Pols

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Strategic Behavior in Congress falls between two broad categories

Choices involving the writing and enacting of legislation

Choices that set up congressional rules and institutions

Distributive Proposals legislation that funds the construction of roads, buildings, and other projects. Often described as wasteful because they are spending gov money on little projects that are of little use to anyone.

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18 Transportation Equity Act for the 1st Century ("TEA-1")

~Funded over $50 Billion worth of road projects.

~Described as "tasty highway pork"

~Pork-filled, election year plum for member of congress."

~Some of these projects' benefits are less than the costs.

~Overwhelming majority of house members and senators voted for it.

Legislators favor distributive proposals because delivering these benefits to constituents increases their chances of re-election.

Expanding Distributive proposals ensures that every legislator who wants to claim credit has the opportunity to do so.

• Constituents support their efforts because if they don't, pork barrel proposals will be enacted w/o providing them with anything.

• Districts of legislators will receive projects and pay a share of the costs.

• Districts of legislators outside the coalition will pay some but get no projects.

Committee Deference why rational legislators let committee members to dominate the legislative process for proposals within their committee's jurisdiction.

Committee members not experts seen as a source of information and advice to colleagues not on the committee.

~House members allow them to decide things for them

• Deference is a way for legislators to implement a trade or deal, where they allow colleagues on other committees to act as they see fit in return for the same authority when their own committee considers a proposal.

• Occurs because members are assigned to high-salience committees with this information-sharing goal in mind.

For committees that deal with highly salient, controversial proposals, deference is a way for committee members to share their expertise and information with their colleagues.

