World Religions

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World Religions

Eliade

1. What is religion?

a. Belief system that gives value or meaning to peoples existenceOrder College Papers on World Religions

b. Personal religion versus institutional religion

. Myth/Mythic

a. Truth in an explanatory way

b. Attempts to explain religion

c. Presence of the sacred and profane

. Sacred and Profane

a. Modes of being in the world

b. Existing in relation to other things

c. Things and space are sacred because of a persons relationship with it

4. Sacred

a. Opposite of the profane

b. Cosmos

c. Order

d. Heterogeneous

i. Mixed kind

e. Must be assigned qualitative value

5. Profane

a. Chaos

b. Disorder

c. Homogenous

i. Same kind

6. Religious man

a. One who lives or tries to live in a sacred world

b. No religious man

i. Each person gravitates toward something

ii. Sacred has become lost

7. Cosmogony

a. The creation of the cosmos

b. Serial cosmogony

i. Cosmos is born of an existing cosmos

1. from a substantial change

c. before new cosmos

i. old must die

d. before cosmogony

i. must be a sign

1. hierophany

. manifestation

. theophany

a. contact with a divine power

4. hierophany

a. contact between levels

e. Contact between levels

i. Point

ii. From the fixed point the world spreads out

iii. A circle

iv. All points equidistant from the center

f. Threshold

i. Circumference of circle

ii. No value

iii. Must be acknowledged

g. Axis Mundi

i. Line through the center

ii. Pole, ladder, mountain, tree

iii. Center is most sacred

h. End of the world

i. Loss of center

ii. Loss of circumference

iii. Encroachment of the profane upon the sacred

i. Sign

i. Something that happens which no one has no control over

8. Sanctification of Life

a. Sanctify to make something sacred

b. Life is profane normally

i. Horizonatal line

c. Does this by Rites

d. Sacred time

i. Most sacred

1. cosmogony

. other moments also become sacred

ii. cyclical

iii. eternal

e. Profane time

i. Linear

ii. Durations

. What is time

a. Time is the measurement of change

b. Eternal exists outside of time

c. Does not change

10. Two types of Rites

a. Ritual

i. Reenactment of the original comosgonic event

ii. Makes people feel as if the moment exists

b. Rite of Passage

i. Celebrates the movement from one stage of life to another

11. Ontological status

a. To become anything else around the circle

b. Established

1. How are the rite of passage connected

a. Acknowledgement

b. Instigation

c. Initiation

d. Importance of death and rebirth imagery

1. Imprinting

a. At a point of high hormonal influx

b. People are prone to take on certain imprints

14. Rites of Passage in Life

a. Birth and naming

b. Baptism

c. Circumcision

d. Bar or bat mitzvah

e. Marriage

f. Childbirth

g. Last rites

15. Secular Rituals

a. Star spangled banner

b. Thanksgiving

c. Birthday party

d. Fourth of July

Black Elk

e. Rituals

i. Pipe smoking

ii. Dancing

iii. All part of great spirit

16. Vocab

a. Monotheism

i. Belief in on god

b. Polytheism

i. Belief in many gods

c. Pejorative

i. Derogatory

d. Polemical

i. Over dramatize difference

17. Black Elk

a. Native Americans

b. Came over in land bridge

c. Two cultures emerged

i. Farmers

1. mother earth

. priorities fertility

ii. Hunters

1. father sky

. priorities strength and masculinity

d. native American world view

i. where one fits in the world

ii. attitude towards nature

iii. plants animals men share an equilibrium

e. Ecological Aspect

i. Balance

1. natural world

. animals

ii. Normative

1. sets a value

. conservation

a. using resources efficiently

. minimum impact on the balance

4. replenish

5. efficient use

f. Spiritual Aspect

i. Spirit world

ii. Location

1. center of the world

iii. ontological value

1. more real than their world

iv. to enter the spirit world

1. vision dream through shaman

v. divination

1. advice from gods

. healing

a. medicine

b. power

c. charisma

vi. all must have vision before adulthood

1. so discover destiny

. not fate but direction of life

vii. In vision one sees totem

1. totem

a. manifestation of ones spirit as an animal in the spirit world

i. determines

1. characteristics

. new name

. compatibility

g. Shamanic Visions

i. Large scope

ii. Able to heal

h. Animism

i. Belief in life force or spirits dwelling in inanimate objects

i. Pantheon

i. Lexicon of gods

j. Great Spirit

i. Removed all power spirit

k. Elemental

i. Rain, lightening

ii. Don't pray to god for rain, pray to rain

l. Object

i. Inanimate objects that appear to have spirits occupying them

m. Ghosts

i. People who died were unable to make transition

1. not rited properly

Hinduism

1. Not a religion

. a cultural distinction

. materials written in San Skrit

a. language of sacred prayers

b. losing much of the poetry

c. very complex

d. neologize makes up new words

4. When culture becomes extinct it becomes fragmented, increasingly incoherent

a. Hindu

i. Superimposition of Aryan culture onto the harapan culture

b. Persians reject Aryan influence

i. Zoroastrianism

1. negative reaction

. good and will gods and switched

5. Vedas

a. Sacred texts

b. Collection of texts

c. Authorless

d. Incoherent and doesn't fit together

e. Does not mean a single veda makes no sense

i. Collection as a whole is inconsistent

ii. Unsystematic

f. Overtime people evolved

i. So did text

6. Canan

a. Authoritive core text

b. Vedas are canonized

c. Explanations

i. Long evolved

ii. Liturgical to be chanted or sung

iii. Believed that everything is made up of vibration

iv. Notions and thought are seen as substances

v. Move faster than light

d. Universe is a far reaching as the vibration will reach

7. Aum

a. The perfect sound of creation

b. Meant to reproduce every sound in the universe

c. Keep universe in balance

d. Sympathetic vibration if one thing vibrates

i. Other things will vibrate at the same frequency

8. 4 collections of Vedas

a. samhias

i. hymns

b. Brahmanas

i. Priestly liturgies

c. Aranyakas

i. Forest books

d. Upanishads

i. The end of the Vedas

ii. Vedanta

1. concrete

. Metaphysics

a. Tries to explain what I is in the outside world that cause the physical world to operate

10. Concrete

a. Specific and well defined

11. Abstract

a. Does not give specific examples

i. Takes an array of things abstract a common element

ii. No two instances of the element are identical

b. As Vedas become more abstract

i. they become more coherent

c. fundamental reality

i. center where everything stands

1. Dharma

a. Duty

1. RTA

a. The goddess of order

b. Symphony analogy

i. Dharma

1. sheet music

14. Determinants of Duty

a. Caste

b. Family

c. Age

d. Previous life

e. Gender

15. Brahman

a. Utterly abstract

b. Not this not that

c. Cannot be pointed to

16. Self

a. It must remain itself

i. As time passes the self does not change

b. Physical appearance

c. Personality

d. Memories

e. All theses things are constantly changing so it cannot be true self

f. Embodiment

i. Born

ii. Lives

iii. Dies

g. True self cannot be reincarnated because reincarnation is change

17. Jiva

a. Illusory self that goes through reincarnation

b. Changes slower than embodiment

c. Made up of the latent consequences of karma

d. Karma

i. Action

ii. Selfish action

iii. Requires more action

e. Jiva is the overflow of karmic consequences

18. Samsara

a. Cycle of death and rebirth

b. In an attempt to satisfy karmic consequences

c. Motivated by karma

d. Samsra sucks life sucks then you die

e. Every opportunity to be born you die

1. GOAL IS NO MORE SAMASARA

a. Nirvana

i. The end without a following beginning

ii. End of samara

iii. End of illusory self

iv. End of jiva

v. End of karma

b. Brahman

i. Truly abstract

c. Atman

i. True self

d. Fundamental realities

i. Most real

e. Eternal

i. Outside of time

f. Incomposite

i. Pure

ii. No parts

iii. Simplest

0. Ontological nondualism

a. There is only one fundamental reality

b. Neither nothing nor something

1. Nondualism versus monism

a. Everyminism is an implied dualism

i. To say something exists it has to be distinguished from nonexisistent

. People appear to be different because we bear the marks of kharma

a. But underneath were all the same

. Brahman

a. All that was

b. Somehow

i. Beginning Is not understood

c. I

i. Belief in the individuality

d. Lack

i. Once you think yourself separate from the whole you feel an emptiness for the whole desire to

