Coming of Age

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Coming Of Age

Coming of age can be defined as the entrance into adulthood. Some cultures have special ceremonies for young people who are entering adulthood from childhood. The whole idea of these ceremonies is to place an individual into new surroundings of the community he/she lives in. It is the beginning of new responsibilities and understanding as well as gaining access to the society's secrets. Coming of age is when the individual sees with new eyes and gets a wide understanding of the culture and the spirit of his society.

In two stories, "Young Goodman Brown" and "Araby" the issue of coming of age is discussed. Both stories discuss this issue and show young men entering adulthood desiring to introduce themselves to the world. Both are looking to the church with new eyes, and notice the difference. Even though both stories talk about the church, Goodman Brown focuses more on mixture of culture and faith in the society in general, while Araby looks more on a boy as a person and his needs to determine his holiness in the church.

Young Goodman Brown, a young man entering adulthood introduces himself to his society and the world. On his errand to the adulthood ceremony he comes across different cultures he had never known before. He realizes that his community was corrupt. The church and his society were corrupt. The people in Salem, his village, the Minister, the Deacon and other heads of the state had looked like good Christians, doing good work to prove that they are God's chosen people, but all of them were followers of the devil by nature.

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During this trip to the devils' meeting, Goodman Brown meets many people who had good reputation in Salem village and were good Christians. He was however, surprised to see them in the forest. Having been raised in a good Christian family he asked himself questions during his journey. Why was he in the forest and why had he decided to follow the devil. "We have been a race of honest men and good Christians since the days of martyrs; and shall I be the first to the name of Brown that ever took this path and kept", (15) he asks himself.

The voices in the forest answered and told him that even his father and grandfather were followers of the devil. He was surprised, however, as to why they never spoke about it in the village. His response to those voices is, "We are a people of prayer, and good works to boot, and abide no such wickedness". (15)

This statement demonstrates Goodman Brown's innocence but clearly shows that he was now experiencing new ideas, a new culture as well as spirits. This is something he didn't know before. These were secrets that were hidden from him during his childhood. His parents and the society as a whole never revealed those secrets to him because he was not supposed to know them, anyway.

By joining the adult group as a member of the community, Goodman Brown followed his parents' race and culture even though naturally it is dirt and corrupt. The dark figure calls all members of the society to join the congregation and to accept the reality that every person is sinful. " Welcome, my children" said the dark figure, "to the communion of your race. Ye have found thus young your nature and your destiny. My children, look behind you" (60).

By welcoming them to the "communion of your race" he is emphasizing that people are unified by the fact that everyone is evil. The devil figure is like a puritan minister trying to tell everyone that they are evil, but he tells them to accept it, that "evil must be your only happiness" (65), people can live happily if they only realize that evil is the way they are meant to be, and to fight it is useless. The congregation accepts his invitation "in one cry despair and triumph" (65). They are celebrating even though truly they are condemning themselves.

Hawthorne is using religious figures throughout the story. Brown is surprised to realize that those he had looked at as pious are all sinful. He noticed that in Salem Village sin and faith mixed together. He says, " It was strange to se that the good shrank not from the wicked, nor were the sinners abashed by the saints" (55). Those who go to church everyday are the same people who are followers of devil.

After he returns from the devil's meeting, Brown looks at the church in a different image, knowing that the minister, deacon and all members are liars. What they do in front of people is not who they are inside their hearts.

James Joyce in his story "Araby" also discusses coming of age. The word 'araby' means to orient, to establish yourself and understand what is around you. A young boy in the story reaches adulthood and wants to orient himself to his society. The boy lives in an Irish community where most of the people are Christians. He doesn't have knowledge about the church and the society. As he grows up, and sees with new eyes, he realizes that the church is the center of Irish community but is kind of dead. The heads of the church are acting against the church. They use the church as a path to satisfy their personal needs and not the needs of the society.

The boy describes the street he lives in as "blind" and that his house stood at the "blind end". In this description he shows how he doesn't have any hope for his future. He also uses the image of a dead priest who was a tenant in that house. The priest is shown as having been insensitive to the spiritual needs of his people. His legacy was a collection of books that demonstrated his confusion. There is evidence that he devoted his life to gathering money and materials. He writes, "He had been a very charitable priest in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture if his house to his sister." (5). By not leaving the money and all his belonging to the church where everything belongs, the priest left no evidence of a life of spiritual influence. The priest's behavior clearly proves the fact that he used the church as mask to obtain money for personal gain.

People in the society obey the church's rules. For example the old lady in the story is collecting "used stamps" for the purpose of raising money for the pious. They don't have a vision to realize that the heads of the church are using the money for their personal interests and not for the society.

As he grows up the boy is determined to follow Christian ways; he has a natural feeling of holiness. Unfortunately, his dreams are not realized. After realizing that his dreams to invest in the church is inconsistent with the actual world the boy is directs his anger not to the church but to himself. He takes it as a personal failure.

Due to these unwelcome surroundings the boy is determined to find some evidence of the loveliness and his dreams tells him to exit the church. The girl next door who he fell in love with became the only point of his faith. After taking a trip to a Bazaar the boy comes to realize that his dreams are not true. In the Bazaar he sees the same symbols of money as in the church. He sees in the "two men were counting money on a salver" (5) a symbol of money in the temple. He allows the pennies to fall from his pocket, the lights in the hall go out; his "church" is in darkness. These symbols of money make him understand, what money means in the world. He realizes that his faith has been blind. He failed completely to see the world as it was. He sees himself as "creative driven and derided by vanity" (5), he sees himself being unsuccessful on his effort to find faith and he is directing the anger at himself as a person and not the society.

Both Young Goodman Brown and the boy in araby are struggling to find the truth about the church. They are facing situations, which are difficult for them to accept. Brown's come back with the idea that everyone in the society was evil made him very unhappy. The young boy in araby is upset because he failed to accept the reality. He tries to leave the church hoping to find faith in love. At the end he realizes that humans are sinful by nature.

Bibliography

Hawthorne, Nathaniel."Young Goodman Brown".Responding to

Literature.Ed.JudithA.Stanford.NewYorkMcGraw,00.161-171. Joyce, James."Araby".Responding to Literature.Ed.Judith A. Stanford.New.

YorkMcGraw,00.171-176

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Pip's Unchanged Characteristic's in Great Expectations

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At the beginning of the novel, Great Expectations, Pip was a young kid who did not know how to read the names on his parent's tombstones. He was scared by a convict and believed that he would eat his liver if he did not do certain favors for himretrieve food and a file. In the end, Pip is a grown man, and has matured a lot over the course of the novel. He started off poor, and then he received a vast sum of money from a benefactor. When Pip first met Estella he was a young boy who was intimated by her, but by the end of the book they are friends. Even though many of Pip's characteristic's changed overtime some stayed with him nightmares, feeling of guilt and innocence, and love for Estella.