• Rational Legislators defer to the members of high-salience committee because these groups were deliberately constructed to function as information sources for the rest of congress.

~~~Distributive Proposals spend federal tax revenue on projects that benefit specific town, cities, or localities.

They are often called "pork-barrel projects" and are seen as a wasteful, inferior way to spend government money.

- Projects/programs are the kind of appropriation that gets mentioned on talk radio or by television comedians because they are SILLY.

• NASA"s new space station "orbiting pork-barrel"

• "Politicians are the same all over they promise to make bridges all over when there are no rivers."

Pork barrel supply benefits

• Supply benefits to as many congressional districts as possible.

• Once supplied to a majority of districts leading to majority leaders to vote for the proposal and enact it!

Distributive proposals like TEA -1 have TWO things in COMMON

• Voter benefits only if the distributive proposal funds a project near where the voter lives.

• A legislator's support is generally tied to whether the measure provides something for her district.

How do rational legislators construct a distributive proposal?

• these proposals will deliver benefits to a bare majority of legislators "minimum winning legislation"

• Will supply benefits to as many districts as possible, with no attempt to limit the size or the cost of the proposal. "universalism"

Minimum winning legislation

• Theory of minimum winning coalitions states that in a legislature that enacts proposals using the majority rule, the authors of a proposal should aim at attracting support from only a bare majority of legislators no more no less.

• Adding more projects only increases the total cost of the proposal.

• The logic is explained as a PIE

• Gives you the largest piece and at the same time receives enough votes to be enacted.

Distributive proposals

• Theory predicts that the distributive proposals will be enacted by minimum wining coalitions.

Universalism

• The problem with predicting that distributive proposals will be enacted by minimum winning coalitions is that the theory doesn't match reality.

• Legislators try to deliver benefits to as many districts as possible - EVEN if they have to increase costs.

• CREDIT CLAIMING increases constituents' evaluations of their member's performance in office and thereby increases the member's chances of reelection

• A member's ability to claim credit has nothing to do with how many of her colleagues are also able to do so.

• Members evaluate distributive proposals in terms of credit claiming and PREFER universalism.

The key feature of pork-barrel proposals is that they provide opportunities for everyone to claim credit where one member's ability to claim credit doesn't in any way reduce his or her colleagues from doing so.

Universalism NORM it defuses opposition.

• Expanding the size of distributive proposals minimizes the number of legislators who might use delaying or publicity tactics.

• Universalism expands the number of legislators who want the proposal enacted so they can claim credit.

Legislators can only claim credit when constituents are happy.

KEY

• Voters are mis-informed about the benefits and costs of distributive proposals.

• Constituents underestimate the costs, and will reward their legislator.

• There is pressure to deliver!

• Rationality does not ensure favorable consequences.

• Credit claiming is reduced by formulas for budgets, and for formula-based allocations is extremely difficult.

Foreign Aid

• Nothing to claim credit for no attention given.

The drive to create opportunities for credit claiming can turn small experimental programs into large, expensive "boondoggles."

Model Cities 160's

• Intended to fund 5-10 projects to find a way to prevent the decay of central cities.

• Instead it was expanded and all of the ideas for this project instead was spread out in cities all over instead on centralizing the money to serve the project better.

• Expanded programs become substitutes for actions that local governments or the private sector would have taken in any case.

Emergency Spending bills in congress

• Designed to help communities after a natural disaster often balloon into catch all bulls that fund a wide range of problems.

• Once members know a bill will be passed they jump on the band wagon and try to get things for their districts included in the bill.

Woodrow Wilson

• In his doctoral dissertation wrote, "Congress on the floor is congress on display; congress in committee is congress at work."

• Committees are the heart

• Committee members plan and manage floor debate

When members of a committee report a new proposal to the full house for consideration, legislators who are not on the committee defer to the wishes and opinions of committee members.

• Deference implies that members accept an argument and approve a proposal even if they know nothing about it.

• Problem with deference giving up your decision-making power to a small group within the congress.

The House of Representatives is supposed to operate with a majority 50 percent plus one to pass things.

Why Deference?

• Two classes of committees

o Low salience deals with programs and policies that few legislators consider interesting or important

o High salience deals with issues of national importance.

The primary function of congressional committees is to develop legislative proposals for consideration by the entire House.

LOW-SALIENCE

Science committee

• Devise an annual budget for each of the agencies and programs in their jurisdiction, deal with new policy proposals that are referred to them, hold hearings on policy questions, and construct their own policy initiatives.

• Confirm the low salience description label attached to them.

• Salience is a measure of worry and importance that a person cares about something.

• Low salience is a perfect setting for deference, with trades between members.

Two reasons House members defer on low salience committees

1. Not interested

. Unspoken agreement where members trade away influence over issues they don't care about in return for being allowed extra influence over the issues they consider important.

Anyone who wants to be on a low-salience committee gets to be.

Unwritten provisions on deference

• The most important is that committees can not expect deference if they propose things that are extreme or extravagant.

High Salience Committees

Mechanisms that facilitate deference on low salience congressional committees will not work on high-salience ones.

EX Ways and Means Comm., Appropriations Comm.

High salience jurisdictions involve almost all members and they have strong preferences on them. IMPORTANT issues.

• Legislators not on committees are unwilling to let others make decisions on such important issues, and they get more involved.

• Committee members are experts on a specific topic.

• Procedures used to assign members to high salience committees facilitate deference, and create committees of experts who supply information on certain proposals.

• Deference on the floor is rewarded for good behavior and careful assignments.

170 appropriations committee

Deference was the norm.

Late 160's

• Informal rules governing assignments to this committee broke down.

• Members could no longer be sure that the appropriations committee would carry out its assigned task, viewed as biased towards personal interests in gov monies.

• Power to determine the size of the federal budget was given to a new committee the BUDGET COMMITTEE is born!

• Deference declines …..

Committee Deference

Members of the house of reps allow congressional committee members to dominate the writing of policy proposals within their jurisdiction.

Two reasons

• One that applies to low salience committees, and one to high.

• Low personal interests, relevant to their constituents.

• High goal of the committee representative, and can spend money on research and experts, investigations.

Deference is a rational choice facilitates trade across jurisdictions, where legislators can focus on jurisdictions that interest them.

SEPERATION OF POWERS AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Fundamental institution of America's national government

• The separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.

• Once legislation is enacted the implementation is the job of the bearcats.

• The separation of writing laws and the implementation of them creates a NEW TASK for the members of congress

o Oversight or determining whether bureaucratic actions are consistent with the intent of the laws they were given to implement.

The Power of the Veto

Checks and Balances

• No federal government can make policy by itself.

• The veto power translates this principle into concrete rules and procedures.

Two distinct procedures for enacting laws

• A proposal receives a simple majority in the house and the senate, plus the president's consent.

• A proposal receives a majority vote in congress, and presidential veto, and then passage though both houses by two thirds vote.

• IMPORTANT president has ten days to act otherwise the bill becomes a law automatically.

• The president's power to veto makes him an equal partner to the legal process.

First mover advantage

• Members of congress have this when a president considers a bill because he can either sign the legislation into a law or veto it. Not a lot of le-way for the president.

• Congress can use this to their advantage and include things for their own personal interests and the presidents knowing that he will sign it into action and reap their benefits from giving a little to him!

• Veto threat influences the kinds of policies that are enacted in the House and Senate.

• The power of the president's veto is seriously affected by the size of the congressional coalition in favor of a piece of legislation, the president's intentions, and the timing in a congressional session.

• When there is majority in both houses but not a two thirds majority the PRESIDENTIAL vote is crucial.

Congressional Oversight

• Congressional Oversight three reasons

o Oversight is lax, power flows from the legislative branch to the executive.

o The systematic investigation of government programs by legislators and their staffs.

o Comparing intent to implications, and is the job of bureaucracy,(study laws and loop holes and find ways implement limits on the interpretation of the laws.)

Problems with relying on bureaucrats

• Do the bureaucrats have it right? Do they misinterpret the laws goals?

• Implementing congressional goals or their own?

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Child soldiers

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This poem was written by Rashid Peters a former child soldier in Sierra Leone only 15 years old.

When I was drugged and injected with cocaine,

Forced to join the war of stains

Brainwashed often and again,

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I would have told you I have so much to gain

With the heavy arms I lug at war.

I killed and raped and maimed and more.

Abducted away from my mother and father

to shoot and murder another

I cannot go any further,

with this shooting and killing that has no border.

Forgive me now if I injured your brother.

I was forced to pull the trigger

By elders who made my childhood wither.

In reality, child soldiers are children young enough to lift a rifle. Denied a childhood and often subjected to horrific violence, some 00,000 children are serving as soldiers in current armed conflicts. These young combatants participate in all aspects of contemporary warfare. They wield AK-47s and M-16s on the front lines of combat, serve as human mine detectors and participate in suicide missions.

Children have now become easy prey for armies. Physically vulnerable and easily intimidated, children typically make obedient soldiers. They are cheaper to keep as they eat less and are easier to manipulate.

Involving children as soldiers has been made easier by the making and selling of inexpensive light weapons. Before, the more dangerous weapons were either heavy or difficult to use, but these guns are so light that children can use them and so simple that they can be stripped and reassembled by a child of 10. The poorest communities now have access to deadly weapons capable of transforming any local conflict into a bloody slaughter. In Uganda, an AK-47 automatic machine gun can be purchased for the cost of a chicken and, in Northern Kenya, it can be bought for the price of a goat.

