio the money and Antonio replies;

"The Hebrew will turn Christian, he grows kind."

Antonio says this implying that only Christians are kind but the only kind thing that Antonio does in the play is lend Bassanio the money, and one could argue that he even did this for selfish reasons, to buy Bassanio's love. He has very few, typical Christian traits but still uses the fact that he is a Christian to persecute the Jews. Shylock even has reasonable excuse for wanting revenge on the Christians because Jews believe in an eye for an eye as a policy for revenge, as that is what it says in the bible, and he has been treated very badly by the Christians. This is another reason why I do not believe that Shakespeare intended the Merchant of Venice to be an anti- Semitic play. He has given us too much reason to think badly of the Christians and feel sorry for Shylock and the other Jews. The fact that the Christians force Shylock to convert at the end of the play shows the audience just how evil and unmerciful the Christians can be and we sympathise with Shylock more than with them. Shakespeare would not have left us feeling sympathetic towards Shylock if he had intended the play to be anti-Semitic. The Christians would have been merciful and we would be left thinking that Shylock got away lightly with what he had done but been left in awe at the endless mercy and kindness of the Christians. Instead, we are left thinking that Shylock was a bit hard done by and that the Christians were not very Christian and merciful. This is why I do not believe that Shakespeare intended the play to be anti-Semitic.

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English

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Biography: Edith Wharton

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Edith Newbold Jones was born in New York City in 186. She was the youngest child and only daughter of a socially prominent family. She was educated privately, in which case she spent most of her childhood traveling with her family in Europe, mostly in Italy and France. In 1885 at the age of twenty-three she did what she was expected to do and she married Edward "Teddy" Wharton, an affable Boston banker. The Whartons began their married life in New York and were soon part of the New York social scene, dividing their time between New York, Newport, and Bar Harbor. Later they built a home in Lenox, Massachusetts. But for Edith Wharton the year's high point was the couple's annual trip to Europe.

Wharton was twenty-nine before she sold her first short story. Her first novel, The valley of Decision, set in eighteenth-century Italy, was published in 10, when she was forty. It was in The House of Mirth, (105), however, that she found her true subject the tightly structured world of New York society into which she was born and which she observed with clarity and sympathetic irony. The Age of Innocence (10), for which she won the Pulitzer Prize, is an in-bred world she both mocked and celebrated.

An ambitious writer, in addition to her novels Wharton wrote masterful short fiction, ghost stories, and New England winter's tale, the grim novella Ethan Frome (111). She was also knowledgeable writer on such subjects as gardens, landscaping, furnishings, and travel. Divorced from Teddy Wharton in 11, she spent almost no time in the United States, preferring Paris and her wide circle of friends, among them Henry James, who was a literary influence as well as a traveling companion, and Bernard Berenson. Wharton's surroundings where important to her and her personal wealth made possible the ordered and stylish life she craved.

During World War I, Wharton remained in France and worked with refugees and the wounded, for which the French government warded her the Legion of Honor in 116. She died at Saint-Bricesouis-Foret, France, in 17.

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Multinational Corporations

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Multinational Corporations

Other corporations grow so large that they virtually become multinational in scope. Multinational, then, are corporations built in industrialized and powerful countries that have branches in different nations. It is in effect, a citizen of general country at one time. As such, it is subject to the laws of, and is likely to pay taxes in each place where it has operations.

How do you know if it is a MNC? Well, first, it has a manufacturing base or other form of direct investment that gives its roots in at least one foreign country. Second, when it begins to plan, organize and coordinate production, marketing, R&D, financing, and staffing. For each of these operations, the firm must find the best location. Another characteristic is that the foreign sales are 5% or more of total sales and last, they develop new products in its native country and manufactures them abroad.

MNC have lots of advantages, and these are some of them These companies give job opportunities to many people and pay taxes that support the social services of the growing country, Multinational Corporations can introduce new technologies and learnings in governing the industry and MNC's are big help for the small industries because of the big demand of MNC for the products and services of small companies.

If there are advantages, of course there would also be disadvantages like Small businesses will lose profit because they cannot compete with MNCs, MNCs may not share their knowledge in technology and abilities in running the industry. Local workers could only work in lower positions while the higher levels would be given to foreign workers. And last, due to power and wealth, MNC's may influence the activities of the national and local government.

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The Scarlet Letter - Nathaniel Hawthorne

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The Scarlet Letter, authored by Nathaniel Hawthorne is a historical novel based in, and written relatively shortly after early American puritanical times. Its focus is on a bleak New-England village that has crafted a limbo of Judeo-Christian order out of the vast North American wilderness.