When Pip is young he does not know much about the world. He cannot read or write. The first scene of the book, Pip is in the graveyard looking at his mother and father's tombstones and he cannot read the words that appear on them. The first feature that Pip had when he was young, and that he continues to have in his older years are nightmares. When Pip sees the man in the pub that aims in invincible gun at him, and then stirs a drink with the file Pip gave Magwitch, Pip is frightened and has a nightmare of this occurrence. He narrates

I had sadly broken sleep when I got to bed, through the thinking of the strange man taking aim at me with his invisible gun, and of the guiltily coarse and common thing it was, to be on secret terms with convicts…I was haunted by the file too. A dread possessed me that when I least expected it, the file would reappear. I coaxed myself to sleep by thinking of Miss Havisham's, next Wednesday; and in my sleep I saw the file coming at me out of a door, without seeing who held it, and I screamed myself awake. (7)

This shows that Pip is scared by the man and the file, who pointed the invisible gun at him. He also thought he was going to get in trouble with the law for helping a convict. Pip still feels this way towards the end of the novel. After Miss Havisham burnt in the fire, and Pip burnt as well, from saving her, he had a nightmare of Miss Havisham running at him. Pip says, "If I dozed off for a minute, I was awakened by Miss Havisham's cries, and by her running at me with all that height of fire above her head" (404). This conveys that Pip was having nightmares of the incident just like he had nightmares when he was a young boy. So, Pip never changed and he continues to have nightmares even when he is older. Another thing similar to Pip having nightmares is that he sees the white ghost, which is Miss. Havisham. He sees this ghost the first time he leaves Miss Havisham's house. Pip says

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And I saw a figure hanging there by the neck. A figure all in yellow white, with but one shoe to the feet; and it hung so, that I could see that the faded trimmings of the dress were like earthy paper, and that the face was Miss Havisham's, with a movement going over the whole countenance as if she was trying to call me. (64)

This is when Pip was younger but he also sees her again when he goes back to visit her before she is burned. Pip articulates, "A childish association revived with wonderful force in the moment of the slight action, and I fancied that I saw Miss Havisham hanging to the beam" (401). So even though Pip has changed some much this childhood, innocent, image is still with him and he has not forgotten about it.

Throughout the novel Pip is guilty and innocent. When Pip helps his convict, Magwitch, by sneaking him a file and food Pip feels extremely guilty. Page 17 shows how Pip is guilty. This incident is before the convict is caught; Pip is imagining that everyone is out to get him and that they are chasing him because he stole the pie. When the convict is caught and Pip is there with the search party, Pip feels guilty that he does not receive and punishment because the convict gets him out of it. After they catch Magwitch, Pip feels as if he should get in trouble for helping a convict. Nothing happens to Pip so he feels a feeling of guilt. Pip is also scared that Joe will eventually find out what is happening to him

That, if Joe knew it, and at any subsequent period of our joint domestic life remarked that his beer was flat or thick, the conviction that he suspected Tar in it, would bring a rush of blood to my face. In a word, I was too cowardly to do what I knew be right, as I had been too cowardly to avoid doing what I knew to be wrong. (41)

This shows that Pip does not want Joe to find out what he did, but in a way he does too. He is scared of both possibilities because he is extremely guilty because he is not in trouble, and at the same time he does not want Mrs. Joe and Joe to find out because Mrs. Joe will probably smack him. Pip's social class changes after Pip receives a large sum of money from a secret benefactor. Pip believes that he is better than Joe and everyone else from Kent. Joe visits Pip in London and Joe gives Pip a long speech how Joe and London don't work together and it's not where Joe belongs. Joe leaves and Pip says to himself

The fashion of his dress could no more come in its way when he spoke these words, than it could come in its way in Heaven. He touched me gently on the forehead, and went on. As soon as I could recover myself sufficiently, I hurried out after him and looked for him in the neighbouring streets; but he was gone. (4-5)

After Joe gives his speech Pip is emotionally upset and he is stuck on what to do. Joe was one of his best friends and now they are not anymore because Pip left him and forgot about him.

When Pip sees Estella for the first time he is stunned by her elegant beauty. When Pip meets her for the first time he is in love. He feels so bad and embarrassed when Estella ridicules him. At the end of chapter 8, Pip says, "I was a common labouring-boy; that my hands were coarse, that my boots were thick; that I had fallen into despicable habit of calling knaves Jacks" (65). Pip's love for Estella continues throughout the novel. Pip draws his own conclusion that Miss Havisham is his secret benefactor and that she is because she wants him and Estella to get married. This conclusion is wrong and Pip finds this out later. Pip goes to Estella and Miss Havisham and professes his love to her. Pip and Estella strike up a conversation about Drummle the man Estella has been with and Pip says, "You would never marry him, Estella?" (6). Estella replies, "Why not tell you the truth? I am going to be married to him" (6). As we have talked about in class, this is the climax of the novel because this is when Pips heart breaks. He still has love for Estella the rest of the novel, and Estella and Pip meet up again in the last chapter of Great Expectationsit has been eleven years. Estella and Drummle's marriage did not work out and Drummel died. In the end, Pip and Estella walk of hand in hand just as friends.

The three traits I have explained to you are all closely related. Some of the incidents in the story can be thought of as depicting Pip's nightmares, guilt or innocence, and love for Estella. These the traits of Pip's character show us that he really never changed when he received the money. His social class changed, but he never grew up to become and adult because he was always given money, and never really earned it by himself. I think that after Magwitch's death Pip became more of a man because then he had to make a living on his own. Because Pip always kept these three traits I think that it means that Pip always had a part of Kent in his heart, and he never forgot about it even though it seemed he did.

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Styles and Forces of Influence

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Decision-making often comes from people's experience, thinking, and preferences. Sometimes a decision can make perfect sense in theory, but it may not work in a real life situation. To make a good decision requires critical thinking skills. How the management of a company makes decisions has a big impact on the outcome. Recently, the management of our company made a decision to restructure a division and this has raised some issues in our workplace.

The division is developing flight-scheduling software for airlines. In order to develop a quality product, it has to go through a cycle, which includes developing, unit testing, integration, system and production testing. Each team has to contribute diligently and work as a team in order to produce a quality product. Most importantly, we need effective management. I have been working for the company for six years. During this period, there has been great teamwork. Management managed projects and project team leads; who had a lot of management experience and technical skills. As a result, a quality product was always delivered ahead of schedule. Recently, management restructured the division, which caused the employees to face an enormous challenge.

Due to fact that the client requested delivery of their products in lesser time and for lesser money, management has come up with several different ideas in order to satisfy the client's request. One of the ideas is to divide the workload by salary level. This means that higher salaried employees become project leads and lower salaried employees engage in more regular work.

When this decision was made and put into practice, several issues came up. For example, some higher salaried employees are good at the jobs they are doing, but they may not possess effective managerial skills. Therefore, as they attempt to manage a project; they assign tasks without considering their co-worker's abilities. Also, they do not communicate well with team members, or they just want everything done in their way. If someone who lacks managerial skills manages a project, the team members will experience confusion and frustration. Most importantly, the product will not be delivered to the customer on time. Consequently, the customer is dissatisfied.

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Whether or not a company is successful, its management really has a lot to do with it. A good decision will produce a good outcome. Therefore, leaders who make important decisions must have critical thinking skills. Before a decision is made, they must first analyze the project with a number of questions in mind. What are the pros and cons? Who are suitable for the assignments and how much work can they handle realistically? What are the possible solutions/resolutions to the problem conflicts or issue? They also need to evaluate questions such as what is good or bad? What is applicable or not applicable? What are the advantages or disadvantages? What should or should not happen? These questions are a good beginning to critical thinking. Once these questions have been evaluated, the better decisions can be made.