Children in developing countries desecrated by ongoing civil war find the only road to survival is to wield a gun. In Liberia in 10, children as young as seven were seen in combat because, according to the Director of the Liberian Red Cross, those with guns could survive.

Most of the children in armies come from conditions of poverty and ignorance where they don't understand war and their involvement is a means of survival.

Children seeking escape from poverty join military forces out of desperation however the majority of child soldiers are abducted and enslaved into guerrilla groups. Children of 15 or younger have been abducted from the villages and the poorest quarters of the cities, as well as from schools to enlarge forces. Once recruited as soldiers, children are treated as adults. Childrens actual duties in warfare cover the whole range of military activities. While children might be thought to be the people deserving greatest protection, as soldiers they are often considered the most expendable. Captured children are forced to kill implicating them in criminal acts making them fear being shunned should they manage to escape back to their community. Thus the army and the elders who stole their innocence become the only choice remaining to these children.

In Northern Uganda the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), an armed opposition movement fighting the Ugandan Government has over the last twelve years abducted more than 1,000 children and forced them to become child soldiers and slaves. Ninety per cent of the LRA are children, mostly aged between thirteen and sixteen kept and forced to work in conditions so appalling that it amounts to slavery.

The abducted children are systematically terrorized and brutalized. Once recruited, children undergo varying degrees of indoctrination. socializing them into violence. The elders in charge control all aspects of the children, they are tyrannized to take part in atrocities and forced to take drugs to overcome their fear or reluctance to fight.

In the civil war in Sierra Leone often after the RUF attacks a village they abduct the surviving children. The children witness or take part in the torture and execution of their own relatives are then removed to special camps, trained usually for about two or three months on how to kill other people. Thousands of children witnessed and participated in horrible atrocities against civilians, including beheadings, amputations, rape, and burning people alive.

Girls are also used as soldiers in many parts of the world. In addition to combat duties, girls are subject to sexual abuse and may be taken as "wives" by rebel leaders in Angola, Sierra Leone and Sudan. In Uganda they are forced into what the children call marriage to senior LRA soldiers or are given as a sexual reward for boy soldiers who are obedient. Nearly 100% of escaped girls and women from Sudan after being child soldiers have sexually transmitted diseases.

Because of their immaturity and lack of experience, child soldiers suffer higher casualties than their adult counterparts. Few peace treaties recognize the existence of child soldiers, or make provisions for their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. As a result, many end up on the street, become involved in crime, or are drawn back into armed conflict. Rehabilitation of the child soldiers is a difficult process. The children have been brutalized and have carried out killings. They have wielded life-and-death power over adults often in their local communities.

It is often suggested that too much money is spent for defense in both the developed and developing countries of the world, and that some of that money might instead be used to relieve hunger and to promote childrens survival and development. But, worldwide, many national budgets stay sharply skewed in favor of defense year after year to secure safety. If security means the protection of our most precious assets, child survival should be high on the agenda of all defense departments. Why isnt it? Perhaps in reality, the operational function of defense establishments is not so much to maintain the security of the country as a whole but to assure that the powerful remain in power. Rather than serving all their citizens interests, defense budgets serve the survival of the rich, not the children or the poor.

The world continues to watch as child soldiers are denied a childhood, only educated in violence in the interest of others. Are they responsible for their actions of destruction if they are forced to carry out these actions? To carry a gun is the cost of their survival but what does this really cost the world? Children uneducated brought up in evil, what is the future? The territorial and civil wars where child soldiers are trapped in torment may be of no consequence to your life. Their suffering however touches and effects everyone's future as through technology and globalization the world has become a smaller place bound closely together. I am sixteen and comparing my life of opportunity and freedom to that of Rashid Peters a former child soldier a year younger than me makes me question the morals which fabricate society. If I were powerless and suffering, I would hope that those

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Aristotle Quote

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Aristotle Quote

Aristotle once said "[w]e cannot learn without pain." I find this statement to be

very true. Without pain, how would we know anything is "real"? Pain is just the

realization that something is real, and something is possible. Pain can be physical or

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emotional, depending on the situation. Physical pain is not the only entrance to learning.

Emotional pain is probably more knowledgeable than physical pain itself, because

sometimes it lasts longer, and leaves a deeper impression.

My first example of this is simply a child learning new things through experience.

A parent tells a child not to touch a hot stove, because it will burn. This child does not

know what "burn" is, and is curious to find out. This child sees the stove, and it is

tempting. They reach up and touch it, and a hot, searing pain rushes through them. This is

their first step to learning what a "stove" is, and what "hot" means. Had this child not

touched the stove, they would not know what this "hot" feels like, and they would not

have learned why to not touch a stove while it is burning.

Incorporating my own experience into an example, when I was a young child, no

older than one, I was told not to drink from this bottle with a long straw on it. Although I

do not remember my exact thoughts at the time, I'm assuming that my first thought was

that since this can contained a straw, why could I not drink from it? I went behind our

television and drank some of it, disregarding my parents' warnings, and later on

discovered it was VCR cleaner, which was poisonous. My parents had to take me to the

hospital and get it flushed out of my system, but I learned what "pain" felt like, and that

you do not always drink from things which contain straws.

Another example is of a person's "first love", or "first heartbreak". Although we

do not truly have a heart break, we do feel emotional pain. Without this pain, though, we

might not learn to not give our hearts out so easily. But, "heartbreak" is not always simply

"love", or relationships. It can also occur when someone close to a person passes away.

When my grandmother passed away, I felt this extreme emotional "emptiness", which later

turned into emotional pain. I felt that I had not spent enough time with her, and that I did

not appreciate her enough. This, in turn, made me appreciate the people around me, such

as my parents and other grandparents, more. Thus, I learned a lesson to never disregard

those close relationships you have.

Lastly, the war in Iraq is a large example. George W. Bush saw these Iraqi people

as a threat, which some of them might have been, but he sent troops which killed more

than necessarily. Innocent bystanders were killed, because the United States did not know

if they were dangerous or not, or they merely got in the way. Our army killed with what

seemed little remorse, until it later hit that we had, indeed, killed many innocent people,

while the true "criminals" were still out there, in hiding. Since there was no way to take

this back, one would think this would be a way to learn that sometimes, going into

something without planning it better is not the right idea, but apparently it was not,

because we sent our troops right back out to kill and be killed. I guess that's the real

lesson we're being taught here, "kill or be killed."

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The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2)

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He did not see her standing there. She didn't know how long she'd been staring at him but she was pretty sure she'd been there awhile. She was captured with the way he seemed to be following a young pretty girl in a plain grey dress. Why was this man captivated by lower class? He seemed to be well dressed and responsible. I'll admit, she was good looking. Maybe he has a real big heart, maybe he just wants someone to love. But what did she know, after failed marriages she was beginning to lose hope in men. The spring was alive and brought about a new enthusiasm, and she was once again rejuvenated, feeling the pangs of loneliness nip at her like the insects in the garden. The young girl in the grey dress turned and made eye contact with her. What did she think? Was she judging me? Does she know he's there? She must, for he is quite obvious in his actions. I better turn away, thinking to myself. I wonder what's on her mind, is she thinking the same of me? Surely she must be attracted to my pretty red dress and my expensive jewellery. Her mind drifted off as she thought about her past husbands. Most had married for money or because her father was a top-notch lawyer and they wished to climb the ladders of success, and most of them had been introduced to her by her parents. Being brought up with everything she wanted she did not quite understand and appreciate the value of money, for it had only made her miserable. Now, here she was, 5 and unhappy. She often took walks in the gardens. Young men frequented the area and the sights, sounds, and scents of the gardens captivated her. She moved over to a bench adjacent to the young man. She'd made up her mind, the next husband would be her last and she would do anything at all to keep him. As she was daydreaming, the young man had risen and turned off to follow the young girl. She leaped from the bench and took off around the corner, there they were. The way he diffidently followed the girl gave her a warm feeling, so she gave in and started following. He strode so poignantly, so strong. She could see herself, strolling down the aisle with him. The way all of her friends would envy her, with her handsome rich boyfriend. They would have wonderful, beautiful babies. Soon, he would inherit her fathers house and they would live in the biggest house for miles. Yes, she could see it. She could here the people calling, there goes Misses Jaynie Brougham and her husband. And he would look at her and say, "Jaynie, Jaynie" and then she snapped to and realized it was her chauffeur calling her. "Just another minute, Roberto, I'll be back soon" she replied to him. He diligently got back into his car, and she skipped to keep up with the man. She was thinking of a way to get his attention, a way to meet him more formally. Air des Clochettes was playing at the opera house tonight, she shall ask him to join her. She hated the show, but her father would be there and he probably enjoyed the opera, most high class people did. As she thought the words, she looked around and realized she was not in a high class area. It was getting into the brick row houses that permeated the slums of the city. She began to feel cold, so she buttoned up her jacket now. She checked her watch, almost 500. She had spent hours following the mystery man, only to follow him to his shack in the ghetto. She watched as the woman went inside, and he turned around, hailed a taxi, and was gone. If only she'd had the courage to be seen or talk to him. But maybe it was for the better, what would her father say if she brought home a peasant. Reality was coming on like the spring, and the thoughts had no sooner past than the afternoon. She walked back to the car and got in the back. "Take me home" she said to the driver, and the air rumbled with the sound of the big American car as it drove off toward the big gates of her house.