e. Desire

i. Fill the lack

f. Action

i. Action to satisfy the desire

g. Kharama is action taken in vain

4. Yoga

a. Putting the reias on self-gratification

i. Helps to harness urges

ii. Also lives together the parts of the self

iii. Mind body spirit

iv. Whole is more than sum of the parts

b. Can be see as an action that integrates mind body and soul

i. For the moment a person escapes their own ego

ii. A yogi is someone who can sustain the moment

c. Yoga in the gita

i. Bhaktiyoga

1. devotion

. completely giving to someone else

. to think entirely of the object of ones desire and not of ones self

ii. Karmayoga

1. Action

. action acting on behalf of dharma

. just do it because its your duty

iii. Jnanayoga

1. wisdom

. acquiring understanding of the true self

. how to acquire such wisdom

a. meditation

iv. Most powerful yoga in Gita

1. bhaktiyoga

. devote to Krishna

. anyone can do it

5. Extrinsic Steps

a. Yama

i. Morality

b. Hiyama

i. Physical purifying

ii. Hygiene

iii. Diet

c. Asana

i. Physical postures

d. Pranayama

i. Breathing exercises

ii. Comes from food we eat

iii. Eating the sun

iv. Eating something that ate the sun

e. Pratyahara

i. Shutting out all the sensory

ii. Willful withdrawal of the senses

6. Intrinsic Steps

a. Dharana

i. Concentration

b. Dhyana

i. Meditation

ii. Realize that you are not your body

c. Samadhi

i. Perfect sameness

ii. bliss

Buddhism

1. Based on Hindu tradition

a. emerged as a rejection of some Hindu aspects

b. Orthodox

i. In line with standard doctrine

ii. Absolute authority of the Vedas

c. Heterodoxy

i. Follows more than one doctrine

ii. Does not believe in the supreme authority of the Vedas

d. Carvaka

e. Jains

f. Buddhism

g. Vedas

h. Priests

i. Caste system

i. Pramara

1. Valid means of knowing

j. Direct experience

k. logical

l. Samba

i. Someone told you

. No pragmatic

a. Dogmatic

i. Insist only certain doctrines are true

b. Pragmatic

i. Practical

. Rahula

a. Absolute truth

b. Nirvana

c. Unhelpful

d. Incoherent

e. no absolute truth in the world

f. truth is not an issue

4. Buddhism uses parables to teach

a. Parable of the raft

i. Buddha's teachings

1. Buddhism offers suggestions of how to live

a. not truths

b. means to an end

i. not an addiction or an attachment

5. Critique of Hindu metaphysics

a. Parable of the poison arrow

b. Buddhists reject the ideas of Brahman, atman, fundamental realities

c. All questions metaphysics are based on assumptions

i. Cannot be or have not been proven

6. four noble truths

a. Fourfold implies four aspects of one concept

b. Axiom

i. Basis of system of proof

ii. Starting point starting assumption

c. Buddhism is neither to be taken on full faith

i. nor no faith

d. Only thing that matters is overcoming of Dukha

i. Suffering

7. Fourfold Axiom

a. Aspects

i. Dukha

1. suffering

. pain

. sorrow

4. All symptoms

5. Loss of who you are

a. What you lost was fundamental

6. more of an emotional anguish

a. response to loss

7. all like if Dukha

a. Dukha is inevitable

ii. Samudaya

1. Cause of Dukha

a. Diagnosis

. Tanha

a. Thirst

b. Cause of Dukha

. Dukha has many causes

a. But tanha is the closest

4. Thirst

a. The thirst that every time you try to satisfy it

b. It only gets worse

c. Continues across lifetime

iii. Nirvana

1. Prognosis

. cessation of Dukha

. nirvana is the end of tanha

a. end of Dukha

4. knowing what to do is different than doing it

iv. Marga

1. the path

. not steps

. 8 fold path

4. three categories

a. Sila

i. Ethical conduct

b. Samadhi

i. Discipline

c. Prajna

i. Wisdom

v. Self awareness is not self consciousness

1. self consciousness includes judgments

. self awareness lacks the judgment aspect

vi. Meditation

1. centered around visualations

a. visualize self as rotting corpse

b. deromanticising the embodiment

c. accepting the pain helps one to move past it

d. realizing the embodiment is not the self helps the realization that death is not all that important

8. Real

a. Causes and effects

b. Everything that can be said to be real is the cause and effect of everything else that can be said to be real

c. Conditioned genesis

i. Things are created conditionally

ii. Rules out the first cause

1. 1 link cycle

iii. posting first causes is as worthless as posting no cause

d. pratityasamutpada

i. attempts to explain the world and reality

. Proper understanding

a. Understanding the world in a way to overcome suffering Dukha

b. Pratityasamutpada

c. Experience of selfhood

i. Buddha does not deny the experience of self

ii. Experience has causes and effects

1. 5 aggregates

10. Anatman

a. No self

b. No unchanging thing

c. Cannot claim that there is not atman

i. Unsaying implies there once was

d. Pratityamaipada

i. Middle way

ii. Does not say things exist or not exist

11. Argument of Atman

a. Epistemologically incoherent cannot be proven to exist or not exist

i. Hindus

1. atman is utterly abstract

. no instance exists

. cannot be seen

b. Harmful

i. Causes Dukha

1. if you belief something for no reason and it causes you harm

. believe in something else

c. Alternatives

i. We can look for alternatives to the idea of atman

1. explain the experience of selfhood and draw different conclusions from it

a. without rooting it in a true self

1. Analytic Device

a. When the self is broken a part

i. We find the five skandas

1. Five Skandas

a. Aggregates

i. Whenever the aggregates are arranged in a certain way,

ii. The experience of a self takes place

1. if one of the five is missing the experience of selfhood cannot take place

b. Rupa

i. Form

1. anything capable of being served

c. Vedena

i. Feeling

ii. Sensation

iii. Anything you want to go towards away from

d. Samuna

i. Perception

1. webs of perception

. how things relate to everything else

e. Samskara

i. Karmic conditioning

ii. Knowing something because it was experience before predisposed in feelings actions based on past experience

f. Vijnana

i. Bifurcate consciousness

1. consciousness is split into two

ii. the goal is not to eliminate one of the standards

1. to eliminate the experience of self

. find the explanation for the experience

14. Buddhist meditation

a. An attempt to break a bad habit

i. Thinking of oneself as the self

b. Steps to breaking habits

i. Realizing that you have a habit

ii. Deciding to break the habit

iii. Get down to the root of the first thought of the habit

iv. By the time we realize a though

1. its too late

. stop the thought of self before it becomes entirely conscious

Daoism

1. Daoism

a. Daodejing

i. Untranslatable

1. Classical Chinese

. Language changes

. Social/cultural translation

ii. Context is lost

iii. Words taken at face value

iv. No one has a perfect understanding of this text

v. No grammar

vi. No masculine/feminine

vii. No tense

viii. No capital letters

ix. No articles

b. Origin of the text

i. 600 BCE 50 BCE

ii. Dao De Jing

1. Tao Tech Ching

iii. Written by Laozi

iv. Zhou dynasty 100 BCE 5 BCE

1. Warring states period

v. Daoism is a response to the breakdown of the Zhou dynasty

c. Confucianism

i. Thought that life was great in the early Zhou

ii. Suggests to do everything as they were done

iii. Conformity to ancient culture

d. Proto-Daoist

i. Non nostalgic feelings

ii. Left the cities

1. head for the hills

. Abandoned Zhou, start a new

e. Laozi

i. Wisest man in all of china

ii. Wants to leave the city

iii. Is told he can not leave until he wrote down everything he knew

iv. Brevity

v. Ambivalent

vi. Open to interpretation

f. Scholars say not a single author

g. Dao De Jing

i. Dao = under goes virtue

ii. De = virtue

iii. Jing = discernable threads

1. refers to any text with a discernable history

. made of transmission

iv. Dao has normative implication

1. the way of leaders is the way to live

v. Chinese

1. things don't exist

a. they process

b. they do

. Everything is what it is

vi. Process of what they do is Dao

h. Ideal versus Actual Dao

i. In order for a Dao to be ideal

1. it needs to exist without interference

ii. Lots of processes

1. all occur at the same time

. all interacting

iii. Ideal Dao does not exist

i. Destiny

i. Ideal process of being a person

j. Dao used to describe how things would be if experienced no interference

k. Dao De Jing

i. Refers to all Daos

ii. Not The Dao

l. Heart is organ of thought

i. Emotion is feeling

m. De = not thinking before acting

i. Just take what comes naturally

n. Dao De

i. Easiest possible way of processes occurring

ii. Ideally processing in a natural way

iii. Least amount of effort

o. De = the quality of that which is most ideally Daoing

p. TaiJi (Tai Chi)

i. Not the martial arts

ii. The principle by which all things Dao

iii. Tai and Ji mean

1. extreme

q. Principles of Extremes

i. Ta Ji Tu

1. diagram of Tai Ji

ii. YinYang

1. opposites

. complimentary

. Yin

a. Traditionally taken to mean feminine qualities

i. Submissive/passive

ii. Creative

4. Yang

a. Masculine qualities

i. Active

ii. Dominant

iii. Strong or large

5. Newtonian conservation of Yin and Yang

a. Get more yin but be less yang

b. Eliade = Sacrifice

iii. Principles of TaiJi

1. whenever any process reaches its extreme in one direction

a. it becomes its opposite process.