There are two ways in which this problem can be framed. The first, is the on the side of management. The management feels that the employees in the organization should fulfill the roles that they have been assigned. This opinion implies that all employees are equal and can be readily moved from one assignment to another. This makes the organization very fluid and resilient to change. A single employee is not so important to the organization that he/she cannot be lost.

The second way to frame this problem is on the side of a majority of the employees. This is that the management should not have reassigned the roles of the employees. This suggests that the structure of the company should be returned to it's previous state because the new organization will not succeed. Most of the employees feel that they were happy and successful in the positions they were previously. Perhaps the only reason they remain at the company is because they enjoy their job and the tasks they have been assigned. If the employees feel that they are less successful in their new roles, this will lead to a decrease in morale.

The first solution uses creative and persuasive types of critical thinking. The management team is trying creative ways of reorganizing the company to try and save the end customer money and to drive the cost of business down. This is why management is where it is. It is up to these people who have been hired as leaders to lead the people. Perhaps they know that this solution will work because it has worked in other companies. Perhaps they are just "trying something new". Whatever the case, they have been assigned as leaders, and the employees should follow suit.

The second solution uses logical and persuasive types of thinking. The employee group feels that the management team is acting irrational and has no basis for the decisions that are made. They have created a mass feeling of doubt in management among the entire organization. They believe that their argument is based on years of their own experience and the feelings of comfort they have in their current positions.

One of the things that can influence greatly the way this problem is framed is experience or age. The employees who have been at the company the longest seem to be the most afraid of change. They have been performing their roles for so long, and the thought of having to adapt to something new scares them. The newer, younger employees would like opportunity in the company to expand their roles, always taking advantage of ways to increase their responsibility. The younger employees seem to be more accepting and resilient of change. Economic status also plays a factor in the framing of this problem. If an employee has a lower economic status, they are less willing to take the risk of losing their job. These employees will do "whatever management asks them to" so that they are seen as loyal, hardworking employees. This comes from a fear of not being able to find another job if the situation is required. Education also plays a role in this for similar reasons. The lower educated employees will not risk as much either, because they may feel that finding another job comparable to their current one would be near impossible.

Before a decision is made, management should go through critical thinking and questions evaluation processes. If these processes are carried out effectively, a better decision will be made. This could include interviews with employees, surveys, evaluation of other companies making similar moves. Before the management made the decision to restructure the division, they should have also gone through these processes. For example, does the higher salaried employee have the necessary skills to be a team lead? Or, are they willing to be a team lead? On the other hand, the lower salaried employees are overloaded with too many assignments! Therefore, it is very important for management to have critical thinking skills. If the employees were brought into a meeting structured as a discussion, they will feel that they are part of the solution, and some of the concerns could be addressed. I think that whatever the solution is, it should be agreed upon by most of the company. This allows the company to move forward together and give more a more cohesive message to their customers. The employees will be happier in this kind of environment and this will, in the end, benefit the customer. After all, that's who the change is being made for.

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Ibm mission statement and vision statement

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Before we start any process of negotiation, there are a number of basic principles to remember

You are the one who uses the tools, so you must know how to use them best.

The other side also uses the same mechanisms, both as tools of information and from an intuitive point of view. Because of this you must learn the means which can be used by the opposing side.&

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Work in an automatic fashion. This will make it easier to act rationally and cope with your own emotional reactions.You will then be able to use the tactics required and react in the most advantageous way.

Commercial negotiations start from the moment you meet the other side. They are not limited by time boundaries within which it has been announced that the negotiations will now be officially done.

There are rules of negotiation, just as there are for a game of chess. There is no guarantee that the other side knows or follows the rules, but research studies have shown that they usually behave as expected. It is for this reason that we can relate to negotiation as a scientific process, not a creative one. Chess players practice regularly. If they do not practice, their skill decreases, especially when their level of expertise is high. You cannot let your negotiation skills rust; you must read articles and books and keep practicing.

Effective negotiations focus on producing a Win Win situation, the meaning of which is a situation in which both sides are pleased with the results. You must remember that in the process of negotiation, the goal is to win the majority of outlined conditions for long term mutual satisfaction and cooperation.

Before you start, check that you have not forgotten the following elements

1. a powerful desire to be one of the participants and partners in the action

. behaving with respect and humility in all discussions

. patience and composure

4. a real commitment to the organization of which you are a member

5. preparation, an in-depth understanding of the situation, and knowledge

6. prepared alternatives

7. clear strategies, tactics, and objectives

In your opinion, what are the most important reasons international business negotiations fail? Explain your reasoning for each one.

avoiding making the initial suggestion This causes the other side to make the first suggestion. When you need more information or when their suggestion is better than you expected, this could be an advantage. Listening to their stand does make it possible for you to think and react in a more suitable, informed way, and that too, can be an advantage. You will be able to make a suggestion which lies between the two extremes. However, not being willing to offer a suggestion can stall the entire process and lead to failure.

thinking that signing the agreement is the end of the process signing is the completion of the negotiation and the beginning of the next stage. Thinking that all that is needed is a signature, can lead to highly emotional crisies and irrational behaviors, even cancellation of the agreement.

losing your cool or withdrawing from the negotiations the negotiations can be postponed or fail either because they must replace you or because their emotional response is to stop the process.

misinterpretation or failure to accept and relate to the practices and attitudes of the other side cultural values, traditions and norms are different and all the diversities can make the process of negotiation difficult.

different goals objectives may be misunderstood, again, a cultural difference which can stop the process right at the beginning.

take it or leave it attitude this is a guaranteed recipe for failure. Negative attitudes, closed minds, and unwillingness to look for compromise all can bring failure.

When negotiations take a very long time, one of the following situations can occur

impasse lack of agreement on one issue. It is possible to continue the talks and avoid discussing the one issue which is the problem. This may or may not work.

stalemate this is a situation in which both sides continue to talk, but they do not advance toward any solution.

deadlock a deadlock is a situation in which no further advance is possible. This does not occur often, but when it does, the only possible way out is to bring in a facilitator or negotiator and to accept his final decisions.

In your opinion, what are the most important reasons international business

negotiations are successful? Explain your reasoning for each one.

all successful negotiations start by building trust Trust is based on reliable communications, honesty, and a feeling of shared goals.

friendly tactics Business negotiations are not conducted between organizations. They are conducted between people. Respect shown on both sides for both sides will achieve success.

presentation of data which shows interest The preparation of papers and graphs showing the advantages of your proposals, for example, comparing your ideas with the competition, are often more convincing than statements that are made vocally.

undermine their confidence Presenting the disadvantages of their proposal or referring to some deficiency on their side, as long as there is no personal attack, can improve the chance of success.

experience communication in the international business world is quicker and easier than it ever was. More and more business managers negotiate deals. The experience they gain helps them learn how to make the next negotiation successful.

awareness and better understanding of non-verbal communication Body language is often more important than the words which are spoken. Knowledge of non-verbal communication, both what you project and what is projected by the other side, improve the chance of success.

flexibility Adherence to plans and goals is important, but not so important that you cannot afford to be flexible. Being capable of lowering demands a little or compromising bring about success.

end the negotiations with friendly handshake successful negotiations beget more successful negotiations. Remembering to close in an amicable and cordial way will help maintain good relations.

