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Friday, November 15, 2019

Art and lit

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"You do as you experienced."


Employing artistic and literary devices towards the equivalent goal to reproduce forms of imagination to which the mind will recur with pleasure, a binding link between art and literature is established. A proof to this link is that both art and literature reflect the social context in which they were produced.


The social context in which an artist lives in heavily influences his or her painting. During the Renaissance, an age that spanned the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries, Western art reached its pinnacle, and although Michelangelos work embodies its grandest artistic achievements, no life embodies the Renaissance as grandly and completely than that of Leonardo da Vincis. He more than any other individual then earned the title Universal man. It was not un-rare for Renaissance artists to engage themselves in various intellectual interests; Leonardo, however, was unparalleled in both the breadths of his interests and the thoroughness with which he studied them. Renaissance works of art existed largely for their own sake, as objects of ideal beauty and pertaining to the human soul, mind and body. Leonardo clearly displayed this belief in his many extant drawings, which reveal his brilliant draftsmanship and his mastery of the anatomy of humans, animals, and plant life. In addition, Marc Chagall was profoundly affected by his home, background, and religion. In one of his notorious painting, I and the Village, Chagall's childhood Russian Jewish community is evidently manifested. Clearly, because his Jewish background effected him greatly Chagall chose to create a replica of his very own Jewish village. Both in Leonardo and Chagall's paintings the time- period they experienced is reflected in their paintings, whether through the theme, background, or their artistic devices.


Furthermore, in literature the social context effects an authors method of writing just the same. The life of Edgar Allan Poe was, like so many of his tales, short, poignant, and strangely haunted. From a very young age he experienced many deaths and consequently began to drink alcohol. Due to this fact, Poe's writings became very daunting, with a common theme of death. For example, in his short story "The Cask of Amontillado" not only is the whole plot surrounded with alcohol (a cask of amontillado) his theme of revenge and death is equally portrayed. Additionally, Mark Twain lived during the Reconstruction, the period directly after the civil war which failed because although federalists tried to change the mind-set of many to prejudice the outlook on racism never did change. In Twain's book Huck Finn, Jim a black slave constantly works to free himself but all the while he is truly free through the will of his owner. Mark twain shows this irony of trying to free an already free man similar to the irony taking place during the Reconstruction. The federalists tried to show that all blacks are equal when really any human should have equal rights.


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Thursday, November 14, 2019

Progressivism

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BLOCK THREE PROGRESSIVISM AND INTERNATIONALISM, 188-141


IDENTIFICATIONS


1. Lend-Lease Bill


Who-Spanish diplomat Enrique Dupuy de Lome, United States President William McKinley, William Randolph Hearst and his New York Journal


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What- The DeLome letter was a letter from the Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lome, in Washington, D.C., to Don Jose Canalejas, in Havana, Cuba, that was intercepted by a Cuban agent, leaked to William Randolph Hearst, and published on the front page of the New York Journal. This letter was humiliating to President William McKinley, and ultimately increased the U.S.'s tensions with Spain.


When- written and published in 188


Where- Havana, Cuba and Washington, D.C.


Significance- The De Lome letter greatly increased the United States tensions with Spain. Then when the U.S.S. Maine was sunk in the Havana Harbor on February 15, 188, and 60 lives were lost, it was difficult for the United States to believe that the Spanish had nothing to do with this disaster. Two months later, in April, McKinley approved Congress's resolution that called for the immediate withdrawal of Spanish troops from Cuba. Four days later, the Spanish government declared war. The DeLome letter instigated all of these events, ultimately leading to the Spanish-American War.


The first picture is Spanish ambassador Enrique Dupuy de Lome from


http//www.spanamwar.com/Delome.htm


The second picture is U.S.S. Maine in Havana Harbor from the website


http//www.socialstudieshelp.com/Lesson_60_Notes.htm


. Yellow Journalism


Who- Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst


What- Yellow journalism began through the fierce competition between Pulitzer's New York World and Hearst's New York Journal. It was used to attract more readers and to increase circulation. Some yellow journalism techniques include banner headlines, colored comics, and copious illustrations. Yellow journalism received its name when Hearst stole Pulitzer's "The Yellow Kid" comic strip writer.