. All Daos are oscillating

a. Balancing

iv. Paradox

1. seeming or apparent contradiction

. Lying Paradox

a. Everything I say is a lie

b. Real actual paradox

. Rhetorical

a. Paradox sounds like a paradox but all based on words

b. Looking for new ways of saying

v. Wei Wu Wei

1. Act without Acting

. Not complete passivity

a. Practical principle of Daoism

. getting out of the way of the pendulum

4. dealing with TaiJi

5. Acting without interface/effort (Dao)

vi. Preferences are

1. what causes acting with interference

. the more intent we are on our preferences

a. the more limited are options

. Less specific you are about views

a. The more you see

4. Wei Wu Wei

a. Unlimited possibilities

vii. Miaw

1. wonder

. childlike state

. Box = it can be anything

4. to become mature is to become more like a child

a. regain wonder

viii. Dao

1. process

ix. De

1. ideally

x. Jing

1. without interference

Judaism

1. Biblical

a. Bible

b. People of the book

c. Um Al Kitab

i. The mother of the book

d. God wrote this book in Gods language

e. Translated into human language times

i. Hebrew

1. Moses read and translated wrong

ii. Jesus

1. Christians focused on messenger

. not message

. lost scriptures

4. rewrote them

iii. Mohammed

1. will be lost prophet

. Arabic scripture correct

. Prophetic texts/traditions

a. Prophet

i. Messenger of god

ii. All people of the book received the same book

b. Judaism, Christianity, Islam are all Semitic Traditions

c. Semites

i. Jews and Arabs

. Judaism

a. Tend to read the bible as history

i. History of the human world

ii. History of gods intervention in such

b. Hebrew Scripture

i. Tanakg

ii. Torah

1. first 5 books of the scriptures

iii. Nevim

1. prophetic writings

. apocalyptic tone

iv. Kethbim

1. book of Job, etc, miscellaneous

v. Apocrypha

1. controversial materials

. questionable curiosity

4. Theological Conclusions

a. Creatio Ex Nihlo

i. Creation from nothing

b. Omnipotent

i. No limitations on power

c. Omniscient

i. No limitations on knowing

d. Above suggests he doesn't make mistakes

i. Text suggests he does

5. Creation

a. 6 day model

b. Rvach

i. Gods life force (spirit of god)

c. Nefesh

i. Gods breath in Adam and soul

d. First distinction

i. Light and dark

ii. Produced heterogeneity into homogeneity

6. Introduction to distinction

a. Day and Night

b. Light and Dark

c. Bad versus Evil

i. Bad = pragmatic

ii. Evil = moral category

d. Every phase in process of creation

i. God sees that it is good

ii. Earth Good

iii. Hinduism/Buddhism

1. earth is a bad place and must escape

iv. Christianity/Judaism

1. earth is good place to be enjoyed

e. Second Day

i. Heaven and Earth

f. Third Day

i. Land and Sea

ii. Doesn't create

iii. Reveals

g. Fourth Day

i. Sun Moon Stars

1. introduce time

. all calendars are based on movement of heavenly bodies

h. Fifth Day

i. Birds and Fish

i. Sixth

i. Land Creatures

1. Created in gods image

. God becomes increasingly more cosmic as book proceeds

. Humanoic

4. Maybe we don't resemble god at all

5. We think whatever god things

7. Second Story

a. Not told in terms of days

b. Tells why

c. Conditions

i. Desert

1. no water

. no man till the land

ii. Water

1. before land came from water

. now water comes up from ground

iii. Adam of the earth

1. created to care for the land

iv. Plants Garden of Eden

1. First story

a. all food

b. no distinction

. Now

a. Tree of life

b. Tree of knowledge

c. Center of Eden

. Eliade

a. Cosmic tree

b. Bears fruit

c. Properties of gods

d. If god can threaten death

i. Adam was never immortal

ii. created moral

e. Tree of knowledge of Good and Evil

i. Moral Knowledge

ii. If eat then die on the spot

f. Animals

i. Meant to be companion to Adam

1. no mate

g. Woman

i. Her existence is dependent on Adams

ii. Adam has power over eve

8. Apparent inconsistencies

a. Order of creation

b. Woman and man created together

c. Emphasis

. Perspective Theory

a. stories are the same but from different perspectives

i. gods and humans

10. Lilith

a. Adams first wife

b. God creates Adam and Lilith

c. Lilith refuses to be subservient

i. Lilith kicked out of the garden

ii. God creates eve

1. eve is subservient

d. Written out of the bible by the male priests

11. Kabbalah

a. Mysticism

i. Becoming one with the divine

b. Trying to get to heaven requires climbing on the backs of demons

i. Gain power of them learn their name

ii. Only crated man

1. hermaphroditic

1. JEPD

a. Literary critical scholar

b. Multiple authorship theory

i. At least four authorial strands

ii. Almost every story in the bible is repeated twice

c. Several names of the lord

i. Jehovah

ii. Elohim

d. Priesthood

i. How priests should act

ii. How to treat priests

e. Deuteronomy

i. Seems to be completely separate

1. Fall from paradise

a. Common theory

i. God was testing Adam and eve

ii. Theologic problem

1. what does such a test suggest about gods omnipotence and omniscience

iii. Do Adam and eve deserve to be punished

1. much like children

. don't understand disobedience

. do not know right from wrong

4. threatened with death

a. don't know what death is

5. Cannot understand terms of the deal

a. Let alone consequences

iv. Why doesn't god know what was going to happen

1. why is the tree in the garden to begin with

v. The serpent

1. god himself or the craftiest creatures

. Sent told by god to trick Adam and eve

. not Satan

4. may have been telling the truth

5. no clean instance of deception

vi. Issue

1. what was meant by the word die

vii. Outcomes of the serpent

1. have to slither on their stomachs

. people and snakes not compatible

viii. Adam Outcome

1. work for food

a. till the soil

. Condemns him to death

ix. Eve Outcome

1. painful childbirth

. under the rule of her husband

x. Outcomes not punishment

1. appears this way

xi. Fruit was a lesson

1. allowing to learn through choices

14. Fall from Paradise

a. God seems confused that humans will become as the god

i. Wanted to prevent this

1. knowledge of good and evil

. immortal life

. life in heaven

4. unlimited power

b. Why does god not want people to be like god?

i. Selfish reasons

1. competition

. war

. lack of leadership

ii. Unselfish reasons

1. cannot handle power

. all the power comes with great responsibility

iii. Eliade

1. one center (god)

. obscuring the distinction creates chaos

. the world relics on the distinction

c. Why does god destroy the world by flood

i. Wants to rid the world of evil

ii. Beneloheim Angels

1. sons of god are mating with human woman making mixed race

. intermixing god and man

. line has been blurred

4. order threatened World Ends

15. The Story of Job

a. Among the earliest materials in the text

i. Job

1. most faithful

. most righteous

ii. Righteousness

1. god-fearing

. sacrifice

iii. Job is very wealthy man

b. God is meeting with angels

i. Angels have no free will

1. the thought of Satan being angel does not fit

c. Irony

i. Accused of being spiritually polluted (leprosy)

1. when he was better than god

ii. was the only one righteous

1. wealthy wicked

iii. Unsettling unbalance

d. Happy Ending

i. His kids are still dead

1. even though he has new kids theyr not his

e. Jobs rewards

i. Occurs right after he intercedes on behalf of his friends

1. willing to forgive

ii. Not clear he is being rewarded for keeping faith

iii. Not offered

1. immortality

. life in heaven

iv. Given kids stuff

1. god always gives kids and stuff

16. Covenant promise

a. Seem to be undonctional

i. Requires nothing in return

b. What makes a covenant?

i. Cosmogonic

1. what come before no longer is

a. new center (notion of self)

17. Five Covenants (or 4)

a. Adam

i. No specific promise

ii. No use of the word covenant or bris

iii. Implicit promise

1. if they don't eat the fruit of the tree, the could live in Eden

b. Noah

i. Uses the word covenant

ii. Seal

1. rainbow

a. used to remind that not to destroy the world by flood

b. smells sacrifice appears to be unconditional

iii. Bestowal

1. tells noah the can eat animals

. however no animals with blood (soul)

. Animals with blood are still alive

4. Dietary code (preliminary)

iv. Expectations

1. Prohibits killing

a. Moral code (preliminary again)

b. Obligation to procreate

c. Abram

i. Changed to Abraham

1. rite of passage

. change in social and ontological status

ii. Patriarchal Primogeniture

1. eldest son gets everything

iii. Abrahams vision

1. shamanic vision

a. shows destiny of a whole people

iv. The Promise

1. lots of descendents

. Lands (promised land)

. his people will be oppressed for 500 years before can have the land

4. Wealth

a. Lost the Egyptians

5. God

a. I will be your god and you my people

b. Chosen people

d. Moses

i. Agent of fulfillment of the Abrahamic Covenant

1. Moses is not circumcised

a. Jewish?

. Moses is given the torah

. 61 commandments

4. lord gives Moses his name

a. lord

5. leaves influence

a. people can get gods attention as never before

6. Establishes priesthood

a. Priest

i. Intermediary

ii. Aaron

1. first priest

iii. Perform sacrifices

b. Temple

i. When temple destroyed

ii. Axis Mundi destroyed

e. David

i. King of Israel

ii. God speaks to prophet Samuel

1. tells Samuel who he wants as king

. says to Saul to be first king

a. anointed

b. coroneted

. battle of attrition

a. champion

4. Champion of the Philistines

a. Goliath

b. Destroys all Jewish champions

c. David defeats Goliath

d. Philistines retreat

5. God says David is to be king

iii. God promises David a dynasty

1. every king of Israel will be from the house of David

18. Intertestamental

a. Covenant with David

b. If Jews do what is wrong in the eyes of the lord

i. he will destroy the kingdom

c. David's son Solomon

i. Had a lot of wife's

ii. Political Alliances

iii. Not one of his wives is Jewish

d. Israel splits into Israel and Juda

i. Syria destroys Israel

ii. Babylon's conquer Juda

1. destroy temple

. center destroyed world in chaos

. ruling class captured by Babylonians

4. 80 years pass

a. those who left are dead

b. those who stayed are Babylonian

c. write down traditions

i. Talmud

iii. Line of David is Lost

1. records burned

e. Messianic Expectation "Anointed One"