In deciding to establish a strategic alliance or a start up subsidiary in a foreign country, what are the major factors a company should consider?

The recipe for the success of a new subsidiary abroad is to start at the right time and in the right way.

major factors

the potential market for the product. Is there a need or a demand?

the potential service providers for the equipment

the availability of qualified workers

in what geographic area the business will be situated. example - Does it have easy access? Are there other businesses in the area? Does the area attract new companies? Have there been failures in the area, and, if so, why?

population statistics (including annual income, age, number of children) in the area and population growth expected.

potential competition in the area; cost of the product/service they offer; advantages and disadvantages of their product/service

who will supply the materials needed by the business and how (if transportation is involved)

does the product/service have some competitive edge which will contribute to its success?

laws of the area

bank regulations of the area, ease or difficulty getting financial aid (loans/grants), and if large loans are needed, then the interest rates.

national problems which would interfere with production or provision of service

anticipated profits

anticipated expenses and if can survive from 1- years without showing a profit

anticipated initial funds demanded

need to advertise

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The Psychology of Death and Dying

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Collectively, Americans seem to actively deny death as a natural occurrence in life. Just like our obsession with maintaining youthful appearances, we are fixated on maintaining unprecedented life spans, now a possibility through stem cell research and the potential future of widespread eugenics. Instead of acknowledging death, it becomes a taboo subject, occasionally brought up during life insurance policies and estate sales. Americans do not have holidays to pay homage to the deceased like El Dia De Los Muertos in Mexico or shrines of ancestors as a permanent fixture in their homes like the Japanese. The only portrayal of death found in the media is the typical notion of heaven and hell, for example movies like What Dreams May Come, where Robin Williams must emancipate his wife from the shackles of hell. Or other popular movies, such as Contact with Jodie Foster, where children perceive the dead as normal people existing in a parallel realm, not unlike physical reality. Another common misconception is that death is a temporary inconvenience, often illustrated in children's movies like Sleeping Beauty and Snow White. Children are given the impression that death is just a really long, luxurious nap and if the right man kisses the sleeping individual she will magically spring back into consciousness.

Unfortunately, the only other prevalent acknowledgement of death in the popular media and American society can be found in violent actions movies and psychological thrillers. Gratuitous violence and cold-blooded murder accompanied by internal body parts externalized, decapitated heads and even cannibalism. We have a gross fascination concerning violence and the mutilation of the human form, a rather unhealthy obsession lurking in video games and cult classic movies. Americans have not addressed the finality of death, and only in recent years have new age religions fabricated a new approach toward death, or the passageway into the unknown.

As I child, forced to attend Christian services on Sundays, I bought into the fire and brimstone portrayal of death and spirituality. If an individual did not accept Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior, bad things were destined to happen to that individual in the afterlife. I was pressured into believing that if I did not eat of the bread and drink of the wine, that I was going to instantaneously combust and be shot down into the fiery pits of hell. As I grew older and exposed to other belief systems, this innate fear of the wrathful divine slowly dwindled. After intense observation, I came to the conclusion that organized religion was used as a means to control the masses. I rejected the absolutist attitude enforced upon me since childhood and wanted to discover a different approach toward death and dying.

I had been exposed to death at a relatively young age. I had many elderly relatives and neighbors who died quite consistently; I've lost count of the various funerals and memorials that I've attended. The only reassuring aspect of organized religion is the certainty one feels concerning death and the afterlife. When I realized that I was skeptical of Christianity and heaven and hell, I had a difficult time understanding death and coming to terms with my own fears of it. For many years I had no concrete death ethic, it was just something I avoided or ignored. After taking this course, I have started to construct my own death ethic and idea about the afterlife, by gathering information and borrowing ideas from material that supports this course. I feel comfortable talking about death, it is no longer a clandestine subject, it is a natural occurrence in life, and ultimately it is the last rite of passage for every human being.

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I've adopted more of a non-Western death ethic, where death is an invaluable experience for the dying individual. From my in-class notes on September 10, non-Western cultures view death as a transition for the deceased person, while Americans typically focus on death as a transition for those who are left behind. Non-western cultures tend to encourage the bereaved to express their emotions, while Westerners are given the three-day time period to mourn and are expected to carry on with their respective lives as usual, unaffected by grief. The only time Westerners are allowed to express their immeasurable grief is at the actual ceremony, where they are expected to repress their emotions afterward. I find this aspect of Western culture counterproductive, where emotions are never a catharsis for grief. Often, when we see others in pain, we turn the other direction, unsure of how to comfort them.

I believe death should be a commonly discussed topic, especially during the later years in ones life. We don't know what occurs after this life; therefore we should not approach our own death with negativity or fear. I don't have my beliefs of the afterlife cemented in a permanent belief system; I'm still gathering information in order to form a solidified idea. I am fond of the Native American belief that we reunite with our ancestors after this life. I find the beliefs of Native Americans very appealing, abandoning the linear rationalization of Western logic. "Many commentators have suggested that Native Americans tend to view life and death not in a linear but in a circular or interwoven fashion in which death is regarded as a part of life" (Reader, 5) I find this holistic approach toward death more accepting of the inevitable. Death should not be an isolated and dreaded incident after life, although it brings us incalculable pain, it also serves as a vehicle for unity to those who are left behind.

It does seem like a cruel, harsh world when we know our loved ones will be irrevocably removed from our physical lives, but the fleeting fragility of life generates deeper appreciation for those around us and our own lives. I believe if we were created to live forever, everything would be meaningless and taken for granted. The easier it is to lose something the more invaluable it becomes. I believe life is a great adventure, every moment is an opportunity to gain more wisdom, and that love is the compelling force within each of us. Death is a part of life; we know it will eventually steal us from this world, yet we are not knowledgeable of what threshold it will deliver us onto. The deceased never really leave us anyway; they live in our thoughts, memories and dreams. Just like your Relational Grief Theory, Kim, I believe our relationships with the deceased continue to grow, where we fabricate a new relationship that allows the deceased and bereaved to grow and ultimately heal. Beyond physical life the essence of the deceased still continues to accompany us in this life, perhaps to meet again in the afterlife.

"This process of mythologizing, or making stories out of the splinters of remembered experience, is one of the ways in which a physical person is transformed into an imaginal integrity" (Reader, 1) I find this excerpt and theory very comforting when I confront my own relationships with deceased loved ones. Death is a permanent predicament in this life, but the finality of our relationships with the deceased no longer exists. It opens a new door and sheds some light onto a dark mentality, we no longer feel defeated or imprisoned by grief. I am ready to confront death with less fear and dread, which is a repercussion of this insightful course.

I want her to lie full of peace

Next to my father

Under the dogwood and holly.

I know she will speak her silence

To me

Then it may be the time to listen.