Written as a second part of air des clochettes to demonstrate use of point of views.

Please note that this sample paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2), we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Activity-based costing

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The method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed primarily for solving problems which emerged from traditional cost management systems. Troubleshooting in the management of companies throughout the late 70's and especially the early 80's held a constant presence.

The problems generated were mainly from the traditional cost accounting systems' way of functioning which provided the management with inaccurate data. Where the old cost accounting systems failed badly was in supplying the company's management with inappropriate information in order for crucial decisions to be taken in the correct and true perspective of a given company's true position in its market territory. Since this currently accessible "itemized" information could not be provided to a company's decision making sector, the information provided had an impact which of course distorted the decision which would have otherwise been taken in the light of different and more accurate information.

This misinformation had an adverse impact on a multitude of managerial decisions especially in the multi-product firm sector in respect of long-term, mid-term and short-term consequences such as investments in technology, quantity and specification of product production. The accuracy of data on which management decisions are based in order to maximize efficiency and establish one's company identity in a competing market through, besides quality, a selection of sound marketable prices applied in the proper time scale to all of a company's product range, is of paramount importance.

In other words activity based costing pin-points problems by focusing on the activities associated with operating the business. The traditional cost systems haven't the capability to afford this insight, and so do not touch the subject, only in the case of reports that isolate salaries, benefits, and so on.

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If a manager were told that the cutting of cost was first on the list of priorities, he or she would cut headcount, understandably believing that it might possibly be the only largest cost contributor in the entire company. But today people are not the major cost contributors, it is, in fact, the cost of the activities that people are engaged in which contribute more to the firm's costs. How often have we heard the lament, the workload is the same although we have cot down staff by ten percent? Activity based costing allows managers to attribute costs to activities and products much more accurately than conventional accounting methods. This method is more than an accounting tool. These tools give you a view of what you have done financially and are fundamental to shareholding disclosure and the statutory reporting. But it is just as equally important to have the ability to be able to translate this cost information into the language of operational units and the business in which it is to be applied. With activity based costing management is in a position get a strong and comprehensive, internal view of the company products or services and customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing.

Activity based costing identifies the activities that are responsible for costs. It is sometimes calles Transaction costing and its major advantage over other methods is that it can greatly enhance the tracability of overhead costs. This can result in more accurate unit cost data for managers, if placed into the correct hands. Activity costs are passed on to products or services only if the product or service uses the activity, for example activities consume resources, and products or services consume activities and so on. As the number of activity measures increases, activity based costing is better able to capture the underlying economics of the companys operations, and the reported costs of activities, products and services come to light. In addition, activity based costing analyzes all activities that exist in a company in order to support production as well as possible and deliver goods and services as efficiently as possible.

The optimum accuracy in costing can be attained by recognising four general levels of activities within a company, each of which can be further subdivided into specific cost activity centres. These four are as follows;

Unit level activities. These arise as a result of the total volume of production going through a facility. An example could be the consumption of power as a result of the number if hours required by a machine to complete all units on a production line which could be thought of as a unit-level activity. Some companies recognise one unit-level activity centre but most companies recognise two; One related to machine activity and the second related to labour activity.

Batch- level activities. These could include things such as placement of purchace orders, shipments to customers. Costs at batch level are dependent on the number of the batches produced rather than on the number of units made, or sold. The actual cost of, say, placing an order would be the same for one item or 10,000 items, so the total cost generated by a batch-level activity would be the function of the times an order would be placed rather than on the total quantity of items ordered.

Product level activity. These are specific and are related to the support of the production of a particular product like for instance special test routines, machine maintainence inventories.

Facility-level activities. All of these activities relate to the production as a whole and therefore are usually combined into a single activity centre. These costs can include such items as insurance, property tax, athletics facilities for the workers.

Where companies are using Activity based costing as a secondary system they should not add facility-level costs to the products. This can lead to misleading data made available to managers and in turn result in wrong decision making, however, most companies do this whether Activity based costing is their primary or secondary system.

There are various approaches for designing and implementing an activity based costing system. The size of the company and desired outcome must be considered before even thinking about, let alone attempting to make the transition from a traditional cost accounting system to an activity based costing system. Larger firms should consider pilot programs before implementing the new system across the whole organization.

The most basic approach is to use activity based costing in conjunction with a companys current accounting system. In this case, software which has been developed over the years for this specific purpose can be bought to help structure the tiering down from the traditional accounting system to a detailed activity based accounting configuration. The traditional accounting system is still used and the activity based costing structure is an add-on or shadow system to be use when specific information is needed for a management based decision. An off line system can allow an organization to improve its cost information without disrupting their current information and financial systems. This is recommended for small firms or as a first step towards full activity based costing integration for a larger firm.

At the other end of the spectrum, activity based costing can be used in place of the traditional accounting system. Every cost related facet of the accounting system would be reported to the activity based costing structure. In order to institute major organizational change, all employees must fully incorporate activity based costing into their work practices and use it as their primary source of business information. Cost and performance measurement systems and all incentive systems, for obvious reasons, have to be tied to the activity based costing numbers. The advantage of using activity based costing as the sole accounting system is that it will be used consistently for daily managemental decision making and employees will not retreat to their old practices. A traditional accounting system usually cannot report costs by processes because the purpose is to help the accounting department keep the books. The purpose of activity based costing is to help operations do their job by making cost information available at a level that everyone can use for day to day decision making.

The biggest obstacle to incorporating activity based costing as a way of life is employee resistance. Unit managers may be afraid that activity based costing is just a way for senior management to discover detailed information about a department or to reveal inefficient practices that had previously been hidden by the traditional accounting system. The corporate culture must be such that new information is not used against a business unit.

Instead, all company employees should be encouraged to dig up problems and inefficiencies so that all of those practices can be changed and decisions can be made that will benefit the company as a whole. The decision to adopt the system taken, it is essential that everyone should understand and agree that a cost-conscious approach is the companys priority, and activity based costing is the tool to make that possible.

Managers of lower levels should be part of the activity based costing system implementation team as well as representatives from manufacturing, engineering and information systems since all of these people will be using the system coherently. A diversified group also helps achieve a higher level of acceptance and ownership throughout the company. Information on the progress of the new system should be available to everyone at any time. Before any implementation is put into action, it is helpful to convince key employees to give activity based costing a fair chance before they are made redundant. Once the system is in place and employees see its benefits first hand, they are likely to be excited about being involved with the new system. To obtain continued support from employees, management must show that information from the activity based costing system is actually being used to make decisions and track performance on every level. When the new system promotes changes that reduce costs and eliminate inefficiencies, employees should be made aware of how their efforts have positively contributed to the increased profitability of the company. By doing this, employees will feel like an important and inseperable part of the new operation and thus offer less resistance when it comes down to implementing the activity based costing system.

Another important step to implementing activity based costing and getting buy-in at all levels is extensive training. All employees must be educated in the principles and mechanics of activity based costing. Depending on the level of involvement, employees may be trained in the basic concepts of activity based costing, problem solving, information analysis or how to build a new activity based costing system.

Implementation of activity based costing can take anywhere from to 15 months depending on the size of the company or plant. After the new system is in place, the old accounting system should be disguarded as soon as possible if activity based costing is to be used exclusively.