When- 180's


Where- New York City


Significance- Through yellow journalism, it became common for newspapers to report everything through the editor's eyes regardless of whether the information was inaccurate, biased, or true. Since the American public had limited sources to verify the information, newspapers received tremendous political power through the people. Because of this, yellow journalism played a key role in beginning the Spanish-American War by the New York Journal's printing to the controversial DeLome letter on its front page.


The first picture is of the William Randolph Hearst and the second picture is of Joseph Pulitzer both taken from the website


http//www.spanamwar.com/press.htm


. Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty


Who- United States Secretary of State John Hay, Panamanian envoy to United States Philippe Bunau-Varilla, and United States President Theodore Roosevelt


What- This treaty was an agreement between the United States and Panama in which the United States would receive the rights to a canal zone ten miles wide in exchange for $10 million and an annual rent of $50,000.


When- November 10


Where- Panama and the United States


Significance- This treaty gave the United States exclusive rights and perpetual use of the Panama Canal. It also secured the United States' position as the economic and political leader of the Western Hemisphere. Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines had already been established as official protectorates, and with this treaty came Panama. The United States also became free to transport good between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and to decide who else could have this privilege.


4. Roosevelt Corollary


Who- Theodore Roosevelt


What- This was a corollary to the Monroe Doctrine that justified American intervention throughout the Western hemisphere. It stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, did not violate the rights of the United States, or did not invite foreign invasions into the United States. This corollary mainly justified U.S. interventions in the Dominican Republic, Cuba, Mexico, Haiti, and Nicaragua.


When- December 104


Where- Washington, D.C., United States Congress


Significance- This corollary came about as Europe began to use force in order to urge several Latin American countries to repay their debts. Thus, America began to fear European intervention in Latin America. Roosevelt worried that intervention would take away the United States' dominance in Latin America. To keep European powers out and ensure financial stability, Roosevelt issued this corollary. The fact that Roosevelt tied this corollary to the Monroe Doctrine was ironic because the Monroe Doctrine had been issued to prevent European intervention in the Western hemisphere, and the Roosevelt Corollary was issued to justify American intervention in the Western hemisphere.


The above picture is President Teddy Roosevelt taken from this website


http//www.theodoreroosevelt.org/life/biopictures.htm


5. Lusitania


Who- Great Britain, Germany, United States


What- Lusitania was a British ocean liner sunk near Ireland by a German submarine. She was believed to be carrying ammunition to be delivered to the Allies in England. One thousand one hundred ninety-eight people drowned as a result of the explosion. This included 18 Americans.


When- May of 115


Where- south of the coast of Ireland


Significance- When Germany sank Britain's Lusitania, the American people were outraged. The United States protested Germany's action and warned them to limit their submarine campaign against Britain. However, when Germany continued unrestricted submarine warfare, the United States entered World War I in April of 117. It was the sinking of the Lusitania that created enough turmoil among the American public to allow the United States to enter into the war. This event also proved that the civilized warfare methods of the 1th century were a thing of the past.


The above picture is a postcard that was issued to commemorate the sinking of the Lusitania. It features the Lusitania and her captain, William Turner. This picture was taken from the website


http//www.gwpda.org/naval/lusika00.htm


6. Fourteen Points


Who- President Woodrow Wilson


What- Fourteen Points was a peace settlement proposed by Woodrow Wilson following World War I. This proposal called for open covenants of peace that were freely arrived at, freedom of navigation of the seas, removal of economic barriers and establishment of equality of trade conditions, and also outlined territorial adjustments. Further conditions of this settlement were evacuation of Russian territory, evacuation and restoration of Belgium territory, evacuation of French territory, readjustment of Italy's boundaries, safeguarding of Austria-Hungary, evacuation of Rumania, Serbia, and Montenegro, secured sovereignty of Turkish portion of the Ottoman Empire, and erection of an independent Polish state. The last point called for a League of Nations to enforce the peace.


When- January 118


Where- Washington, D.C. and the United States Congress


Significance- This proposal showed President Wilson's eagerness to end World War I with both sides participating in a lasting peace. These points transformed the concepts of free trade, open agreements, democracy, and self-determination into concepts of foreign policy. They were also the basis of Germany's surrender to end the war. It further pressed that morality should be the basis for all foreign policies.


Above is a picture of President Woodrow Wilson taken from the website


http//www.angelfire.com/in/wilson/wilson.html


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Wednesday, November 13, 2019

EUTHANASIA

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The paper that I chose to write about is Euthanasia. I did a group presentation on Euthanasia and I still did not know if I agree with it or disagree with it. In this paper I am going to give a little bit of information on euthanasia, give the pros and cons to euthanasia and try to decide whether I feel that it is right or wrong.