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Animal Cruelty

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The controversy of animal experiments has long been debated in our society (Rowan 1). Time and time again the question of whether or not scientific researchers should have the right to perform experiments on animals has been an issue. Should researchers be able to perform experiments on animals? Should researchers only be able to perform limited experiments on animals? Or should researchers not be able to perform experiments at all? These questions are argued over every day, everywhere in the world. There are many people for all sides of the debate. This is an extremely huge controversy today (Rowan 1).

Many say that animal experimentation is pointless. When it comes to animals and their rights there is a definite fine line between our needs and our taking advantage of these species we consider inferior (Posner 1). Several thousands of animals are experimented on each day; yet there have been close to no cures found. Why continue experiments on animals if there is no point to it? Scientists who are performing outdated and inaccurate tests that prove no benefit to humans or animals are wasting millions of dollars every year (Animal Experimentation). A lot of money is spent on research; however this money instead could go to hospitals, hungry people, or even the building of more schools.

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It is said that humans and animals react differently to drugs (Animal experimentation). This is a proven fact that you cannot argue against. If one kind of

animal is repeatedly tested on with the same drug (which is practiced continuously); this will all be done for no reason. What would the purpose be? Many animals would have been killed and we would have still no cure. Moreover, scientists say it is impossible to recreate a human disease into a perfectly healthy animal (Animal Experimentation1).

One thing to keep in mind is that to invent new methods for animal experiments are being invented. Congress has recently suggested replacing animal experiments with other relevant models when available (Werner 2). Dummies could be used in exchange for animals. To this day our technology is so advanced, computers are predicted to help us in many more ways then we realize. People believe one-day computers will replace the use of animals. Cutting down on many experiments should be another definite plan, so that there is less animal suffering and less loss of lives.

Considered by many, the worst and saddest downfall to animal experimentation is the pain and suffering the animals are forced to undergo, which is unbelievable. You can compare their experiments to brutal torture. Many experiments include starvation to the death; breaking of the bones, vertebrae, and ribcage; heart puncturing, skin and fur burning; chemical injections; removing of the skin; implantation of tumors; drilling the vision. Some experiments can even get as foolish as forcing the animal to smoke tobacco

and marijuana, and even forcing the animal to take LSD. Can you imagine a human being physically forced into smoking marijuana or taking LSD, both illegal drugs?

To speak of levels of psychological moralities, researching through the experimentation of animals is a bad example of positive morals. The point where justifying morally right from wrong has been crossed with animal experimentation. Human hearts have turned cold and vicious. Human minds have mutated into finding the

easier, less guilty way out. Professional, scientific researchers have narrowed their options down to certain animals, animals that will not be difficult. Rabbits are selected to have chemicals dropped into their eyes because their eyes do not cry or water; beagle dogs are selected for their calm temperament when people harm them.

It is true that, animal experimentation can be helpful. Experimenting on animals can help scientists to discover new ways to cure diseases. But once again, you have to ask yourself, if hardly any cures are found, why continue with the endless torture and excruciating pain? Imagine a society where humans are the guinea pigs. After all, man is animal. You meet your death by starving. You may even be burned all over your body, or even get lung cancer from being forced to smoke tobacco (Animal Experimentation). Doesn't sound fun does it? When humans are exchanged for animals in research experiments, humans will not be able to be experimented on since our laws prohibit that

torture. And what about cruelty to animals? It is understood by many that animal cruelty was outlawed. To this day, animal experimentation is the worst type of animal torture one

could imagine. It is difficult to even think of what it would be like if humans were used in place of animals.

The animal rights activists believe that animals suffer as humans do and that all creatures, regardless of having a moral- reasoning capability, are entitled to freedom of torture and pain. As scientists became more advanced, the experimenting became more creative. A scientist studying for head trauma strapped an animal in machinery to receive high impact blows to the head that left the head severely damaged. Another time to examine for severe burns, pigs were restrained so that they could not escape and then burned alive with flames until flesh could be removed to examine. Was this really necessary? How does this directly benefit us?

Animals are not the only things being destroyed our environment is also destroyed. We do not stop and think about the consequences of our actions until it is already done. Pesticides and other chemicals have been damaging our land due to pollution. Not only on land but also in rivers, oceans and even our plants (Animal experimentation). If we keep this up we may not have clean water to swim in, fresh air to breath, or clean soil to grow our plants in.

Animal experimentation needs to be stopped. The endless, continuing tragedy of millions of animals dying has to stop. This has to start with someone, somewhere. As a society we need to wake up and start thinking about how we can stop the cruelty towards animals, instead of how to kill them. If it is morally wrong to kill unborn babies, why is it

not morally wrong to kill and torture poor, defenseless animals? (Cruelty Prevention) The public does not see what goes on behind closed doors. This is because product testers do

not want people to see the animal suffer and die. Once they are done with the experiment they kill the animal off as if it meant nothing. Is this how people were brought up to kill innocent creatures and not even thinking twice about what they are doing? When will this sick torment end?

There is a group called PETA (People for Ethical Treatment of Animals) that have over a hundred thousand members in it. Its one of the largest animal rights organizations in the world. The organization seeks to tell the public and educate them about the attitudes towards animals. By showing films and pictures they hope to reach many people, and show them that there are alternatives to their experimenting. PETA was founded in 1980. It was established to protect all rights of all animals. With this organization developed, cruelty towards animals has been the same. Nothing has changed. Why do people still chose to do wrong when they know perfectly well that animal experimentation is not right? What we need to do is get off the high horse and realize that we are no better than any other animal that roams the earth. We may be more powerful and smarter than most animals, but that does not give us the rights to treat them as we do in animal experiments. It is not amusing or right.

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Bismarck's role in the unfication of Germany

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Q - Account for Bismarck's use of the forces of Nationalism and Liberalism in the unification of the German states up to 1871.

Otto Von Bismarck was instrumental in the unification of German states up for 1871. His experience as ambassador in St. Petersburg and Paris gave him considerable experience in foreign affairs, and his aim sought to deliver Prussia a higher status in Europe. Representing the Junker class, Bismarck was a great opportunist, delivering and commanding decisions well by exploiting situations at the right time. He accomplished unification through diplomatic persuasion and well prepared wars. He would often have individual tactics from the King.

Germans awarded much praise to Bismarck in the era, even some pronouncing him as a political genius. Today's' Historians are perhaps not so defiant in Bismarck's tactics, but rather his time of emergence and ability to exploit opportunities. An example is when Bismarck claimed "Man cannot create the current of events. He can only float with it and steer". In the 1850's, Prussia's rival, Austria was declining in hierarchy and dominance. Bad decisions and long-term mistakes would creep into Austrian politics after the death Schwarzenberg in 185. However, Prussia would continue it's impressive economic position and this increased nationalistic views and attitudes.

Meternich was determined to keep Austria in the 'drivers' seat'. Perhaps influenced by France, Meternich saw Germany as ripe for revolution from a combination of political unrest and social discontent. Senior posts in the Army, political power and all forms of bureaucracy would stay only with the noble class, which agitated the Middle class. Agricultural labourers and urban workers lived and worked in terrible conditions. An era of new technology left many people unemployed and caused protests in several industries. Together with potato blight, cholera, drought and economic inflation, the position heightened in tension.