The process for setting up a new activity based costing system is not simple and goes beyond the scope of this paper. A matrix must be established for each product that tracks all activities performed for the product and all of the resources the activities consume. This information is probably not readily available and must be dug up. This can be done through searching existing documentation and historical cost information, workshops, surveys and interviews with the people who do the work. Many statistical measurements must be developed to spread overhead costs to products and processes. Larger companies usually hire a professional in activity based costing to help get the system up and running correctly.

The reason activity based costing produces such significant results is that it changes the culture of the organization. If a companys priority is to make cost conscious decisions and eliminate inefficiencies and unprofitable activities, then all employees must be given the tools, the know-how and the encouragement to work towards that objective. Activity based costing provides visibility to information that was previously hidden in a traditional accounting system especially when companies adopt Just-in-time inventory systems, eliminating inventories and reducing costs.

Therefore, it is my considered opinion that if given the right data and correct incentives to make the required adjustments to corporate culture, employees will have the means and the motivation to work towards eliminating excess costs and to work towards achieving the most affordable product possible.

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Self-Evaluation

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I had taken Introduction to Acting last semester and I enjoyed it so much that I decided to take Advanced Acting this semester. The closeness the class develops after they have worked together is something you can hardly experience in another class at college.

I came into the class with some knowledge of acting and I expected to learn as much more as I possibly could. I had done some plays in junior high school, but they were all not the kind that I could say I did with experience. I wanted to know how to connect to my character. My main concern was knowing how to portray myself as the person I am playing. We definitely worked on that in class. I think all the questions that were asked to be answered painted a clear picture of who our characters are. For example, making a history for our character, why is he/she saying this?, who is he/she talking to?, what kind of setting?, etc... All these questions helped me to personalize my characters and to therefore do a better job at performing them.

I think from the time I first came into class till now, the end of the semester, I have definitely changed. We did our first performances without knowing much about what was expected, but as we went along it was explained that what was missing or what needed to change to make the scene work. By the time I was doing my final scenes I already knew what was to be expected. I am not saying I became a professional because I know that takes years (or just plain talent), but I did learn a lot and I am more knowledgeable that any one else at Baruch.

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Along with the professor I have to say that I had a lot of help from my various Self-Evaluation (Cont'd...)

partners. When two people think about the scene the result is much better than if I were doing it myself. Your partner can tell you where your lines might not be working the way your saying them, whereas for you alone it might be difficult to tell. You can also play off your partners emotions better than you can play off the reactions of some imaginary person on the wall. I also have to say that our partners were chosen almost very accurately for us. When the scene partners get along the scene becomes more enriching.

What pleased me about this class is that we had a lot more performing to do than the last class. I thing that is a challenge; to remember all those lines and emotions and not get confused. I like the fact that we did monologues. That was definitely something I have never done and it was a nice experience.

I don't know if I want to pursue acting as a career, but it is something that I would like to consider part time. Not so much television or anything, I know I can't do that, but theater is definitely an option I'd like to keep open. What I' like best are the comedies. I would love to do more comedic plays. I feel I can do my best in those rather than serious plays.

I feel theater has an important role at Baruch because Baruch is a business school. What I mean is that students can get bored really easily of all these classes about accounting and financing, and to make their experience at Baruch more fulfilling, so they won't turn out like zombies, I feel there should be theater classes at Baruch. Theater is like real life. People need to experience at least some type of theater, if not acting then watching a performance, so they can understand real life a little better.

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Alcoholism and Teens

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Alcoholism And Teens

Alcoholism refers to the drinking of alcoholic beverages to such a degree that important things of an individuals life - such as work, school, family relationships, or personal safety and health; are seriously and repeatedly interfered with. Alcoholism is considered a disease, meaning that it follows a characteristic course with known physical, and social symptoms. The alcoholic continues to consume alcohol even though the destructive consequences he/she may face. Alcoholism is serious, and a very difficult habbit to break. If not treated, it may be a habit that cannot be broken, or maybe even a fatal problem.

It is generally thought that once the disease has developed, the alcoholic will not drink normally again. It is important to note that the particular symptoms and pattern of drinking problems may vary with the individual. Alcoholism is, therefore, a very complex disorder, and this complexity has led some researchers to question the accuracy of the disease of alcoholism. There are generally four basic types of alcoholism. The first type is called Alpha Alcoholism. It is being purely psychological dependent on alcohol (Haskins, 84). With Alpha

Alcoholism the person depends on alcohol to relieve bodily and emotional pain.

This stage and all stages are serious in teens drinking, because any alcohol intake is dangerous for teens still developing mentally and physically. Another term for this alcoholic behavior is often called problem drinking.

The second type of the alcoholic behaviors is called Beta Alcoholism. It does not involve either psycological or physical dependence on alcohol. But yet worse on your body than Alpha Alcoholism because the heavy drinking may lead to ulcers, cirrhosis of the liver, damage to the nerves, and kidney problems(Haskins, 85). Beta alcoholics have a shortened life expectancy and suffer from financial and emotional demands due to excessive over drinking. Just like smoking, it costs money like everything else, the demand for alcohol will get to the circumstance of pinching every penny to just get one more drink. The third drinking behavior is Gamma Alcoholism, the alcoholic becomes physically dependent on liquor. So this means that the bodies tissues, become tolerent to the new substance and the tissue becomes immuned to it, and the the bodie tissue needs the constent pressence of alcohol. Gamma alcoholics crave the need for alcohol but yet can only live without alcohol for a short peroid of time. If the

Gamma alcoholic does not get there alcohol there body reacts very violently.

Gamma alcoholics is one of the most common types of alcoholism in the United

States. The fourth type of alcoholism is Delta Alcoholism. In Delta alcoholism the drinker cannot stay away from liquor for even a day or twowithout suffering from withdrawl syptoms. Usually this type of alcoholism is found where alcohol is drank customarily. Addiction to acohol is very much like addiction to heroin.

Alcoholism is a very tough habit to break, many people that have been classified as a alcoholic can never have a normal life again. Teenagers that are alcoholics are much more easily disturbed than adult alcoholics. In the near past the

United States has been expeirenceing a widespread use of alcohols by teenagers (Haskins, 40) Today there aree some 500,00 alcoholics between the ages of ten and nineteen, and it is estimated that one of every fifteen young people today will eventually become an alcholic(Haskins, 4). Teens drink for curiosity and to act like adults, not only that but peer presure and just to look cool in front of friends. Parents are a stong influence to teenagers to not drink or limit the use of alcohol by young people, as statistics show. If none of the parents in the United States drank, then neither would most of there children(Haskins, 105). Teenage drinking is getting to the point where the age group is getting younger and younger, it is now not uncommon to find teenagers with alcohol problems in nine-, ten-, and twelve year olds(Haskins, 1).

Please note that this sample paper on Alcoholism and Teens is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alcoholism and Teens, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Alcoholism and Teens will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Drama Reflection on "Los Vendidos" by Luis Valdez

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Drama Reflection on

"Los Vendidos" by Luis Valdez

"Los Vendidos" is a wonderful light-hearted play by Luis Valdez, which he creates using, satire, irony, and comedy. Valdez uses many of these elements to portray how Mexican Americans have struggled to find their identity in America. He uses satire to demonstrate how the American government needs the support of Mexican Americans, but does not return that support. He uses irony by using Mexican American characters throughout the play to create various stereotypes of Americans attempting to obtain what they want. Throughout the play Valdez uses a comedic air to portray the stereotypes of Mexican Americans that have been created by Americans and are in some ways expected in our American society. The comedy, satire, and irony all combine to create a wonderful drama about how Mexican Americans have struggled to find their identity.

The play begins with Ms. JIM-emez, who has denied her heritage and pretends to be ignorant to the Chicano ways while at the same time is unable to escape her own culture. Ms. Jimenez, a secretary from Governor Reagan's office, has come to Honest Sancho's Used Mexican Lot and Mexican Curio Shop to search for a token brown-skinned person who can fill a token position in the governor's office. She wants someone who will not stand out too much but will show the Governor has a brown-skinned person on his staff. She is looking for someone who is dark, but not too dark, and suave. Valdez wrote Ms. Jimenez was looking for someone who was "Beige, just the tone." This implied that this token brown-skinned staff member would be beige in politics, too, and a "yes" man to all the politicians who want him around just to make them look good! As Ms. Jimenez continued her search for a Mexican American for Governor Reagan's staff, each character sold-out both their races and their way of life.

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The characters in "Los Vendidos", which means the sell-outs, sold themselves out on both the Mexican American and American way of life. In fact the Mexican American character showed great disrespect for his Mexican heritage when he said, "The problems of the Mexicans stem from one thing alone he's stupid, he is under-educated, he needs to stay in school. He needs to be ambitious and be forward looking, most important he needs to think American." With this statement, he showed some of the imperfections, flaws, and weaknesses of Mexican Americans, which I believe showed great disrespect for his heritage. He definitely cannot decide if he wants to live as a Mexican American or as an American. He is not only selling his heritage out, he is selling himself out.