Euthanasia is the "act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment. Even though euthanasia may bring forward the time of death, euthanasia is not the administrating of pain reliving treatment. There are two types of euthanasia; they are active and passive euthanasia. Active euthanasia is that death is the intended outcome. Passive euthanasia is when the doctor decides what is best for the patient. Active euthanasia the doctor would introduce a killing agent. For example the doctor would inject some type of killing agent into the patient or a pistol shot to the head. Passive euthanasia is when the doctor refuses to give the patient treatment for their illness. An example of this would be taking away a respirator or refusing to put a patient on a respirator. In December of 10 Dr. Jack Kevorkian came into importance when he euthanasized Janet Adkins by allowing her to inject lethal drugs into her body at any time. Dr. Kevorkian has since been the reason of more than forty deaths.


Some pros to euthanasia are


Because euthanasia does not relieve the pain and suffering of the dying patient there are other alternatives besides killing yourself to help relieve the pain. Many who are dying think that there are only two ways of dying die slowly and suffer all the pain or euthanasia. So many patients feel that they have no other option; they feel vulnerable and decide to go with euthanasia. There is another way which is to receive compassionate care. This type of care is called Palliative care which is care given to patients during the final stages of his or her life. This palliative care is meant to meet the needs of the dying patient. Palliative care is given by nurse practitioners, palliative care physicians, volunteers, chaplains, family members and many others. The goal of palliative care is to make the patient as comfortable as possible, which includes managing pain, vomiting, fatigue and much more. Another goal is to relieve the patient of any unnecessary medicine that they may be taking, and to provide support for the patient. Although some pain and suffering cannot be curable, palliative care provided alternatives to help deal with this pain and suffering.


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Tuesday, November 12, 2019

The massacre at tiananmen square

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The Massacre at Tiananmen Square


It was a bloody massacre. The Massacre of Tiananmen Square, in Beijing, China, that is. It was boycott against the government. The people wanted freedom. They wanted democracy. They wanted to know why Hu Yaobang was dismissed in January 187 (NMIS.org Chronology Page 1). They were angry that students who wanted to know why he was dismissed were arrested (Inside China Today, Part One).All these facts were reasons for the Massacre of Tiananmen Square, in which, according to Chinas Red Cross, two thousand six hundred people were killed, and 7,000 were wounded (Inside China Today, Part Five). The question is did the government have the right to use force to stop the protest? The answer is yes because the people were warned, and were trying to change something that would be very hard to change.


Tiananmen Square was a place of protest in April, May, and June of 18 (NMIS.org). Students from Beijing University, as well as many other schools, were boycotting against the government. They would protest at Tiananmen Square. Tiananmen Square is one of the largest public squares in the world, which has an area of over one hundred acres (Encyclopedia Britannica). In this large area, massive amounts of brutalities took place. Large tanks crushed eleven students, and many other students were shot and killed.


The people were warned to stay away from Tiananmen Square. Specifically, on June rd, at 1000 P.M., the loudspeakers at Tiananmen Square cautioned the students to stay at home (Inside China Today, Part Five). Also, if that didnt warn the people enough, the fact that so many people were dying should have told them that it just wasnt worth it.


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One of the main reasons for all of the protests is because of communism. The students did not want communism, but would rather have a democracy. This is not the way to fix communism. It would have been easier to gather up all of these students and take them to the leader to see if he can change his ways. When the people go on protest, they get their point across. Especially if there are that many. They dont have to take it so far that the government has to use force to stop them. Either way, they got their point across, but they would have got their point across in a non-violent way.


The government had only one choice to stop the protest at Tiananmen Square by force. They tried to negotiate, but that didnt work. They enforced martial law, but that was a joke to the people (Inside China Today, Part Three). The people were warned. They shouldnt have kept protesting. Also, they were trying to change something that would be very hard to change. For sure there were other people who favored communism who would have went on strike if it changed to a democracy, which would pretty much be impossible anyway


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Sunday, November 10, 2019

Coffe Markets- Big questions

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Coffee Markets- Big Questions


1. Coffee is produced competitively because


· It is the world's second most valuable commodity.


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· Producers are in the developing world- many producers- perfect competition.