i. Reestablishment of the line of David

ii. Reestablishment of a kingdom

iii. Rebuilding the temple

iv. All must take place in same spot

1. Biblical Judaism

a. No devil

b. No heaven or hell

c. Not the son of god or savior is the messiah

0. Sheol

a. Existence of the life after death by being remembered

1. Persians

a. Persians conquer Babylonians

b. Liberate Jews

c. Persians Zoroastrianism

d. God and Devil

e. Heaven and Hell

f. Days of Judgment

g. Jesus is Jewish

i. Talks about Jewish Law

h. Emphasis in the gospels

i. Mark

1. humanity of Jesus

ii. John

1. divinity

iii. Matthew

1. Jewishness

Christianity

1. Early Christians were Jews

. Gospel

a. The good news

b. A few dozen gospels

i. Only 4 included in text

c. Gospels

i. Mark 60

ii. Matthew 70-75

iii. Luke 85

iv. John 100-10

d. Disciples

i. Students of Jesus

e. Apostle

i. Messenger of the Gospel

f. Not necessarily written by persons who name they bare

g. First three gospels are synoptic (parallel Explanations)

i. Matthew and Luke may have been drawn from Mark

ii. All three based on one missing document on the life of Jesus

h. John has Completely Different structure

. Acts of the Apostles

a. Seem to have been written by the writers of Luke

b. Ecclesia

i. Community

ii. Founded by the apostles

4. Epistles

a. Letters of the apostles (Paul)

b. Written by Paul 45-50

5. Revelation (60-66)

a. Under the rule of Nero

b. First connection made between serpent in Eden and Satan

c. Year begins at the cosmogony

6. Roman Empire

a. Successes

b. Did not force assimilation

i. Allowed indigenous culture

c. Technology

d. Roads

i. Transport of army culture trade

e. Metal

f. Aqueducts and plumbing

g. Broken into districts with separate governors

h. Ruler of Rome

i. Augustus Caesar

7. Kingdom of the Jews

a. Judea

b. Ruled by Herod

c. Herods rule under roman authority

i. parasitic

ii. Governor (Roman) of district that includes Judea

iii. Painted as sympathetic

iv. Scholars believe is Blood thirsty

8. Essenes

a. Zealots over lapped

. Messiah is

a. Descendant of David

b. King of Israel

10. Herodians

a. Wanted a messiah who would institute the kingdom of Israel without interrupting the way things are

11. Zealots

a. Wanted overthrow of Romans

1. Essenes

a. Hoped for a celestial body to take them to heaven

1. Most turned back on Jesus

a. While talking to one group

b. He antagonized the other group

14. Crucifixion

a. Suffocation

b. Exposed to the elements

c. Social humiliation

d. Eliadically

i. Lowers social and ontological status

e. Made fun of

i. Crown of thorns

ii. Naked

iii. Here lies Jesus, king of Jews

iv. Disappointing to zealots

15. Intention

a. To prove that Jesus fulfills the prophecy of the messiah

16. Accusations against Jesus

a. Blasphemy

i. Heals

ii. Forgives Sins

b. Treason

i. Claims to be king of the Jews

17. Convicted by Romans for Treason

a. Crucifixion is a roman punishment

b. Mocked for his pretension as the king of Jews

18. Blamed on the Jews

a. Jewish people had the ability to save two criminals

i. Jews chose other man

1. Jesus Barabus

a. Son of the father

b. Was the wrong Jesus killed/

c. Ability to save Jesus was added later for the purpose of placing blame on the jews

1. Jesus and Jewish Law

a. Abolishes

i. Swearing in gods name

ii. Divorce

iii. Eye for an eye

iv. Dietary and hygiene codes

0. The law

a. Torah

b. The law

c. Scriptures

d. Commandments

1. Fulfill

a. Fulfills the predictions

. Complete

a. Implies law is missing something

i. not that the laws are incomplete

ii. need to be different

b. love thy neighbor

c. simplifies

d. complicates

e. eliminates priesthood

f. speaks common language

g. Not clear Jesus wanted to start new religion

i. Reform Judaism

. How did Christianity become something other than Judaism

a. Early forms of Christianity

4. Jerusalem Jewish Church

a. Led by James, Brother of Jesus

b. His death in 66 AD that sparked Jewish Revolution

c. Very pure form of Judaism

d. Good at speaking to Jews, not gentiles

e. Says Christians must be Jewish

i. must convert

ii. circumcision

5. Saul

a. Hater of Christians

b. Vision of risen Jesus

c. Pauline gentile

i. Not Jewish to covert

ii. Successful among gentiles

iii. Rivals Jewish church

iv. Thrives

1. survives

. Jewish suppression

v. Undermined by Jamesian Christians

vi. Gospel accounts are the stories of Pauline Christians

vii. Prove pauls church is better

d. Depiction of Jewish people

i. Stupid

1. Can not understand parables

ii. Peter

1. Unloyal

. Denies Jesus times

. Cannot walk on water

4. little faith

6. Coptic

a. Egyptian Christians

b. Already had a dead and risen god

7. Sabeans

a. Mentioned in quaran

b. Authority revised

c. John the Baptist as the Christ

d. Jesus sent to introduce john

8. Eastern Orthodox

a. does not except pope

b. comes from Pauline church

. Gnostic

a. Knowledge

b. Predicts Christianity

c. Argues god of Jewish Scriptures

i. Not real god

ii. Transcendent god

iii. Close to Hinduism

iv. Overrides god such as atman

v. God explodes into 100 rays of light energy

vi. Energy causes sparks that create waves of reality

vii. Our level is very dense and secondary

d. Demiurge

i. God of the level of reality

ii. Actions are the ones in scriptures

iii. Creates world out of self

1. organizing them

. makes 1 archons (builders)

a. create world landscapes

b. makes little bodies and minds

. has sense of what humans should be

a. has to animate them

i. gets sparks from transcendent god

ii. your awareness is god operating through you

iii. sparks are drawn back to god

iv. keeping us ignorant by lying to us so we stay here

v. demiurge isn't destroyed (reincarnation)

1. recycles sparks

iv. Transcendent god sends sparks through other levels to earth to tell us what we know

1. messengers of life

a. know their party of god

i. example Jesus

b. persecuted because against demiurge

c. First is serpent

v. In order for sparks to return to transcendent god must pass through challenges

1. each level

Islam

1. Muslims

a. All people of the book till a point

i. At what point is Muslim different

b. Ishmael

i. Child of Abraham with a slave woman

ii. Sarah gets pregnant

iii. Kicks Ishmael and his mother to desert

1. Ishmael gets mighty nation of his own

. Arab

a. Sons of Abraham from Israel

. Hebrew

a. Sons of Abe from Isaac

iv. Sibling Rivalry

. Mecca

a. Arab religion was animistic

i. Mecca culture was high society

b. Mecca was very cosmopolitan at the time of Mohammed

i. Important end cosmopolitan because

1. important economic site

a. camel caravans

. political site

a. tribal area

b. Camel Caravans

i. No social and ontological status so don't matter

c. Manages treaties for the region

. religious site

a. pilgrimage site

b. pilgrimage

i. sacred journey

c. well becomes the basis for city of Mecca

d. Becomes sacred to Arabic culture

i. Marks Mecca as beginning of Arabic Culture

. Qiba

a. Big black rock (meteorite)

b. Sign from heaven

c. Site where sacrifice of Ishmael was to take place

d. Building surrounding site

i. Supposively made by Abraham and Ishmael

4. Mohammed

a. 570 CE

b. poor, orphaned, illiterate

c. gets job on camel caravan and promoted through ranks

d. Kdijah

i. Owner and widow of camel caravan

ii. Gets married and Mohammed takes over

e. Becomes dissatisfied with meccan culture and religion

f. In mountains

i. Hears voice of Gabriel (angel)

ii. First word is recite

g. Kdijah tells Mohammed to go back to the mountain because it might be god

h. Bits and pieces of revelation from god over next 0 years

5. Five Pillars of Islam

a. Center of life (axis mundi)

b. Creed/Motto/profession of faith

i. No god but Allah and Mohammed is his prophet

c. Charity

i. The giving of ones time effort etc

ii. Life is a test

1. test through adversity

. test by prosperity

. charity to pasts test

d. Prayer

i. 5 times a day

ii. you don't need a mediator

iii. you must face Mecca while praying

iv. you have to do it prostrate or lying down

v. specific times

vi. demonstrates submission to god

e. The Pilgrimage

i. You got to go to Mecca

ii. Only once in your life

iii. Supposed to make your best effort

iv. You can change your name afterward

1. significant change in social or ontological status

. rebirth

f. Fasting during Ramadan

i. Consecrates the first revelation of the Koran

ii. Like a yoga

1. spiritual discipline

6. Jihad

a. Holy war or struggle

b. It has to be defensive

i. Not defensive of property

ii. Of Islam

c. Defense of the pillars

d. Shouldn't fight during Ramadan or in holy place

e. Heaven and hell are present

f. Heaven

i. Image for men who live in the desert

g. Hell

i. Burning hotness

h. Greater Jihad

i. Test in yourself of temptation

ii. Internal

i. Lesser Jihad

i. External

ii. Declared by garden of the community

iii. Deliberated

7. Continuities between Jewish and Muslim

a. God is same god

b. Abraham's life story

c. Prophets

8. Discontinuities between Jewish and Muslim

a. Jews don't except Mohammed and Jesus

b. Isaac and Ishmael

c. Role of prosperity

d. Eschatology

i. Theories of the end

ii. Heaven and hell and devil

e. Benaielohem

i. Jews don't believe

. Continuities between Christians and Muslims

a. Same god

b. Prophetic lineage

c. Have similar eschatology

d. Both universal

10. Discontinuities between Christians and Muslims

a. Up to Mohammed

b. Prosperity

c. Jihad

11. Muslims

a. Jesus

i. Was a prophet

1. one of the most important

ii. not divine

iii. product of virgin birth

1. just doing that Jesus is divine

iv. he did not die on the cross

1. Jesus barabus story

. could have been drugged to seem dead

. death on the cross

a. vicarious redemption and sin

i. Islam rejects vicarious sin and redemption and original sin

Please note that this sample paper on World Religions is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on World Religions, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on World Religions will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Part time vs. Full time employees

If you order your custom term paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Part time vs. Full time employees. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Part time vs. Full time employees paper right on time.