This was a very enjoyable play that I would love to see portrayed on stage. In fact, having actual Mexican American characters would make it even funnier. Reading it in class with the Mexican accents and Mexican/American accents was hilarious and a wonderful technique. It really made an impression on me. It is just amazing to me how we all stereotype people without even realizing it!

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Resonance Mining

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It has long been known by scientists that sound waves that cause our eardrums to vibrate, thus producing a physical effect that our minds can interpret as sound, have similar effect on others substances. Most notable is the ability of certain opera singers to find a pitch so acute, so exact that when produced with sufficient volume it can shatter crystal. Many have experience the sympathetic thump in one's chest in response to a particularly loud firecracker or the rattling of windows in response to thunder. It perhaps will come as no surprise, then, that scientists have looked into the possibility of using harnessing this effect for industrial purposes.

One such attempt was in mining. In the mid-160's research was done into developing a machine that would use sound resonance to reduce different composites of earth to rubble without the need for digging or blasting. Some of the challenges encountered were inventing an amplifier capable of emitting enough volume to be of any use, manufacturing a speaker big and sturdy enough to emit such a sound without itself disintegrating, and targeting the sound such that only the area needed would be shattered and not all of the surrounding terrain with it.

Constructing the amplifier and speaker was done with much experimentation but relative ease. And the exact frequency of sound required for differing composites of stone was easily found through trial and error. But finding a way to target the sound presented a problem that seemed insurmountable. They tried sound funnels, sound dampening such as white noise, and even placing smaller speakers close to the stone at strategic points. None of these were very spectacularly successful.

Eventually the effort was abandoned for three reasons. First, environmentalists had long been after the government to pass laws against strip mining using high-powered jets of water to completely tear down great portions of land just to find the minerals within and the effect of this sound technology promised to be very similar to that technique. Second, attempts to focus the sound were proving to be increasingly less likely. And thirdly, the mining industry underwent a sudden and steep recession much like the high tech industry has just recently.

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Years later a geologist, Dr. Jerome Fundt, was amusing himself by exploring the reports and papers written on the results of the sound experiments that had been done, and something in them struck him with an idea. As mentioned above a portion of the experiments involved trial and error to determine which frequencies of sound affect which different composites of stone and earth.

Using these findings, Dr. Fundt developed a technique of geographic sampling that was just as effective as core-sampling, in which a long 'core' of earth is literally plumbed from a surface, drawn out and the strata studied for composites. Dr. Fundt developed a technique by which sound was sent into the earth of stone and the resulting resonance was measured. Accurate to within mere fractions of fractions of inches, this technique proved effective in accomplishing the exact same sort of results that core sampling did without the difficulty have having to bore through solid stone and sometimes metal deposits.

Moreover, this technique helped mining companies find deposits of different metals without having to dig around at random seeking signs of them. Using Fundt's sound techniques they could locate specific deposite, dig directly to them for extraction and save much more land than had previously been saved before.

Today the technique includes computer imagery and tri-dimensional modeling, so that not only now can miners find deposits, they can determine the exact length, depth and width of those specific deposits and see a picture represented on a monitor in D. Because of these sound techniques, mining is as much a science today as it is labor, more efficient and cost effective and much more environmentally friendly.

Please note that this sample paper on Resonance Mining is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Resonance Mining, we are here to assist you. Your college paper on Resonance Mining will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Enterprise Rent-A-Car: Selling the Dream

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IN THE FAST LANE

On a bright January 18 morning, Dean Pittman, Enterprise Rent-A-Car's area rental manager for Durham/Chapel Hill, North Carolina, got out of his Dodge Intrepid at Enterprise's new office in Durham. He admired the line of clean cars and the new office with its green and white Enterprise sign. To Dean, it seemed that dreams really did come true.

A little over six years ago, Dean had graduated with a degree in industrial relations from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. When he'd first scheduled a job interview with Enterprise, Dean had been skeptical. Although he didn't know much about the company, he wasn't certain that he'd like renting cars for a living or working a retail job that included washing cars. But he'd seen the potential to advance quickly, to develop strong management skills, and to learn something about running a business.

Once hired, Dean had been promoted quickly to management assistant, then to branch manager at Enterprise's new office in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. A year ago, Enterprise had made him an area manager, giving him responsibility for the Durham/Chapel Hill areasupervising three branch offices with employees, 45 cars, and annual revenues of more than $ million. Dean felt as though he was running his own business. Enterprise gave its managers considerable autonomy and paid them based on a percentage of their branches' profits. Dean's starting salary had been in line with those of his classmates, but within three years his pay had doubled, and now it had tripled. There couldn't be many other companies, Dean thought, in which a person his age could have so much responsibility, and so much fun, and such high earnings.

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COMPANY BACKGROUND

Dean's good fortune mirrored that of Enterprise itself. The company's founder Jack Taylor started Enterprise in 16 with a single location and 17 cars in St. Louis, Missouri. Since then, Enterprise had grown dramatically to become the nation's largest rental car company. In fact, Enterprise had grown at a compound annual rate of 5 percent for the past 11 years. By 17, the company had more than ,000 locations, 5,000 cars, $.1 billion in sales, $5 billion in assets, and 0,000 employees.

A WINNING STRATEGY

Analysts attribute Enterprise's success to several factors. First, cars have become a more important part in people's lives. They just can't do without their cars, even for a day or two. And, as more and more families have both adults working or are single-parent families, there is often no one else in the family who can pick up people when they have car problems. Tied in to this, the courts ruled in the 170s that insurance companies had to offer coverage in their policies.

Beyond these environmental factors, the company's success resulted from its single-minded focus on one segment of the rental car market. Instead of following Hertz, Avis, and other rental car companies by setting up branches at airports to serve national travelers, Enterprise built an extensive network of neighborhood locations serving the "home-city" marketpeople who needed rental cars as replacements when their cars were wrecked, stolen, or in the shop being repaired. Because these customers were often stranded at a body shop or repair garage and had no easy way to get to a rental office, Enterprise offered to pick them up.

However, Enterprise's first customer in the replacement market is often the referral sourcethe insurance agent or auto body shop employee who recommends Enterprise to the st4randed customer. Few of Enterprise's customers get up in the morning thinking they'll need to rent a carbut then they're involved in a wreck. So, employees visit the referral sources frequently, often taking them donuts or pizza as a way of thanking them for their business. They call on referral sources that may not be doing business with Enterprise, and they keep insurance agents apprised of a car's repair status.

Auto Rental News, an industry trade publication, estimates that the replacement market is growing at 10 to 15 percent per year (see Exhibit 1). The entire rental car market, including airport rentals and the travel segment is, about $14.6 billion.

Enterprise's rental rates in the replacement market tended to be lower than rates for comparable rentals at airport-based companiessome analysts estimated up to 0 percent lower. The company tended to locate its offices in city areas where the rent was much lower than at the airport. It also kept its cars a little longer than the typical airport-rental company. These two factors, and a focus on efficient operations, helped it keep rates lower.

A second segment of the home-city market that Enterprise has begun to serve is the "discretionary" or "leisure/vacation" segment. Friends or relatives may visit and need a car, or the family may decide to take a vacation and feel that the family car is really not as dependable or comfortable as they would like. More and more people are renting for trips just to keep the extra miles off the family car.

Finally, Enterprise is also experiencing growth in the local corporate market. Many small businesses and some large ones have found that it's cheaper and easier for them to rent their fleets from enterprise than to try to maintain their own fleets. Colleges and universities have realized that it's cheaper to rent a 15-passenger van when the soccer team travels than to keep a van full time for only occasional use.

Enterprise's success in the home-city market has attracted competition. Although Enterprise had the largest share of that market, a handful of major regional competitors, such as Spirit and Snappy, when combined, captured a large market share. The airport rental companies such as Hertz, Avis, and Alamo, got only a small portion of the home-city business. Hertz is just starting a small operation that focuses on the home-city replacement market. Local "mom-and-pop" firms that often have just one office and a few cars serve the reminder of the market.

Enterprise grew very quietly, depending on its referral sources and word-of-mouth promotion. It wasn't until 18 that the company did its first national advertising. At that time, marketing research demonstrated that if you showed people a list of company names and asked them to identify the rental car companies, only about 0% knew Enterprise. The company started advertising nationally but kept its ads low key. By 17, it had more than quadrupled its annual advertising and promotion spending, using the theme "Pick Enterprise. We'll pick you up." However, although the company's research shows that about one-third of those surveyed are aware of the company's pick-up service, and only about one-third are aware that it has branches near by.

THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTURE

Although the company's strategy worked well, that strategy was driven by Jack Taylor's philosophy. Taylor believed that the employees' and the company's first job was to serve the customer. From the beginning Taylor urged his employees to do whatever they had to do in order to make the customer happy. Sometimes it meant waiving charges. Other times, it meant stopping everything and running out to pick up a stranded customer. Employees knew that they needed to do whatever it took to make customers happy.