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As if a long-term showdown was rumoured, Prussia had a head-start. Prussia had well trained military due to it's huge disciplined army, and it also had a growing economy from establishment of railroads as well the strong iron and steel production. In an entity ruled by King Wilhelm who appointed Bismarck in 186 to settle a dispute between the King and parliament over military reforms, there was everything but regression. In fact, the king gave Bismarck both full control of foreign and domestic affairs. Bismarck was a driven man who took whatever form of action necessary in order to achieve his desired goals.

When arriving on the scene and claiming there was no current provision to sort disputes in the constitution, Bismarck granted power back to the King, who in turn continued to collect taxes in order to finance the growing Prussian military. Bismarck released his famous "Iron and Blood" declaration in impeccable timing to the Prussian people, as a dispute with neighbours' Denmark shadowed closely.

In the year of 186, Denmark attempted to include a heavily German spoken region called Schleswig-Holstein in her own Kingdom. The Danish King breached a 185 Treaty of London, and due to gross unrest from Nationalists and Liberals back home, the Diet formed an alliance of Hanover, Saxony, Prussia and Austria. In a strategic move by Bismarck, he went against the Diet and only welcomed the Austrian alliance, determined to stand Prussia as the leader and gain support from Nationalists. The Danes were defeated and Bismarck demonstrated his willingness to overrule the Diet's rules in order to get what he wanted.

By this stage, Bismarck had already forecasted one move further than Austria. With war in mind, talks were made to France to keep her out of any involvement. This is an immensely important move towards the fulfilling task of the establishment of German national unity under the leadership of the King of Prussia. Bismarck eager to keep "on a roll", quickly released a constitution doing exactly his aims; to exclude Austria from German unification. This blatant move to create anger from Austria invited conflict and war soon broke out. Once again, Bismarck had timed this war well as his ruthless army took just six weeks to defeat Austria. Bismarck made an effort to stop a complete demolishment of Austria "to avoid leaving behind in her any unnecessary bitterness of feeling or desire for revenge" as Bismarck said in 1866.

Although it was not the liberals that united Germany, Bismarck received much support from them when he created a new North German Confederation. One assumes this was a dramatic change for Bismarck from when he studied law in the (Liberal) University of Göttingen, where his hatred of liberalism intensified. One liberal by the name of Von Schering claimed "I bow before the genius of Bismarck. I have forgiven the man everything he has up to now".

Prussia spearheaded the combination of seventeen small German states, and all were left little choice but to join the new government. Bismarck's foreign policy included nationalistic traits, for example, the purpose of safeguarding the internal and external security of Germany. Other advantages include morale unity, equal commercial laws, common administration of affairs and an unobstructed internal economy.

Bismarck, carefully edited the Kings words to give an impression that the King Wilhelm had insulted the French ambassador. France immediately declared war on Prussia in 1870. The south German states aligned between North Germany and France felt the threat of War and joined the North German Confederation. At this point, Bismarck perhaps could not believe his luck, or perhaps better described as an operation gone perfectly to the blueprint. Prussia defeated France in two months. King Wilhelm was crowned Kaiser of the new German Empire and Germany received five billion francs and the regions of Alsace and Lorraine. This was utter embarrassment for the French and another successful war campaign from Bismarck.

Bismarck was the architect of a policy that came to be known as realpolitik this means practical politics. During his time as Prime Minister he stay focused to his prime aim of strengthening Prussia. Alliances to him, were mere relationships that could be sacrificed conveniently in order to an opportunity. Although Bismarck supported democracy, this was only done to gain support from the public, However he dismissed liberalism and used it to improve his status amongst a fast growing Liberal movement at the time. Even in his most aggressive international conflicts, he would closely watch international affairs to work one opportunity off another in order to have reason to go ahead. One example is when Denmark let him take control and display his power over the diet, and in turn, declares war against Austria, and later on France. In the short period of just five years, Bismarck and his German unification became the most powerful country in Europe behind Britain.

Please note that this sample paper on Bismarck's role in the unfication of Germany is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Bismarck's role in the unfication of Germany, we are here to assist you. Your cheap research papers on Bismarck's role in the unfication of Germany will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Meteorology

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Being that we are the third rock from the sun, we constantly are interacting with its' atmosphere and weather. Meteorology plays a constant role in our everyday lifestyle. It affects us as individuals also businesses such as agriculture as well as travel. It is important to understand the fundamentals of how this meteorology system works.

First of we all know that the sun gives out heat. Along with the heat the sun also sends out energy in the form as solar radiation. Solar radiation can pass through space and the gases in the atmosphere. Solar energy heats anything that it hits. Energy cannot be made or destroyed, but it can change from one form to another. Energy is either potential energy, (stored energy) or kinetic energy, (movement energy).The sun is very hot and emits solar radiation. The energy from solar radiation can be changed to heat energy as in solar heating, electrical energy using a photovoltaic cell as in solar cars, and to chemical energy by photosynthesis in green plants (http//www.sustainableenergy.qld.edu.au/html/what.html).

There is a popular misconception that the seasons on the Earth are caused by varying distances of the Earth from the Sun on its elliptical orbit. This is not correct. One way to see that this reasoning may be in error is to note that the seasons are out of phase in the Northern and Southern hemispheres when it is Summer in the North it is Winter in the South. The primary cause of the seasons is the .5 degree of the Earths rotation axis with respect to the plane of the ecliptic, This means that as the Earth goes around its orbit the Northern hemisphere is at various times oriented more toward and more away from the Sun, and likewise for the Southern hemisphere (http//csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/time/seasons.html).

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Air pressure and fronts define arctic atmospheric circulation patterns. Air pressure is a measure of the force exerted by air on all objects. Air pressure is related to temperature. Given equal volumes, warm air is lighter (less dense) than cold air and consequently exerts less pressure Changes in air pressure often signify weather changes. Rising air pressure usually means fair weather, whereas falling air pressure generally signals stormy weather. This is because a drop in air pressure often indicates that a cyclone, or low pressure system, is moving into an area, bringing clouds and precipitation. A rise in air pressure frequently means that an anticyclone, or high pressure system is moving into an area, bringing fair weather. A change in air pressure signals the advance or passage of a front. Fronts are the narrow transition-zone boundaries separating two air masses of contrasting properties (temperature and humidity). Low pressure systems often develop along frontal boundaries and cloud cover and precipitation often occurs in the vicinity of fronts.Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air and can be described in different ways, including relative humidity, which is the term used most often in weather information meant for the public. Relative humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air compared with the amount of vapor needed to make the air saturated at the airs current temperature. Humidity is a measure of the amount of water vapor in the air, not the total amount of vapor and liquid. For clouds to form, and rain to start, the air does have to reach 100% relative humidity, but only where the clouds are forming or where the rain is coming from. This normally happens when the air rises and cools. Often, rain will be falling from clouds where the humidity is 100% into air with a lower humidity. Some water from the rain evaporates into the air its falling through, increasing the humidity, but usually not enough to bring the humidity up to 100% (http//nsidc.org/arcticmet/factors/pressure.html).