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A full time employee is typically any employee who works for 40 hours or more weekly. On the other hand, a part time employee does not have such a narrowly defined schedule. A part time employee's schedule can range anywhere from as little as a couple of hours per week to hours per week. The amount of hours is typically at the sole discretion of the employer, and is of course agreed to by the employee when accepting the position. However, when an employee has bargaining power, they are more likely to get the hours that they want. Part time work is both beneficial to the employer and the employee in different aspects. What benefits one party, will tend to not benefit the other.

FULL TIME PROS

· A full time position means a steady set of hours per week, which gives an employee a sense of stability, both on and off.

· An employee will get, and the employer will give whatever benefits the company offers. Most companies offer a variety of benefits such as Medical Insurance, 401K, Educational Assistance, daycare, fitness reimbursements, stock options, etc…

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· If a person in a full time position works over 40 hours, they will be paid overtime, which is time and a half, the regular hourly rate plus ½ more for each hour over 40.

· Salaried employees do not have any set of number of hours like employees who earn and hourly wage, but they will still get paid 40 hours even if they only work 0 hours a week.

FULL TIME CONS

· Employers can spend a good deal of time, money and benefits on a Full Time employee, and then discover this person is not right for the position or the employee will quit without notice. This is a sizable loss for the employer, which can be why many employers have gone to the general practice of hiring only Part Time employees.

· Employees can become settled in this position, not just in the workplace, but also as far as setting up their own time and money to fit their lifestyle. They come to depend on the money from this Full Time position just to pay their needs.

· Salaried employees do not have any set number of hours like employees who earn an hourly wage, so they will not get paid any overtime if they work over 40 hours.

· Full time employees are harder to get rid of because of all the different labor laws and regulations that protect workers.

PART TIME PROS

· In most cases, average wage rates for part time workers are significantly lower than average wage rates for full time workers.

· With several employees in the same position, employers will have more options in the scheduling of these employees, which will allow them flexibility, as the demands of the position reveal themselves.

· In some cases, employees are not totally dependent on one work position. If one does not work out for whatever reason(s), they will have a better chance to get a new position, and there are more Part Time Positions offered than Full Time so it will be easier to get one.

· Sometimes Part Time Positions let employees get a variety of experience in different industries/fields and their companies if they choose to do so.

· In some cases, part time employees can be students, or people who do not need to make a great deal of money. People who desire to do something worthwhile with some of their time, or people who only desire to supplement another income.

· For workers, part time positions may offer the chance of a better balance between working life and family responsibilities, training, leisure or civic activities.

· Part time workers are also much more likely to be in control of their own schedules and can decide what times they will work during the business day, for their own convenience. Of course this is with the employers approval.

· A part time employee has as much rights as a full time employee in terms of dismissal, contractual rights, pay, etc……

· There is the potential to get benefits as a part time employee, but it is of course at the sole discretion of the employer.

PART TIME CONS

· Employers will need to keep track of a greater number of employees, and sometimes, depending on the position, paying more than one person to work a position can be more costly than paying just one person Full Time.

· Employees will not be able to get benefits. But then, if they are able to work two, (or three), Part Time positions, they can afford to create and invest in a few benefits for themselves on their own.

· It is difficult for part time workers to get overtime rates. People working a part time can earn overtime after they have worked their hours plus however many more to make 40 hours, then be paid time and a half for each hour over 40.

· Part time workers feel they have less chance to advance than regular full time employees.

· Certain part-timers work on call, without any guaranteed minimum weekly or monthly number of hours and are thus in a particularly vulnerable situation.

· Co-workers of the part time employees can only conduct business with the part time employee while they are available. Not during the entire time they are working.

· Employers are not responsible for giving any benefits to part time workers, which can be a great saving for the company but a big loss for the employees.

· A person who is working part time may not be able to secure exact hours that they need or want, they may be at the mercy of the employer's discretion.

In conclusion, it is easy to see that there are many different issues that must be evaluated when embarking on a contract with a company. Ultimately, an employee must be well aware of all the conditions that are stipulated in the contract, and must be in full agreement. The most important thing is to ensure that each party's needs are met.

Please note that this sample paper on Part time vs. Full time employees is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Part time vs. Full time employees, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Part time vs. Full time employees will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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International Law

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International Law

Facts

Saddam Hussein has been a horrible and arbitrary leader of the Iraqi regime. Hussein has committed many counts of genocide and hate crimes against the Kurds and Shia Muslims of Iraq. Mr. Hussein has also invaded Kuwait during the Gulf War of 11, disobeying the Charter of the United Nations, Chapter one, Article two, Sections three and four. The United States in fact, took action against the Iraqi military. President Bush Sr. and his military pressured them back to their homeland, bombarded their cities and, forced them to have United Nation inspectors, and placed sanctions on the country. Yet the Bush Sr. administration fell short of sending Saddam Hussein into exile, which was their primary goal.

The Law

Custom Essays on international Law

The International Law that was created concerning this matter was applied to Hussein when invading Iraq. The Charter of the United Nations, Chapter one, Article two, Sections four states that "All members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purpose of the United Nations."(www.un.org/Over…) Both the United States and the Iraqi regime have defied this law. Whether it was against the Nicaraguan government in the case of United States or the Kuwaiti regime as mentioned in the section above. Actions towards another sovereign state can only be justified by means of self-defence. A pre-empted attack is not justified as a reason for war according to the United Nations Charter. There is no immanent threat posed by Iraq. They would continue to comply with the United Nations inspections with hesitance of course. The United States is not acting in self-defense, and to disrupt Iraq's sovereignty would be an injustice. Resolution 1441 was developed to ensure the effectiveness of the inspections to identify illegal weapons in Iraq and eliminate them. Although article 1441 was imposed by the United States one must be able to understand that Iraq is being threatened of invasion and the order of disarmament do not coincide with the best interest and safety or Iraq. Finally an attack on Iraq by the United States would be a violation of the section one, article two, and chapter one of the Charter of the United Nations.

Security Concerns

The United States of America placed such sanctions on Iraq as to not allow them to receive and/or create any nuclear weapons of mass destruction. Now although these sanctions were placed, one might wonder why the States would have any reason to fear that Iraq is in possession of nuclear biochemical weapons. The question that must be raised by neighboring Muslim countries is; if Bush is able to invade Iraq without joint international approval what can stop him from attacking us? Also that if the neighboring countries do not assist a fellow Muslim nation than Hussein might attack them. These actions of the United States do in fact increase the possibility of a terrorist attack upon the homeland of millions of Americans. A simple motive of greed by the President of the United States is visible and comprehensive. George Bush owns a great deal of oil industries and it would be to his benefit to gather oil from the largest supplier of the OPEC cartel.

Conclusion

Finally we as a Global Nation should continue the inspections until the process cannot proceed, and the chief weapons inspector of the United Nations Mr. Hans Blix can indicate that Saddam Hussein is not co-operating anymore. At that point, if the United Nations approves of such an invasion is just upon the Iraqi nation, then I believe it would be appropriate to take action. However, a war without United Nations approval will only cause instability in the Middle East and throughout the world. The Charter of the United Nations, Chapter one, Article two, and Section three states "All members shall settle their disputes by peaceful means in such a manner that international peace and security, and justice, are not endangered." (www.un.org/Over…) In conclusion the Bush administration is guilty of this offence and must be tried in an international court if Justice crimes it has committed against the Iraqi Republic and it's innocent people.

Please note that this sample paper on international Law is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on international Law, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on international Law will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Indian economy in 2020

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Economy

After more than five decades of Independence, India stands at the cross-roads of history in the initial years of the new millennium. During the last five decades we have achieved self-sufficiency in food, created a strong and diversified industrial base and developed a high degree of resilience that could effectively withstand the onslaught of the East Asian crisis in 17 & 18, the Kargil War in 1 and the oil shocks in 1 & 000. None of these could push India into an economic crisis of the kind we faced in 11.

However, there are major weaknesses that still persist as we prepare ourselves for entering the new millennium. More than a quarter of India's population lives in abject poverty, around 50% of the urban population lives in slums in unhygienic conditions and just under half of our vast population is illiterate. At this rate, by the year 010 we may perhaps earn the dubious distinction of having half of the whole world's illiterate population, which shows that India is a country of spectacular paradoxes. We are the largest global supplier of highly skilled manpower and still we could be the reservoir of the world's largest mass of illiterates. The vision for Indian economy in the year 00 needs to be viewed in this context.

My vision for Indian economy is that India emerges as a formidable global economic power with every Indian enjoying a decent living standard by 00 while maintaining the broad federal democratic structure of the nation as it has evolved over the last five decades. This vision sounds very ambitious but it is attainable if we can put our act together and pursue the goal relentlessly through well-coordinated hard work, total commitment and complete dedication.