· Lucrative market easy way of obtaining foreign currency.


. Coffee Growers can add value by


· Growing different types of Coffee, such as green coffee, Columbian and Costa Rican


· Sell their coffee as fair trade coffee, adds value because consumers see it as ethically friendly e.g. Caf Direct, Oxfam, Starbucks brewing fair trade coffee.


· Coffee farmers have little influence on the price of Coffee. They have no choice but to accept the price on offer. This will mean that their livelihoods are very dependent on the behaviour of demand and supply in worlds markets, which in turn may depend on the expectations of dealers in world commodity markets.


. The profitability of Coffee has fallen due to


· Oversupply Caused by new producers entering market.


Bumper harvests e.g. Brazil and Vietnam.


· Producers breaking ranks with others on policy e.g. Vietnam with government subsidies and World Bank support.


· Consumer move from low grade commercial Coffee- rising income


Changing tastes


· Coffee is a mature market little growth in demand, thus greater effect on price.


· Breaking of International Coffee Agreement in 18. This was a cartel that kept the


4


. Impact of falling Coffee Prices on Stakeholders


· Growers switch to more lucrative products e.g. Illegal substances (Cocaine, Marijuana.)


· Countries receive less foreign currency- needed to pay off debts and invest in infrastructure. May turn to new commodity such as Tobacco and Sugar cane.


Both points can cause the Cobweb theory- prices of these products will fall in the long term. The diagram below shows this (P.T.O)


· Holders of Coffee futures buy more because of low prices and hope for price stimulation. This is a real gamble


5. Ways of overcoming Low profitability


· Establish a cartel = all producers together in organisation e.g. the Association of Coffee Producing Countries. Try and establish a minimum price for the commodity


· Restrict supply or even destroy low quality beans e.g. Brazil throwing beans into Atlantic. These will force the price into an increase.


· Allow coffee to be sold as fair trade coffee e.g. Caf direct so that farmers get a more substantial % of price the roasted coffee is sold for.


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Thursday, November 7, 2019

Anthony Trollope

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Anthony Trollope (1815-188)


Introduction


One of the best writers of the English novel is Anthony Trollope. He was one of William Thackerays most enthusiastic admirers. Trollopes solid novels about mid-Victorian churchmen and politicians, after being almost forgotten, are once more being widley read and appreciated.


Birth and Education


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Anthony Trollope was born in Bloomsbury, London in 1815 and lived a very difficult childhood. His family faced constant financial troubles.Anthony was a very large and awkward boy who felt an unhappy outcast among the young aristocrats that he met at school, therefore he kept transferring from one school to another. Attempts at University scholarships were abortive.


Career and Marriage


In the summer of 184 Anthony became an usher in a school at Brussels, then he became a junior clerk in the General Post office, London. He had seven lonely years of dingy poverty in London, making few friends and earning a reputation for insubordination, until his transfer in 1841 to Ireland, as a deputy postal surveyor, put him financially at ease and introduced him to a larger, freer, outdoor life.His awkwardness disappeared; he took up the sport of fox-hunting and married Rose Heseltine, daughter of a bank-manager.


Trollope earned a promotion to a post in Mallow, Ireland. Travels on postal missions to western England, Belfast , Donnybrook near Dublin and to Egypt, Scotland, and the West Indies.Finally he settled at Waltham Cross as surveyor general in the Post Office.


Style


Anthony Trollope treated literature as a trade and wrote by the clock. Rising at 5 0, he would write till 11, before going to work at the post office, at the rate of 1000 words per hour. No author has been more methodical. He worked out schemes, set himself time-schedules, and rigidly adhered to them.


Works


1-In Trollopes first novel, The Macdermots of Ballycloran, he set himself to search for the sources of Irish discontent, this was followed by The Kellys and the OKellys, another political novel.


-His next work was a series of six novels set in the imaginary county of Barset, the first being The Warden, in which he describes clerical life in cathedral towns. Other Barset novels include Barchester Towers, Doctor Thorne, a novel depicting the caste system of landed property-holders, Framley Parsonage and The Small House at Allington. The Last Chronicle of Barset, is the last of the Barset novels.


-Trollope then published a second series of novels, the political novels, less witty and humorous but more difficult and complex than the Barset series.The Prime Minister (1876) and The Dukes Children (1880) depicted the inner political workings of the House of Commons, the political clubs, and the social entertainments of the great political hostesses.