Further, Taylor believed that after customers came employees. He believed that to satisfy customers, a company had to have satisfied, challenged employees who worked as a team. All of Enterprise's branch employees, from assistant manager on up, earn a substantial portion of their pay based on branch profitability. In addition, the company has a profit-sharing plan for all employees. Enterprise hired primarily college graduates and promoted from within. Ninety-nine percent of its managers started as management trainees at the branch level, so they understand the customer-oriented culture. As important, they understand their local markets and the needs of customers in those markets. Thus Enterprise is really a collection of small, independent businesses, with the corporation providing capital and logistical support.

Finally, Taylor believed that if the company took care of its customers and employees, profits would follow. Sure enough, Enterprise has consistently been profitable in an industry where many firms have not been.

WHAT'S NEXT?

The question is, how can Enterprise continue to grow and prosper in the face of growing competition? The company believes it can double its revenues by the year 001, but to do so it must wrestle with a number of growth-related issues.

First, it must continue to attract and retain college graduates. The company needed to hire over 5,000 management trainees in 17 alone, and that number will increase. Yet many college grads, like Dean Pittman, may know little or nothing about Enterprise and may have negative feelings about working for a rental car company. How can Enterprise do a better job of recruiting college students?

Second Enterprise must exam its marketing strategy. Which market should it target? How should it position itself in those markets? Are there new services it could offer that would make sense given its current strategy? How can it do a better job of increasing Enterprise's awareness among targeted customers? How should it respond as new competitors, including the airport-based firms such as Hertz, attack the home-city market?

Perhaps the most important question is how can Enterprise continue to grow without losing its focus and without losing the corporate culture that has been so important in helping it and its employees, like Dean Pittman, realize their dreams?

QUESTIONS

1. How are the buyer decision processes different for someone renting a replacement car because of a wreck, for someone renting a car for leisure/vacation purposes, for a business renting a car, and for a college graduate looking for a job?

. What are the bases for segmenting the rental car market?

. What marketing recommendations would you make to Enterprise to help it improve recruiting?

4. What marketing recommendations would you make to Enterprise to improve its marketing strategy?

5. Will Enterprise's strategy work in international markets?

Exhibit One The Replacement Car Rental Market Competitors, Revenue Estimates, and Other Market Data

I. Competitor Revenue %Replacement Cars In Services

Enterprise Rent-A-Car .61 billion 78% 15,000

Ford and Chrysler Systems 40 million 8,50

Snappy Car Rental 100 million 100 15,500

U-Save Auto Rental 115 million 60 1,500

Rent-A-Wreck 85 million 5 10,4

Premier Car Rental 66 million 100 ,500

Advantage Rent-A-Car 76 million ,000

Spirit Rent-A-Car 50 million 100 7,500

Super Star Rent-A-Car 4 million 100 5,50

Independent companies 750 million 5

Airport-based companies

Hertz, Avis, Budget, Dollar,

National, Thrifty, Alamo 60 million 100

II. Industry Average Pricing

Estimated industry average price per day for replacement rentals, not including additional insurance coverages or other rentals, such as cellular phones Industry average daily rental is $. Industry average rental period for replacement rentals is 1 days. Additional insurance coverages produce about 5% of revenue, with other rental options producing about % of revenue. Per day rental rates are often established through rational contracts with insurance companies or automobile manufacturers' or dealers' warranty reimbursement programs.

There are approximately 150 major US airport rental markets. Airport-based rental rates vary widely depending on competition. Airport rental companies also negotiate corporate rates with individual companies.

III. Overall Rent-A-Car Market

Overall 16 US market estimated at $14.6 billion broken down as follows

Business Rentals40%, Leisure/Discretionary rentals%, Replacement Rentals7%

IV. Advertising

Advertising Age estimated that US car rental companies spent $84.4 million in measured advertising in 14, about .8% of revenue. It estimated that Enterprise spent $ million in 14 up from $1 million in 1. Enterprise's 14 spending compared with $47 million spent by Hertz, $1 million by Alamo, and $4 million by Avis

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Fag muffins

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narrative

To be given the chance to play little league was one of the greatest times of my life. I played little league for four years, and every year I made the all-star team. My best friend and I played on every regular season team and every all-star team together. The final game of our career was unforgettable.

It had been 4 years of great enjoyment with my best friend, Cody Smith. We always clowned around in practice, but when the game would start we had a high intensity. Cody would pitch, and I would play second base. When he wasn't pitching, I would, and he would play third base. We were the top players in little league, or so we thought.

Our all-star team had made it to the championship of our state tournament. Before our team took the field our coach John Zamouski gave us a talk. He said, "Well men, we've came a long way. Today's the day we've all practiced so hard for, but I want to have fun with it. Lets treat this like every other game we have won. You're all winners, win or lose. I want you all to know that I feel privileged to have coached such a fine bunch of men. So lets go out and play this game as hard as you can. What do you say, lets go have FUN." We all got up and yelled, "YEA." "Let's play hard." "Yea" As we all got more pumped up. "Who are we?" "N.I." As we got more loud and more intense. Coach said, "Bring it in. Win on . One, two, three" as we all yelled together "WIN."

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As I ran on to that field I recalled all the practicing I had done, and I knew I owed most of it to my father. He started me throwing and hitting when I was about four-years-old. As my passion grew more and more I wanted to go practice all the time. So I would ask my father to practice with me. Even though my father was tired or in the middle of a good TV show he would practice with me. I remembered my father sitting on an old milk crate while I pitched to him. This made me chuckle a little because I would throw a low wild pitch on accident that would hit him in the legs, but he kept positive.

Cody was pitching a hitter and I was playing well too. The score kept going back and forth. There were a lot of errors because the field was all dirt and felt like concrete, the ball was taking bounces I had never seen before. The final inning came around and we were down by 1 run with outs when I came to bat. There was no one on base and the pitcher had strikes on me. The next pitch seemed like it took forever. The pitcher pitched the ball right down the middle of the plate. I waited on the ball and hit a screaming line drive into left-center for a stand up double. Then Cody came up and hit the first pitch for a -run homerun for us to take the lead by 1. The next batter grounded out to end the inning, but the damage had already been done. We took the field and Cody was still pitching. The first batter hit a double and then stole to advance to third base. Cody then struck out the next two batters. Their were two outs and a runner on third base. Before Cody pitched that next ball I knew every player on our team told themselves that they would do whatever it took to get that next out. So when the ball was pitched and hit to me I was determined to get the out. The ground ball took a bad bounce and hit me square in the ribs. I picked up the ball, which was to the left of me. I spun around and threw that ball with all my power to first base. The ball reached the first basemen's mitt a half step before the runner made it to the base for the third out and the championship.

Getting the chance to play with my best friend and winning the state championship was everything I had ever wanted then. Having such a great and inspiring coach made me feel proud to have won the championship for our coach. As for my father, I know he was proud, and I was grateful for all the time and effort he had spent with me. I know I will remember my final game, and all the people that made my little league career so great for the rest of my life.

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Should The United States continue to Fund Central Intelligence Agency

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Kenisha Roach

April ,00

U.S. History Honors 5

Essay

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Should The United States continue to Fund Central Intelligence Agency

Generally speaking, throughout the Cold War unit America made many changes. Politically America gained many enemies more than it did friends. Still today America faces much resistance from foreign countries intelligence gathering seems to be necessary. Yes, the United States should continue to fund the central intelligence agency by doing so we protect our democratic way of life, enables U.S. to react quickly on foreign trouble spots, and our country would be in massive disarray if we did not have a central intelligence agency.

The Central Intelligence Agency is a government agency, that gathers political, economic, and military information about more than 150 nations and evaluates it for other United States government agencies. This information is called intelligence, much of which is kept classified. The CIA acquires this classified information by spying on the defenses of nations hostile to the United States and preventing the efforts of foreign spies. For example, to assert Americans strength after Bay of Pigs, Kennedy looked for other ways to overthrow Castro. Using the CIAs help in a plan titled operation Mongoose, he intervened in Cuban trade, ordered more raids by exiles, even plotted Castros assisnation. As a democratic nation we have accumulated many enemies because of the way we choose to live our lives. Therefore we must have some sort of protection, intelligence, the CIA is just that.

The CIA gathers intelligence from sources other than its agents. For example like listening to the radio and television shows or the use of, technical sources of intelligence that include aircrafts and orbiting satellites with cameras. This technique was put to use when, a CIA spy plane flying over Cuba got clear photos of crews installing missiles possibly being pointed at the United States. Regular everyday citizens of our country are not fully aware of the classified situations that involve such documentation. They are therefore not capable to deal with these type of situations. If everyday citizens knew first hand what deep rooted hated some countries had for the U.S. people wouldnt know how to respond. Whereas, CIA agents dedicate their life to protectiing what the United States stands for.

With other countries taking up arms against the United States, it is only fitting that for our have a central intelligence agency. Complete choas would spread like wildfire througout the country if CIA would cease to exist. September 11,001 is a just a little example of what could happen if funding on the CIA was cut.

Yes, the government should continue to fund the Central Intelligence Agency. This agency protects our way of life as we know it. The United States would be open for attack if CIAs funding came to a close.

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Asian women leaders

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Asian Woman leaders the chameleon fighter and the barriers breakers

For most of history, Anonymous was a woman.

Virginia Woolf (188 141)

History has always depicted 'his story' the story of great male figures. 'Her story' has been regarded as the exception. Simone de Beauvoir summed up this distinction "The superiority of the male is indeed overwhelming Perseus, Hercules, David, Achiles, Launcelot, the French warriors, Du Geslin and Bayard, Napoleon so many man for one Joan of Arc"