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Basic ingredients of this broad vision would include demographic, economic and social aspects of national development strategy over the next two decades.

Population Growth

One of the main reasons why India has still remained a less-developed country with very low levels of per capita income in spite of being quite large in the global context in terms of physical volumes of output in both agriculture as well as industry is our failure to control the rapid growth of population during the last five decades.

Today, the absolute size of GDP is large enough to make India the 1th largest economy in the world However, our rank in termsof per capita living standards is way below at 16 out of 06 economies and even if we consider per capita GNP at purchasing power parity, India's rank in 1 turns out to be 15 (World Bank, 001). Among the 0 largest economies in the world, India's growth rate of population has been the highest and if this trend continues over the next two decades, it could spell disaster for any ambitious vision that the nation may try to evolve. Hence, it is necessary that we have an explicit demographic vision of attaining less than half per cent annual growth rate of population by the end of the next decade. The social dimension of this vision would involve significant upgradation of the status of women in the society and attainment of almost 100% literacy among adult females. Any vision of a fast developing progressive nation cannot be complete without involving the vision of cent per cent literacy level. If during the last five decades India's population growth rate had been half of what it actually turned out to be, even with much lower growth rates of GDP during the pre-liberalisation period, India's per capita income today would have been 6% higher than what we actually have and our rank in terms of living standards in the global context would have been 14 and still higher at PPP. Our national vision must necessarily focus on ensuring that this part of history does not repeat over the next two decades. If the current growth rate of population continues, India's population would reach 1470 million by 00. But if we can reduce the growth rate of population in a phased manner to 0.5% by 010 and maintain it at that level thereafter, India's population would not exceed 1170 million by 00, i.e., the country would succeed in avoiding a further addition of 00 million to our population over the next two decades. This by itself would increase the per capita living standard of the remaining population by 6%. Moreover, the scarce national resources required to bring up 00 million additional people could then be deployed productively to further enhance the living standards of the rest. We must recognize that the past trend by itself does not represent destiny. Conscious and persistent efforts could always reverse the past trends. What is required for evolving a people-centered population control programme is a fierce determination to succeed through a complete paradigm shift in our approach to managing population growth. The mind-set of not giving sufficient importance to the issue of population control needs to be radically changed. We must also recognise that population control is one of the most powerful means of reducing the incidence of poverty.

Vision of GDP Growth

The national vision of becoming a major global economic power by 00 can be accomplished only if we achieve a real GDP growth rate of more than 8% per annum consistently over the next two decades. Achieving further acceleration in economic growth and sustaining the accelerated growth performance over a fairly long time horizon are the main elements of this vision. Sustaining the high growth rate of more than 8% over two decades is a Herculean task but it is definitely well within our potential. Real GDP growth of around 8.5% per annum will enable us to emerge as the tenth largest economy in the world by the year 00 with a more than seven-fold increase in our GNP, which would translate into a per capita income of around 500 US dollars. It should be remembered, however, that our ranking in terms of average living standards would still remain significantly lower. But the per capita income in excess of around 500 US dollars, which would imply more than 7000 US dollars in terms of purchasing power parity would have enabled us to effectively and comprehensively remove mass poverty.

Visions of sectoral growth commensurate with the overall vision of 8.5% growth rate involve growth rates of 5% for agriculture, % for industry and .5% to 10% for services. In relation to the average growth rates observed during the last 15 years, the growth rates envisaged in the above vision of India's GDP growth over the next two decades imply an acceleration in the growth rates by 1.8 percentage points in agriculture, .5 percentage points in industry, percentage points in services and .55 percentage points for the economy as a whole. A detailed projection of the sources of future growth of Indian economy based on my analysis of the sources of accelerated growth during the post-185 period reveals the possibility of augmenting the contribution of total factor input by 0.65 percentage points over the next two decades. A significant part of the higher growth of total factor input would be contributed by a faster growth of capital input resulting from an increase in the domestic saving rate from the current level of .5% to around 8.5% by 00. While the decline in the growth rate of population envisaged in the demographic vision would lead to some reduction in the growth of labour input measured in terms of man-years especially after 015, such a decline is likely to be more than off-set by a significant improvement in the quality of labour resulting from major changes in the skill composition of working force. Thus, the vision of 8.5% GDP growth over the next two decades requires acceleration in the TFP growth by 1. percentage points. Since improvement in capacity utilisation and structural change are not likely to contribute more than 0. percentage points to the accelerated TFP growth, the residual factor, which is a surrogate for technical progress indicating the improvement in the overall efficiency of resource utilisation in the economy, will have to increase significantly from the level of .5 percentage points during 185-000 to around 4. percentage points during the next two decades. Achieving such a massive increase in the overall efficiency of factor inputs is a formidable task and it would require a highly focussed strategy and a large scale effort in every sector of the economy. Let me make an attempt to highlight some aspects of the sectoral strategies required for accelerating the growth of agriculture and industry.

Vision of Indian Agriculture in 00

Higher growth of agricultural sector can be achieved only through a significant increase in the productivity levels through modernisation of the agricultural sector. Despite our low productivity levels, we have a distinct competitive advantage in several agricultural commodities. We are among the top three producers in the world for several agricultural commodities, but our share of world exports in agricultural commodities is barely 1%.

Traditionally the basic mission of India's agricultural development has been to achieve self-sufficiency in foodgrains and also in major non-food crops. With rapidly changing global economic environment, it is now necessary to shift the focus from self-sufficiency to export orientation. My vision of the Indian Agriculture in the year 00 is as follows Agriculture will be the driving force behind the growth engine of Indian economy through contribution in our export earnings, absorbing a large part of our less skilled workforce, providing good quality raw materials for our industries at competitive rates, generating demand for industrial goods and services, and above all generating income, saving and investment in Indian economy. Indian agriculture should generate exportable surplus of foodgrains and non-foodgrains after meeting the domestic demand at the world prices. Labour productivity in agriculture should rise sharply to offset any increases in the cost of inputs including wages. Fulfillment of this vision would ensure that India will emerge as a major exporter of foodgrains by 00 with around 7% share of the world exports. Total foodgrains production is envisaged to touch 500 mn. tonnes by 00, which would not only ensure sufficient exportable surplus but would also be instrumental almost totally eliminating poverty defined as calorie deficiency on account of unaffordability.

The main factors which have created bottlenecks in our efforts to accelerate agricultural development during the last two decades are

a) Inefficient water management;

b) Poor supply-chain management arising on account of inadequacy of rural roads;

c) Market infrastructure & transportation facilities;

d) Inefficient rural credit delivery system;

e) Lack of proper education at the operating level;

f) Barriers to agricultural trade; and

g) Lack of focus on value addition. In order to accomplish the vision and achieve the targets set for Indian agriculture by the year 00, a carefully designed strategy of increasing total factor productivity growth in agriculture and simultaneously raising the growth of factor supplies to agriculture should be followed. The critical elements of the proposed agricultural strategy would include

ɨ High rate of technological progress in agriculture;

ɨ High rates of public and private investment in agriculture;

ɨ Significant growth in total cropped area, which can be achieved by increasing the area under irrigation; &

ɨ Increasing the effective application of high yielding variety of seeds in dry-land farming.

The policy initiatives required for this purpose should focus on the utilisation of the created irrigation capacity by putting in place a comprehensive irrigation management system. The policy initiatives required to implement the strategy to increase the yield rates would consist of encouraging regional specialisation in crops, developing most appropriate high yielding variety seeds for different regions, and various incentives to make modern farm inputs more viable to Indian farmers. In addition to these initiatives, there is an urgent need to involve the corporate sector formally in the cultivation of high value, capital intensive and modern technology based crops with potential for exports. Corporatisation of farming will not only facilitate technological upgradation, but would also ensure rapid growth of private investment in Indian agriculture. Corporatisation of the farm sector would also result in a significant quality upgradation and growth of value added products and, in the process, it would significantly enhance the export orientation of Indian agricultural sector.

Vision of Indian Industry

Having discussed various aspects of the vision of Indian agriculture, let me now turn to the industrial sector. My vision for the industrial sector is to achieve sustained annual growth of around % in real terms through international benchmarking of the productivity levels and attaining global competitive advantage in a large range of industrial products. India has already developed a strong industrial base and Indian industry is by now quite prepared to face the challenge of international competition. The radical changes in economic environment during the last decade have propelled Indian industry to bring about a major restructuring of its operations leading to mergers, amalgamations, joint ventures, strategic alliances and significant technological upgradation. Indian corporates have now learnt to focus more on enhancing core competencies instead of diversifying in unrelated areas. The transformation phase of Indian industry is nearing its completion. What is now required is to create the enabling conditions through a series of comprehensive second generation economic reforms to provide a strong fillip for rapid industrial growth. The major obstacles to accelerated industrial growth are

a) high incidence of domestic taxes;

b) outdated labour laws;

c) difficulties involved in dealing with industrial sickness;

d) continued existence of inefficient public sector enterprises; and

e) relatively rigid factor markets operating in India. The major policy initiatives to accomplish our vision for the industrial sector would include the following measures

ɨ Comprehensive reform of the existing indirect tax structure including excise, customs, sales tax and local taxes to ensure that the domestic firms in India carry the same overall tax burden as their global counterparts in the respective industries.