4-Trollopes Autobiography is published after his death in 188 along with two novels The Landleaguers and Mr. Scarboroughs Family.


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Wednesday, November 6, 2019

"Stress research has important implications in that it can advise us on how to manage our own and other stress reaction." Discuss how research into the physiological response to stress has enabled the development of physiological approaches to reducing st

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This essay will explore the research that has been conducted into the physiological stress response. It will look in particular at psychologists such as Seyle and his extensive study into the physiological aspects of stress as well Glaser et al., who studied the link between stress and the immune system. Finally this essay will examine stress management in regards to reducing the physiological aspects of stress.


The first psychologist to examine the physiological aspects of stress was a man named Hans Seyle. Seyle is a significant figure in the history of psychology, made so by the model he produced in 156 known as the General Adaptation Syndrome. This model termed GAS focused mainly on the physiological aspects of the stress response. The model consisted of three main stages Alarm reaction, Resistance and Exhaustion. The first stage of the syndrome (Alarm Reaction) was determined as being the stage in which the body's level of arousal is heightened, the heart rate and blood pressure are increased, sugar stored by the liver is released into the blood to fuel the muscles, muscles become tense and alertness increases. This first stage of Seyle's model has lead to many people becoming more aware of when they produce the symptoms of stress. Therefore many people try to control their stress levels by trying to control their symptoms. For example if a person notices that their breathing rate has deepened or they are sweating more, they will be able to recognise they are suffering from stress and will automatically try to breathe more slowly and relax more in order to prevent further symptoms of stress. Seyle went on to say that if the stress sufferer cannot deal with the stress in a productive way, they will experience stage three; exhaustion. This can lead to psychosomatic illnesses, such as ulcers and heart attacks.


In recent years drugs have been created to help suppress the symptoms named in the General Adaptation Syndrome. Anti-anxiety drugs such as benzodiazepines, which are manufactured under the names of Librium and Valium, are designed to decrease arousal and relieve the tension in the muscles, in an attempt to lower the risk .


There have been a lot of studies into how stress is linked to the physiological aspects of a person's life. Glaser et al., 186 conducted a study of medical students (forty in total) who were about to take an exam. He found that six weeks prior to the exam, they had lower levels of stress than at the time of the exam. He also discovered that the number of T cells at exam time were lower than they had been previously. T cells are lymphocytes found in the blood that help to destroy the harmful bacteria and viruses. Glaser had therefore determined that stress had suppressed the immune system. These findings have led to the creation of a stress management method called biofeedback.


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Biofeedback is a physiological method of stress management. Biofeedback allows a person to supervise the interactions within their body and gives them a suitable degree of control over these processes/ interactions. Shapiro et al., 170 stated that biofeedback allowed participants to "make significant short-term changes in their biological processes" This could include raising their heart rate or lowering their blood pressure. Biofeedback has been used alongside relaxation techniques. From Seyle's findings and model we have been able to determine that when a body gets stressed it becomes more alert and their level of arousal increases. In an attempt to reduce the stress levels, relaxation techniques have been developed that help to slow down some of the symptoms of stress such as deep breathing and alertness. They have also helped lower a person's arousal level.


Another important development has occurred in reducing the risk of CHD. When a person becomes stressed it has been discovered that sympathetic branch of the ANS is stimulated, leading to the constriction of the blood vessels, resulting in a rise in heart rate and blood pressure. If the stress becomes prolonged, the arteries can become damaged. The narrowing of the arteries causes CHD; which is known as arteriosclerosis. An attempt has been made to educe the risk of CHD, in the form of drugs. Beta-blockers decrease the activity in the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system and so slow the heart rate and attempt to reduce the constriction. Thus resulting in lowering the blood pressure.


Finally, there have been various studies into how the endocrine system is connected to a person's stress levels. It has been found that when a person experiences stress the endocrine glands secrete hormones such as adrenaline and noradrenaline. Anxiolytic drugs have been developed based on the findings related to the endocrine system. These drugs try to reduce the anxiety a person experiences due to the chemical (hormones) released in the endocrine system. An example of an anxiolytic drug is Barbiturates.


In conclusion, research into the physiological aspects of stress has proven very useful in the construction of methods to deal with stress. This research has provided the basis for further investigations into how to cope with stress and has been fairly successful in limiting or reducing the amount of stress felt by a person.


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