The earth's atmosphere is interesting. The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of air which we call the atmosphere. It reaches over 560 kilometers (48 miles) from the surface of the Earth, so we are only able to see what occurs fairly close to the ground. Early attempts at studying the nature of the atmosphere used clues from the weather, the beautiful multi-colored sunsets and sunrises, and the twinkling of stars. With the use of sensitive instruments from space, we are able to get a better view of the functioning of our atmosphere. Everything one earth is supported by the atmosphere, solar energy, and our plaent's magnetic field. The atmosphere absorbs the energy from the Sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate. The atmosphere also protects us from high-energy radiation and the frigid vacuum of space. The envelope of gas surrounding the Earth changes from the ground up. Four distinct layers have been identified using thermal characteristics (temperature changes), chemical composition, movement, and density (http//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/space/atmosphere.html).

A meteorologist job is try to predict what the weather will be. They use all kinds of equipment to come up with this data. Hundreds of thousands of pieces of data are collected every day from weather stations, radiosondes, satellites, and observers. To process this amount of information requires ever more powerful computers to perform the millions of calculations per second needed to model and predict the worlds ever changing weather. The mathematics of weather forecasting are very complex. Surprisingly, most information about the weather is collected by small automated land-based weather stations around the world. This has, to a large extent, replaced networks of observers around the country. Often these weather stations are similar to one you might find in a home or school garden. They are housed in a Stevenson screen or box which shelters the measuring instruments from direct sunlight and rain, whilst allowing air to flow freely. Some are still visited by observers who copy the information down by hand. One helpful devise is satellite. Satellite-derived data helps improve the accuracy of weather forecasts. The information and pictures we can get help us to understand how weather works. They also help us to anticipate weather events better for example, hurricane warnings (http//www.bbc.co.uk/weather/features/basics_fronts.shtml.

The pattern of a weather system is not consistent because the weather is constantly changing. Air masses and accompanying fronts do not remain stationary for long. Although their movements are never exactly the same, they do exhibit some patterns that help meteorologists and others predict the weather. The boundary between two air masses is called a front. As a result, moving fronts indicate a change in the weather. On a weather map fronts are drawn where there is a large change in temperature and a shift in wind direction. A front can also be described as the boundary between adjacent Highs with different conditions

(http//vathena.arc.nasa.gov/curric/weather/hsweathr/patterns.html).

In conclusion, understanding the earth and its atmosphere is very important for the future of this planet. It is critical that we as individuals in society start taking care of this planet by reducing pollution and recycling so that the next generation can live in a healthy environment.

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Heaney

If you order your research paper from our custom writing service you will receive a perfectly written assignment on Heaney. What we need from you is to provide us with your detailed paper instructions for our experienced writers to follow all of your specific writing requirements. Specify your order details, state the exact number of pages required and our custom writing professionals will deliver the best quality Heaney paper right on time.

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Introduction

Globalisation is an issue that has been arising in the last few years. It is an increasing worry due to loss of individuality, as people are tending to follow trends and not rate their personal traditions and culture as important. Globalisation is explained as the world unifying and being as one. It is about the developments that have occurred in the world, bringing us together.

The question states that a consequence of globalisation is man's retreat to find his personal traditions and culture. This is true is everyone retreated from global. Not everyone does though. Due to the trends and increasing technology some people have retreated to find their individuality again, but some people are happy to follow in the globalisation process.

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Seamus Heaney

Seamus Heaney was born in April 1 in County Derry in Northern Ireland. He grew up on a farm with his nine brothers and sisters and in 151, Heaney won a scholarship to the Catholic school, St. Columb's college in the city of Derry. Heaney moved to Belfast and became a lecturer at St. Joseph's and later at Queen's college. Heaney has published several volumes of poetry and although he left the farm at a young age, his experiences on the farm remained a basis for his poetry. A lot of his poetry deals with personal issues retreating from the global. Some of these poems are "Personal Helicon", "Punishment", "Digging" and "Tollund Man".

Personal Helicon

"Personal Helicon" is a poem reflecting Heaney's journey from childhood to adulthood. Mount Helicon was a place supposedly to be the home of the Muses, the Goddesses in classical mythology who inspired artists and writers. In "Personal Helicon", Heaney tells of his "personal helicon" his source of inspiration wells. He uses descriptive language such as "trapped sky" which is Heaney being drawn to the reflection in the water of the well. Heaney uses simple structure to convey the meaning of his life being five stanzas. He also uses an irregular rhyming scheme. The tone of the poem is a reminiscing one. Heaney is looking back on his childhood and showing his understanding of life and how he developed spiritually through poetry. A lot of the sentences have connotations, for example, in the third stanza he says, "a white face hovered over the bottom." He has looked in the well to see his reflection, but this could also mean if we removed our outer casings like pride insecurity, and vanity, although we would then understand ourselves better. Metaphors are expressed also, for example, "to stare, big-eyed Narcissus" and Heaney is saying that Narcissuses is like a human being with thoughts.

Heaney finishes the poem as an adult, wanting to illuminate the "darkness of life" through his poetry. "Personal Helicon" is one of Heaney's personal experiences, something that not everyone else has experienced. He has retreated from the global and expressed an event that was important to him.

Digging

"Digging" is another poem reflecting Heaney's memories from childhood. Heaney reminisces on his childhood, remembering his father digging the flowerbed and the stories about his grandfather. Heaney uses simple language to convey his meaning, for example, "my father, digging." It is easy to relate to and also utilises imagery well. He uses sound and sight, for example, "the squelch and slap" and "the curt cuts of an edge." The structure is in eight different sized stanzas. Heaney uses some rhyme and rhythm, for example, "my thumb" and "snug as a gun". Alliteration is often used as an effective form of expressing images. Some examples are, "tall tops" and "buried the bright". The tone of this poem is a reminiscing one also, as he looks back on his experiences as a child.

The poem starts and ends with references to his finger, thumb and pen. This is showing the theme of the poem. Heaney has a pen and decides to dig with that. He doesn't have a spade like his father and grandfather, but he'll dig with his pen. He is still following family traditions but with a pen, not a spade. "Digging" is relatively similar to "Personal Helicon" as they both talk about personal childhood memories. Heaney has moved away from national issues to concentrate on his own memories.

Punishment

"Punishment" is a poem by Heaney that is based on the "bodies in the bog." Heaney was very fascinated by the Bog people and composed a number of poems about them. In this particular poem, a young girl was dug up and was thought to be an adulteress. Heaney describes about how he imagined she would've looked and felt the day of her death. He uses simple language, yet it is very descriptive and effective. An example of a simile is "like a stubble of black corn" which is comparing the girl's shaved head to corn that has been buried in mud. Heavy alliteration and assonance sounds are used to express the weight of her body and weight of sorrow. An example of this is "body in the bog" and "floating rods and boughs." The "o" and "b" sounds are heavy. The arrangement of the poem is simple and yet tightly structured. It has eleven stanzas of roughly even length and no rhyme. It almost seems to be a short story broken up into stanzas.

The tone of this poem is empathetic, as Heaney empathises with the girl. He tries to understand what has happened, "I almost love you," he feels for her. Heaney has concentrated on one person's in the bog. He finds the bogs fascinating and has expressed one of the stories. This particular bog is in Ireland so he has focused on his own personal culture and beliefs, completely separated from the rest of the world.