ɨ Adoption of new comprehensive labour legislation that would reflect the main characteristic features of best labour legislations observed globally.

ɨ Enactment of the bankruptcy law to facilitate closure of inefficient and non-viable units.

ɨ Effective divestment of government stakes in non-strategic public sector enterprises and utilisation of the proceeds of divestment to restore the country's fiscal health.

ɨ Government business partnership to aggressively promote Made-in-India brand with a proper timeframe and benchmarks of progress achieved in that direction.

Vision of India as a Leading Exporter

A significant weakness of our process of economic liberalisation during the last decade has been the high degree of inconsistency in our export performance. During the period 185 to 1, the growth rate of exports has fluctuated widely from less than 0% to more than 0%.

This phenomenon is perhaps indicative of the high vulnerability of our exports to external shocks as well as internal constraints and bottlenecks. Failure to sustain high growth of exports is one of the main reasons why we have not been able to achieve high rates of economic growth in the past. Our failure to sustain the high rates of economic growth achieved during the mid-nineties could also be attributed at least partly to our failure on the export front since 16.

Global vision of Indian economy has to focus on massive export thrust during the next two decades. During the period 10 to 18 India's commodity exports have increased from 18 billion dollars representing around 0.5% of world exports to 4 billion dollars representing around 0.6% of world exports. Currently, the top 0 products that we are exporting account for more than 70% of our exports and their share in the world exports is 1.%, while our share of world exports for the remaining products which account for less than 0% of our exports, is only 0.%. During the period 10 to 16, the average growth rate of our exports of top 0 products has been around 1% as against the world export growth of 8% for these commodities, while the average growth rate of exports of other products has been around 8% as against 7% growth of world exports for this category. If we ignore the experience of 17 & 18 as more of an aberration and apply the pre-16 trends to the post-18 period, India's commodity exports would turn out to be around 45 bn. dollars by the year 00 accounting for about 1.% of the world exports. This shows that even if we can replicate what we achieved on the export front in mid-nineties in a sustained manner over the next two decades, India could still achieve a ten-fold increase in exports with a more than doubling of its share in world exports by 00. Global vision of Indian economy should actually aim at doing better than this.

Hence, my vision of India as a leading exporter is to achieve at least % share of world exports by the year 00. Based on the past trends in world trade and new developments in global economic scenario envisaged over the next few years, aggregate world exports are likely to cross 5000 billion dollars by 00. India's exports should, therefore, exceed 500 billion dollars to accomplish this vision. To many, this target might appear to be too ambitious to achieve and one might dismiss it as an exercise in wishful thinking. However, while formulating this vision, let us not be guided by undue conservatism or pessimism. Let us not under-estimate the great export potential of our agricultural sector as well as our service sector. It should not be surprising if our IT exports alone cross 150 billion dollar mark by the year 00. What is required is to formulate a highly focussed strategy and its rigorous implementation to achieve the desired export thrust. Currently, India exports more than 7000 products through more than 00 thousand exporters both big and small. While the range of products as well as the exporter base could be expanded further, there is an urgent need for a focussed approach which involves selective intervention and targeting in specific sectors and product groups. The experience of several newly industrialising economies clearly shows that a focussed strategy for exports enables the country to carve out a significant niche in the global market. Our success on the export front will depend critically on our ability to control inflation and pursue a market-oriented exchange rate policy. The vision of export growth requires that the average rate of inflation over the next two decades is kept below 4% per annum which would help in restricting the average rate of currency depreciation to around % per annum and also in maintaining a relatively stable interest rate regime. Fulfillment of our export vision will raise India's export GDP ratio to around 0% over the next two decades.

Infrastructure

Infrastructure is a crucial factor in the overall development of economy. In India, a comprehensive policy framework for infrastructure development has been lacking. As a result, private investment in the infrastructure sector has not taken off as per our expectations. My vision for the infrastructure sector is to ensure ready availability of basic infrastructure facilities at the lowest possible costs with standards of service comparable to those observed in the newly industrialised economies. To accomplish this vision, it is necessary to evolve a framework that would integrate macro-level policy issues, regulatory aspects and managerial aspects of infrastructure development in the field of power, roads, railways, ports and telecom.

Vision of India's Education Sector

The 1st century will herald a powerful era of knowledge revolution. Vision for India's education sector should be not only to achieve and sustain 100% literacy, but also to refocus our higher education to nurture centres of excellence that would acquire global standing and international recognition. The main source of competitive advantage in the 1st century is going to be knowledge rather than wealth per se. The focus should, therefore, be on more equitable distribution of knowledge to empower the people of India to create wealth. The key to success in India's vision of dominating the knowledge industry lies in the ability of higher education system to quickly refocus and reorient itself to become a globally efficient provider of knowledge. One of the preconditions for achieving this goal is to significantly increase the public expenditure on the education sector to the level of at least 5% of GDP. Highly skilled manpower with a rare combination of hard work, sincerity, commitment and capability is our major strength. We must capitalise on this strength through a complete revamp of our education system to emerge as the most competitive force in the field of information technology, financial services and entertainment industry.

Emergence of New Areas of Economic Activity

The 0th Century has witnessed three distinct shifts in the basic forces driving global economic activity. Economic growth during the first half of the 0th Century was driven by industrial sector involving mass production of manufactured goods. As against this, the period from 160 to 10 has been marked by the emergence of what can be called the `era of services'. The rapid growth of the service sector has turned out to be the main engine of growth in the high and middle-income countries during this period. Finally, the last decade of the 0th century has witnessed the emergence of information age with emphasis on knowledge- based industries, which has proved to be the prime engine of growth during the post-15 period. The 1st century would, therefore, witness the emergence of new drivers of growth. A recent study by Graham Molitor argues that by the end of the next decade leisure time will dominate the total individual life-time activity in high income countries.

As a result, the business activity focussing on leisure time pursuits will emerge as the fastest growing business segment. According to Molitor's estimates, leisure time businesses will account for almost 50% of American GNP before the end of 00. Determining the size of leisure time business essentially depends on what is included in this business segment. Leisure time entrepreneurial activities in the orbit of this next wave of economic activity include recreation, hospitality, entertainment, gambling, travel, tourism, pleasure cruises, adventure seeking, reading, hobbies, sports, exercising, games, computer games, outdoor activities, cultural pursuits, theatre, drama, arts, poetry, opera, symphony, disco & bands, night clubs, bars and taverns, country clubs, retreats, bird watching, gardening, movies & cinema, theatres, television & other broadcast media, visiting and socialising (with family, friends and neighbours), audio & video recordings (including production, distribution, retailing, sales,rentals, etc.) internet and on-line activities, etc. As we add up the income generating potential of these individual segments, the overall potential of the leisure time industry would assume staggering proportions. As society progressed through each of the previous great eras of economic activity, leisure time has increased. Leisure time, which continues to steadily increase, will very soon account for over 50% of lifetime activities in advanced countries. This offers big growth opportunities for India.

Foreign Investment

Achieving 8.5% growth of real GDP would require aggregate investment rate of around 0-% of GDP depending on the magnitude of efficiency gains achieved by the economy in terms of TFP growth leading to a corresponding decline in incremental capital output ratio.

Currently, our incremental capital output ratio is around 4. As a result of the process of structural change envisaged in our overall vision, the share of services in our economy is expected to increase from 48% in 18 to 58% by 00. This phenomenon coupled with technological improvements in agriculture and industry should lead to a reduction in the overall incremental capital output ratio to .6 over the next two decades. Our resource needs to achieve 8.5% growth rate could then be restricted to 0.5% of GDP of which around 8% to 8.5% could be contributed by the increased flow of domestic savings. The gap of around % to .5% of GDP that would remain could then be easily financed by attracting foreign investment. The aggregate flow of foreign investment required to finance our ambitious GDP growth target would be around 60 bn. dollars by the year 00. Given the recent experience of East Asian countries, we should not aim at a rate of foreign investment of more than % of GDP and should try to finance it by attracting foreign investment rather than external commercial borrowing. If we implement the second generation reforms and the macroeconomic scenario gathers enough strength and momentum, attracting 60 billion dollars of foreign investment per annum should not be a difficult proposition by the year 00.

Critical success factors

Before I conclude, I would like to emphasise that effective translation of the broad macro-level strategy and specific policy initiatives into tangible results at the micro-level leading to the fulfillment of the proposed vision for Indian economy in 00 depends on several critical factors. Some of these critical success factors are

ɨ Long term political commitment to the proposed vision and specific goals on the part of the Union Government;

ɨ Shared vision and cooperation from all State Governments in this national endeavour;

ɨ Sensitive technically well informed and administratively competent bureaucracy dealing with this Herculean task;

ɨ Effective and efficient coordination among various levels of government departments, agencies and institutions involved in the implementation of various policy initiatives;

ɨ Overall environment of mutual trust and respect between the government, the bureaucracyand the private sector; and finally

ɨ Organizational effectiveness and adaptability of the Indian corporate sector.

ɨ It would be necessary to strengthen and cultivate these factors during the course of our long journey to economic prosperity over the next two decades.

Services Sector

Services, the tertiary sector of the economy, covers a wide gamut of activities like trading, banking and finance, infotainment, real estate, transportation, security, management and technical consultancy among several others. The contribution from services sector today stands over 40 per cent of the total GDP in India. The sector currently employs close to 0 million people in India. The TIFAC study on services covered nine select sub-sectors ranging from advertising, HRD services, testing and certification to Government administration.