The book was Hawthorne's claim to fame, which he fervently produced after losing his job as a customs official. It is the culmination of his previous works, including short story and poetry, many of which also had philosophical and theological themes. Hawthorne himself was a transcendentalist, a self-actualized post Calvin movement, which he and his wife studied and practiced while living on a commune at brook farm, one of the earlier Utopian societies in America. After publishing the scarlet letter, Nathaniel's career as a novelist took off, and he published several books before his death in 1864.

Like the majority of his work, in The Scarlet Letter puritan values are the neutral mud from which Hawthorne creates beautiful and articulate ideas from. Thus the story starts off with the village rabble fixing their gaze expectantly on the sturdy prison doors. Through speculation, it is learned that a woman is to emerge and be led to the pillory and be shamed before the village for her crime of adultery. As the doors open, our protagonist, Hester Prynne emerges, her shame evidenced by the babe in her arms and the blazing satin 'A' that the officials have fixed to her garment.

In the next scene, where she stands question from her station on the pillory sees most of the influential characters introduced. Her interrogator is Father Dimmesdale, the intelligent, youthful pastor, and opposite him in the crowd is Roger Chillingsworth, an aged, recently returned wanderer from Indian lands. The story is that Hester's husband sent her from Europe to live in Boston, but that he never followed, and in the meanwhile Hester pursued a more meaningful relationship that produced her bastard child. She refuses to give away the identity of the father, instead taking shame for her own, and a classic whodunit is born.

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The first character to be brought into the light is Roger Chillingsworth. He poses as a doctor and naturalist and is brought to see to Hester in her cell. As they talk, it becomes obvious that he is her estranged husband. Despite the fact that, in this weird little outpost of humanity, he is constantly reminded of the ruin of their loveless relationship and must live in obscurity, it is here that he finds the most connection. He resolves to uncover the identity of her lover, and swears her to keep his identity and motives secret.

Several years later, Arthur Dimmesdale falls ill with a heart affliction, and Chillingsworth moves in with him to see to his medical needs. He finds that his condition is the result of mental and psychosomatic distress and becomes suspicious of a tie between his and Hester's torment. Then, one day, Roger uncovers a parallel, self-inflicted letter A on Dimmesdale's breast and the situation becomes clear.

Once all the key facts are brought out in the open, the rest of the book deals with the resolution of this sticky situation, and the character's true relations to each other are made the clearer to see.

Hester's struggle was with herself. Before the events of this story, she was a passionate and mercurial woman, full of life and love. It was not a fitting fate that she should be bound to the cold, vampiric Roger Chillingsworth, and indeed she found a way out of it when she met Arthur Dimmesdale. Whatever sin they may have committed, it was wrought out of a pure, complimentary love, and although the mark she wore was meant to symbolize evil and shame, in the end, it was only a mark. Hester acknowledged that her so-called sin was just another chapter in her life, and, understanding it, she embraced and incorporated it into who she was. The only step for her before she could truly move on then was to give her child a father.

Dimmesdale was not so clear and insightful when dealing with the situation. He denied act and internalized the shame, until it grew so great and terrible within him that his body could stand it no longer. But he also learned from and created with the pain, giving his followers original and meaningful spiritual advice to apply to their lives. He then gives one last, ultimate and eloquent sermon as his testament on earth and in the end, he realizes that in order to relieve himself before death he must make things right, and in a moment of braveness he ascends to his rightful place on the pillory beside Hester and his daughter. Pearl kisses him, and he falls into a merciful death.

Roger Chillingsworth is a sad story indeed. The man was twisted and troubled from the moment of his birth, and was never fully able to give and receive in kind. He instead fueled the cold hearth inside himself with the energy of others he lingered on in this place only to exact revenge on Dimmesdale the adulterer, and was responsible for much of his cycle of denial and pain. But even the Pastor was able to come to peace with himself, and after the loss of Hester and his vengeance; he had nothing to sustain him and succumbed to fate.

This book was a stark account of the dogma, hypocrisy and sexism that too often defined colonial America. It is a story about how unnatural inhibitions and orders hampered what would have been two bright and successful lives. Even in the open township, where everything is supposed to be exposed to the judgment of god much is secret and shadow, and often one finds the essential human strength being locked away in kind. Yet, out of all the pain, and the isolation, and the wrongness that this backwards system did the people a questioning, contemplative way was born. Hester was able to put much constructive thought to the inequities and the problems of the social framework, and was able to help other women along their way, while finding her own place in the world. The conclusion of the book shows that often, the human spirit blazes brightest and clearest in time of trial and that there is nothing to lose, and everything to gain from embracing its innate truth and beauty.

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