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The reality for many women leaders is that they often have to perform twice as well as men to be accepted as equals. At the same time, society expectations and maternal instincts require them to shoulder equivalent responsibilities at home as well. Compared to their male counterparts who have always been stereotyped as the gender who leads, the woman's path to power has been onerous. The eternal balancing act women must perform between the domestic sphere and their public sphere has been largely unseen and unappreciated. Hence this paper dubbed them the chameleon fighter and the barrier breakers for the many different roles they play, the barriers they overcome and their perseverance in bringing about excellence in their respective fields.

People have been accustomed to recognizing as leaders only those who hold formal or positional posts on an organizational grid. However leaders can come in many different forms. They are a special breed of people who are willing to spend countless hours in pursuing issues, projects sustained by this vision they believe in and which in one way or another have an impact on the lives of people around them. Woman leaders can either be the President of a country, a democracy fighter, an advocate or even our mothers. This paper wishes to recognize the woman leaders in Asia who have overcome socioeconomic, racial and national boundaries to be where they are today

Whats so remarkable about these women?

In Asia, most countries remain pre-dominantly patriarchal. Women are relegated to culturally defined 'domestic roles' The percentage of women holding local government seats in the Asia-Pacific ranges from to percent, says a study commissioned by the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia-Pacific (Escap)

Women political leaders in Asia have mostly rose to power in times of crisis and inherited their family power usually a father or a husband ( e.g Corazon Aquino, Violeta Chamorro, Indira Ghandi, Isabel Peron). Compared to women political leaders in the west such as Margaret Thatcher and Golda Meir, very few women in Asia rose to power without the help of connections from powerful families. Nevertheless that does not make their path of leadership any lighter or easier. They faced even greater challenges as they have to carry on the legacy of their male predecessors or even surpass them in their rule. They may have to rival with attempted coups d'etat or constant opposition from their male counterparts to stay on in power. As President Aquino aptly puts it, holding on to power in the face of illegitimate challenges was a greater challenge than achieving power.

President Aquino The woman who broke the barriers of impossibility

In 186, Aquino became the first woman to be president of the Philippines after leading a peaceful revolution overthrowing the Marcos regime.

The first impossibility a 'peaceful' revolution

Stalin claimed that you cant make a revolution with silk gloves. Edward Bulwer-Lytton, the British 1th century novelist, believed that revolutions are not made with rose water. On the campaign trail and even on the day of voting, it became clear that Aquinos main asset was, quite simply, herself and her faith in God. By reviving the promise of democracy without bloodshed, all too rare in the past, Aquino probably disproved the theories of a 'revolution'.

The second impossibility conquering the male dominated political hierarchy

In a nation dominated for decades by a militant brand of macho politics, she conquered with tranquility and grace. To come to power, Aquino had only to be herself. But to stay in power, she had to transcend herself. She had successfully transformed herself from a self-effacing lady to a self-confident leader. Her success in doing so had gained respect even in the While House. From their initial doubts about this petite grandmother's ability to rule to a state department official's comments on how Aquino had " hard bitten politicians eating out of her hands", she had certainly still many of the doubts about her ability to govern.

The third impossibility picking up the mess

Aquino had also disprove the predictions of her husband, who used to say that whoever succeeded Marcos was doomed to fail because of the troubles the person would inherit. She ended up with that chaos, communist threats and a weak economy. In addition, she enjoyed no transition period and no advance planning. To make matters worse, she has had to manage a three-party government made up of moderates, leftists and the military. However ever since she came into power, her presence and her free enterprise policies have already restored a little business confidence. Despite repeated coup attempts and a mixed record of success, Corazon Aquino remained in office for more than six years.

The fourth impossibility maintaining a balance between her private life and her public life

Aquino recognized that in mastering politics, there is a danger of politics mastering her. She may become less and less the ordinary person attending PTA meetings, making pasta and praying with her children. Her struggles in trying to maintain this balance between acting like a President and like a mother to her children or even a friend to her close ones suggests the challenge of the many different roles she has to play and play it well.

Aung San Suu Kyi Burmese dissident leader The woman who breaks the barrier of oppression

Aung San Suu Kyi is the leader of the pre-democracy movement and co-founder of the National League for Democracy of Burma. She has been under house arrest for nearly 6 years because of her attempts to introduce democratic reforms into her country. Her courageous leadership of the nonviolent struggle for the restoration of human rights and democracy in her country has won her the Nobel Peace Prize in 11.

Making a difference in the lives of oppressed people in her country Her moral courage and activism

She is an inspirational leader who identifies with the struggle of her country. She took it upon herself to form a democratic system of government in which all the regions and ethnic groups of Burma would be represented. Her single minded persistence in attaining a goal, an unswerving determination and steadfastness of purpose prevent her from giving up even in the face of persecution and adversity.

She has also pleaded with leaders around the world to support the Burmese quest for democracy and unity. For her courage, determination and perseverance, she is internationally recognized and countries all over the world have supported her cause. Her activism is a symbol also of the greater political role women can play in Asia and how women are capable of making a difference.

Anamah Tan solicitor and more importantly, the woman who breaks the barrier of woman's under representation in Singapore.

A leader in the legal circle.

Anamah Tan is a leader in the many different roles she play. She started up her own company Ann Tan & Associates in 184 and has been well known in the legal circle as a devoted and dedicated family lawyer. Her passion for her legal work and the desire to do service to the community led her to become one of the founders of the Singapore Association of Woman Lawyers. The clinic was started years and till today has grown into 17 centres supported by woman lawyers giving free legal aid to the community.

A leader in the community of woman, an activist for the rights of woman

Anamah is also benevolently known as the 'mother of all woman's organisation' in Singapore. She was the President of the Singapore Council of Woman's Organizations from 1 to 000. It is an umbrella body of 40 womens organizations who is committed to advance the cause of women. One of its many goals is to promote and improve the status of women especially in education, economics, social welfare and community involvement, culture and sports. Her popularity and her excellence in this field is seen in her recurring nominations for President four times in a row a feat no other female achieved!

A leader in her family

Anamah has been a single parent for more than 10 years. She was not put down by her unhappy and painful experience. She learned how to cope and more importantly gathered courage and determination in these difficult years. She did not go into pieces but picked up her pieces and painted a beautiful picture with all that she has achieved thus far. She has succeeded not only in the different contributions she made to society but in her family she is the leader to her children, a courageous mother who had overcome the odds of being a single parent.

A leader to the young woman of Singapore

For all her successes in the legal circle or her active fight for the rights of woman, she is friendly, humble, kind and approachable. She is not your hard and aggressive fighter for woman's rights instead her matronly approach has win her support young and old, political and apolitical alike. She is the epitome of a true woman leader dedicated, fervent and enthusiastic in pursuing her goals yet humble and never forgetting her roots at the end of the day.

Mothers the unrecognized leader in the household

Mothers are women leaders of the house. Their leadership in their homes has more often than not been overlooked and discounted. They play a great and crucial role in shaping their children to be what they are when they grow up.

All that I am, or hope to be, I owe to my angel mother.

-Abraham Lincoln

Modern mothers often have to make sacrifices in their careers, some even giving up their dreams completely in order to nurture their children and take care of the household. For the million things she gave up and give to the family, for the perseverance in managing the household, for the heartache and unseen tears shed for her children, for the love she emblems, for the role model she always has to be, mothers truly deserve our respect and recognition for the providing the guiding light in all the children's lives

What can be done to recognize and improve woman leadership roles in Asia?

In the political arena, perhaps Asia governments could take a leaf from Norway to impose a minimum number of female representatives in the government in order to encourage female leaders to rise up and not be overshadowed by barriers posed by the patriachial societies. This will enhance a qualitative change in decision-making through womens role as transformative leaders, promoting a gender agenda and good governance.

In the business arena, barriers to equal access to credit, finance, science and technology and market development are still very real. Women entrepreneurs need to come together and forge alliances to support other aspiring women entrepreneurs.

Government and economic communities should not impose glass ceilings and must recognize that female can play a potent role in leading the economy as well as the country. Women can be more consensus oriented and empathetic than men. Even as some of the countries in Asia such as China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia have signed and ratified the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) many of these have not taken specific steps to implement the Convention. E.g. Women still form a very small minority in the governments of the countries mentioned.

Conclusion

The legacy the above women left which make them such great leaders is their ability to break the insurmountable barriers which challenge them in their individual role. All of them tackled their barriers or even unpleasant experiences with equanimity. President Aquino overcame the male dominated political hierarchy to be the President of Philippines. She also overcame all odds by gaining the respect of even the first world countries leaders. Aung San Suu Kyi bore the barrier of opposition and persecution from the Burmese militant government in her pursue of democracy for her country. Anamah Tan recognizes the unequal playing field for woman in Singapore and speaks up for it in the various women organizations she took part to form. Lastly, a tribute paid to all mothers who are leaders in the hearts of their little children.

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