For all the aforesaid areas, IT plays the prime role in information processing, storage and access with a view to providing improved services to the consumers. Some of the typical IT applications in major services sector are outlined in the following sections.

Financial Services

Financial services have been the major users of IT and communication technologies. IT expenditure by US banks has recorded a compounded annual growth rate of 8.4 per cent. The management information system (MIS), distributed computing devices, open systems, high-speed data networks (LAN MAN, WAN, ISDN, etc.), related database management services (RDBMS) have been important development milestones in IT with major impact on financial services.

The development of optical fibre has greatly improved the communication speed, anticipated to touch trillion bits per second eventually. Packet switching transmission method like asynchronous transfer mode achieving a speed upto 6 million bits per second has been the major breakthrough in communication technology. CD-ROMS with storage capacity of 1.6 GB of data have been instrumental in fast information retrieval and access. Use of multimedia for storage of text, graphics, video, sound, etc. has immensely benefitted the information storage system. All these technologies are used extensively by the banking and financial services sector.

Automated Teller Machines (ATM)

ATMs, though operational in the country for quite some time, are expected to make a big head-way in India. It has been estimated that there are around 400,000 ATMs worldwide out of which 1,00,000 are located in Japan alone. The latest generation networked ATMs allow the user to perform upto 150 kinds of transactions ranging from simple cash withdrawals and deposits, to fund transfer to trading in stocks to buying mutual funds to something mundane like payment of electricity bills, booking air-tickets and making hotel reservations.

ATMs are synonymous with credit cards; 578 million credit cards issued worldwide were involved in a transaction of US $ 10 billion by June, 1. India is poised to become one of the worlds largest credit card users by 00.

Virtual Bank

Multimedia technology has been quite effective in bringing the banking services to the door-step of its customers. The customer activated terminal (CAT) or Kiosk is an interactive multimedia display unit, housed in a small enclosure, typically consisting of a computer workstation, monitor, video disk player and a card reader. It allows the customers to browse through information and use the available banking services at their own speed. Some banks are thinking of establishing virtual branches where a customer can walk through the door, explore services by touching parts of the screen and at any time call up a member of the bank staff by video conferencing. While the banks do not need to invest heavily in real estate for setting up such a branch, the customer gets the benefit of one-stop banking at a convenient location.

Home Banking

Smart phones with screen built-in modems and programmable microprocessors let the customer access a variety of financial services from home.

Electronic Funds Transfer at Point of Sale (EFTPOS)

While travellers cheques meant pay-now-buy-later and credit cards had buy-now-pay-later advantages, EFTPOS or debit cards signify buy-now-pay-now but without cash transaction. The user presents his ATM card when he buys goods and the EFTPOS system immediately debits his bank account.

Smart Cards

The Processor type smart cards with in-built integrated circuits (ICs) or micro-chips offer a wide range of transactional opportunities even from remote areas. The smart cards are extensively being used for employee clocking in, withdrawing cash from ATM, using pay-phones, payment of various bills, etc.

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)

EDI typically denotes paperless financial transactions across the locations. EDI is fast becoming the norm for inter-company transactions and also for procurement of boughtout items from the suppliers. The companies can now operate their bank accounts through corporate banking terminals in their own offices which are linked to the bank computers. Companies can thus carry out transactions like transferring funds, managing its cash flow, opening letters of credit,etc. without any paper work. Singapore has established trade-net to facilitate electronic submission of trade documents by traders to various Govt. agencies and the response of these agencies to the sender. It has reduced document processing time from one day to 15-0 minutes and the estimated saving are of the order of $ 1 billion annually.

Image Processing

As financial services including capital markets and banking are highly document intensive, image processing technology can have a far reaching impact for such applications for its Less paper handling characteristics. In banks, image technology could be used for automatic identification or character recognition to read text and diagram wherein the cheques or documents can be scanned.

Expert System

The financial services sector is increasingly using decision support systems (DSS) or expert systems for functions such as credit risk appraisal, forecasting loan delinquencies, investment decisions, etc. One of the most promising developments in this field is the use of neural network approach to build an expert system which lets the software literally learn from example and experience. Several banks today are using neural network programmes to detect credit card fraud. It is also being used by some leading investment banks to track stock price patterns and predict their movements.

Advertising, Media & Infotainment

The areas of advertising, media and infotainment are interrelated and their growth and momentum are closely linked with economy, demography, life-style and simultaneously with technological innovations. The levels of literacy and poverty alleviation also have direct bearing on mass media. And again IT applications would have far reaching impact on these services sectors.

International Scenario

The Deloitte delphi survey of more than 100 industry executives (comprising chairmen/presidents/CEOs, VPs, directors/managers) from telecom, broadcasting and cable TV, consumer electronics, computer industry, publishing and advertising agencies in USA has predicted the following future scenario.

ɨ 40 per cent of the key residential and business markets across the USA would be served by cable TV network based on optical fibre

ɨ Most popular mass market services as expected

ɨ Movies and music on demand

ɨ Home shopping

ɨ Video games via network

ɨ Participatory TV

ɨ Distinction between telephone and cable entities are expected to become blurred

ɨ Direct broadcast satellites (DBS) would emerge as a potent delivery factor

ɨ Affordable mass market for multimedia products and services are predicted by 18 - 000 time-frame

ɨ Potential new products

ɨ PCs for scheduling appointments or displaying an electronic book

ɨ Digital camera for still photographs stored on disk for viewing and editing

ɨ Multimedia CD player desired as a compact disk attached to a TV

Internet has already revolutionized the media and advertising scenario all over the world. The companies in USA had spent US$ 70 million in 1 (that was easily doubled in 14) for advertising in the Internet. Internet usage is growing @ 15 per cent a month, thats 45 per cent a year ! Currently more than 00 magazines are available online in USA. Time, Money and Entertainment Weekly provide full-text articles through their home-pages in the Internet. Newsweek on Prodigy enables advertisers use high quality graphics, video and sound. It is expected that 0-50 per cent of the magazines earnings are from the advertisement whereas download fees from the users provide the rest.

The commentators have predicted some more interesting technological innovations. The most important of them all is interactive television, this is expected to be available by another ten years in advanced countries. This would provide the impetus for user controlled on demand interactive advertising services. The interactivity reduces the time gap between image advertising and tactical promotions. Interactivity further allows the advertisers to target or address the audience with absolute precision. It is expected that 55-60 per cent of US households would be served by interactive networks by another ten years.

Future Ahoy! - India

Television would forge ahead with its domineering role in mass media relegating the print media much behind. With more and more channels getting available coupled with strong emergence of cable networks for localized programmes, TV would pave the way for multi-million rupees entertainment, advertisement and allied business. While rural sector would account for nearly 50 per cent of TV ownership, it is predicted that not more than two-thirds of all the households across the country would own a TV by 00. TV (including satellite and cable transmission) would account for 40 per cent of advertisement outlays in 00 against per cent at the current level.

Online electronic newspapers may become a reality in India with the advances in telecom services but such dramatic changes are unlikely for at least another five years. Steep rise in input costs, declining advertisement support (anticipated to reduce by 0 per cent) and shortage of trained manpower would pose major threats to the newspaper industry.

Multimedia technology enabling simultaneous exhchange of voice, text and data would prove to be a major medium of advertisement. Spending on advertisement is expected to be around 5 per cent by 000 and to reach 1-15 per cent by 00 AD. Ultimately the market would see an increase from Rs. 50 million to Rs. 10-150 billion by 00. Around 50-75 million household are expected to be potential users of multimedia by 00.

Information Technology & Services Sector Key Issues

While the technological possibilities of IT may be unlimited, their applications and adoption in INdia need a conscious approach towards business process reengineering of existing practices and procedures to take the fullest advantage of IT. Continuous training and skill upgradation of human resources assume critical importance towards absorption of new technologies.

The elimination of manual records, the introduction of electronic fund transfer, ATMs, etc. raise the important issue of security and integrity of data. This includes issues relating to confidentiality of information, preventing data corruption and prevention of fraud. Appropriate technologies for encryption of data for secured transaction, regular and multiple backups, extensive use of passwords and other forms of authorization would need to be adopted.

For paperless and electronic financial transactions in India, a host of legal aspects need to be looked into. As in case of EFT, a cheque is not required to be presented physically for making payment as per the current practice. Also the legal liabilities of banks and customers in case of loss of ATM cards, ATM frauds, etc. are not quite understood in the present system. The adoption of new technologies would warrant a thorough review of the system towards changed legal stipulations.

Finally, the most important aspect of costs involved and benefits expected need a closer scrutiny. Expenditure on IT has always not been in tune with the returns envisaged. The American example of spending US $ 100 billion on IT applications in financial services during 170-80 has been a pointer. With 100 per cent more expenditure on IT per worker, it increased productivity by only 0.7 per cent per year. Hence, proper implementation programme and technology management aspects assume much importance.

This article attempts to touch upon the emerging IT applications in a few select services sectors. The TIFAC study covers in details the IT aspects in diverse sectors like marketing, logistics and distribution, technical and management consultancy to even in the Government administration.

The services sector covers a vast range of occupations involving comparatively little capital investment leading to gainful employment and has a very good potential for export revenues. The sector calls for continued induction and infusion of knowledge-based technologies with cutting edge applications of information technology. With the highly skilled manpower and excellent entrepreneurship qualities, India can truly emerge as a global player in the services sector.

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