Nell

"Nell" is a movie about a young woman named Nell who lives in the wilderness with her mother. Nell's mother dies, and whilst removing her body, the sheriff and the doctor, Jerome, come across Nell. They never knew she existed and Jerome becomes fascinated by her, and starts to observe her actions. A psychologist, Paula, is taken into this scenario also, to keep observations on her. Nell has her own language and routines that she conducts on a regular basis. Chaos occurs when the court decides she should be taken into the real world.

The movie uses an effective landscape to portray Nell's surroundings. It is desolate with a lake and lots of green forest. The language Nell uses is very effective as it's a whole new thing to try and decipher. The images of the landscape and "real world" are effective in showing the differences that Nell must embrace. The tone of the movie is at times encouraging and at others a sense of loss. Nell loses her mother and identical twin, both of whom knew her ways, and now she is surrounded by strangers who want to see "the wild woman." It is encouraging when Nell connects with her doctor, Jerome, as she is experiencing so many knew things. "Nell" is about retreating into the global and retreating back out. Because she started out by herself, it was near impossible for her to stay in society so she retreats back to her personal traditions and culture.

Conclusion

It is hard to say whether retreating from the global is a good thing or bad thing. If everyone retreats from globalisation, everyone will be selfish and self-centred. Globalisation needs to be carefully looked at and considered, as individuality is important. It is what makes a person and if the world gets tangled up in trends, there will be no individuality.

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"The Goophered Grapevine"

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Differences in expression, whether creative or non-creative, is an evident device in most literary works a difference that includes not only the content of a work, but its language. Use of language can help an author construct an idea without explicitly identifying the main point. Charles W. Chesnutt's "The Goophered Grapevine" enlists language to express many deep and profound fundamental problems that existed during Post-Civil War America. His point was made by interrelating two narrative viewpointsthat of a Northern entrepreneur (John) and an ex-slave (Julius). Chesnutt's narrators who possess warring viewpoints are used to divide many social, economic, and racial classes. Chesnutt's literary use of language comes from the differentiation in narrative style. The story is written from two opposing viewpoints John who represents that which is white, rich, and Northern, and Julius who stands for what is black, poor, and Southern. The problem that Chesnutt examines through his narration is the racial injustices brought upon the black slaves, and differing ideologies and perspectives from one group to another in the time period shortly after the Civil War.

The story begins as John a carpetbagger, sets out for a change in climate because of his wife's poor health. John, engaged in the grape-culture in Ohio, decides to look for a more southern atmosphere to continue business. On the advice of a cousin who had moved to North Carolina he also did the same. Upon looking around town and deciding and looking several times at one place that he thought would suit him he ventures up to the plantation to show his wife. They come across Julius, a former slave who tries to advise why John should not be buying the vineyard. This is where we find our second narrative viewpoint, Julius, who tells a story inside the story.

Julius catalogs a story how a plantation owner, Mars Dugal McAdoo, hires Aunt Peggy, a free black woman living nearby to put a spell on his vineyards as a way to keep slaves from stealing his grapes. Peggy's spell causes anyone who eats the grapes to die within twelve months of eating them. Just the threat of this magic convinces the local slaves not to eat the grapes, until Henry, a recently acquired slave who has not been warned of the spell, eats grapes from the vines. Since Henry knew nothing of the goopher, Aunt Peggy decides to spare him by putting a protective spell on him, but one that links him directly with the vine's well-being. When the crops thrive in the summer, Henry thrives, but when the off-season saps the vines of their strength, Henry is likewise weakened. The spell therefore coincided with the growth, dormancy and regeneration of the grapevines.

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Dugal McAdoo the slave owner/plantation owner-for whom, Julius explains, "it ha' ter be a mighty rainy day when he could n fine sump'n fer his niggers ter do, en…ha' ter be a monst'us cloudy night when a dollar git by in de darkness'" (1645) - notes the pattern of Henry's deterioration and renewal and comes up with a plan to profit from the imbalances in his strength. So he sells Henry off in the summer for a large sum and then in the fall buys him back for a less considerable amount. The plan works so well that McAdoo is able to purchase another plantation from his proceeds from Henry. But his greed gets the best of him when he takes the advice from a Yankee the crops and Henry die.

Thus Julius's embedded narrative about Henry offers John (and the reader) a commentary on the treatment of blacks and the worth of slaves in the Old South. Henry is just another piece of land or equipment that McAdoo profits from every season. It was made clear in many instances that is how the author felt why McAdoo even took care of Henry during his "off-season" "He tuk good keer uv 'im dyoin' er de winter, give 'im w'iskey ter rub his rheumatiz en terbacker ter smoke, en all he want ter eat, -'caze a nigger w'at he could make a thousan' dollars a year off'n did n' grow on eve'y huckleberry bush." (1645) And Julius emphasizes the coexistence of Henry and the land once more when McAdoo went to war against the Yankees "Mars Dugal tuk on might'ly 'bout losin' his vimes en his nigger in de same year… he say he wuz mighty glad dat wah come, en he des want ter kill a Yankee fer eve'y dollar he los' 'long er dat grape-rasin' Yankee'" (1647) Once again, the life of a black human being is measured in economic terms.

The differences in beliefs are also quite evident in the story. Julius nearly directly comments upon what John told us in the introduction that he had moved south on the advice of a doctor, "in whose skill and honesty I had implicit confidence" (1640). This tells us of John's white, conventional beliefs in science, which Julius clearly does not believe in. The first time occurs when the spell claims two unwary victims, deaths the white folks claims were the "fevuh, but de niggers knowed it was goopher"(164). Julius also establishes his belief in the spells and folklore when he explains Henry's first ebb in strength "He sent fer a mighty fine doctor, but de med'cine did n' 'pear ter do no good; de goopher had a good holt." (1644) While John remains skeptical about the goophering, Julius here puts his own beliefs into the story with the same relevancy that science is seen in Julius's world.

When Julius finishes his story we see the power that Chesnutt has to characterize each person in the narrative through his literary use of language. Annie asks the question "Is that story true? Asked Annie doubtfully, but seriously, as the old man concluded his narrative," (1647) with three words he has just characterized Annie, unable to believe either side of the tracks doubtfully, but seriously. Annie is the middle way in the story not on one side or another not only believing in science or not only believing in the folklore.

The language is so unmistakable for each individual in the story and precise that we build our views of each person through their speech patterns, dialect, and ways of telling stories. We see John the rich, white, Northern man with all his intelligence and entrepreneurship narrate so beautifully and gracefully. Then there is Julius who can barely speak correctly and sometimes one is not sure of what he is even saying so that is our black, indigent, Southern man. Now we also have Henry and McAdoo who are only described by Julius which could not have been half as effective if only one narrator was present. Chesnutt's narrative skill of language made the story what it is, a story about a man from the North who has his own sets of beliefs comes to the South to start a business who runs into a former slave who tells him of a spell set upon a vineyard he was ultimately interested in and buys and helps support the ex-slave. The complex underlying tales of unjust treatment of slaves in the South during this time period before and after the Civil War, and the different sets of beliefs between the races and how they set relations apart, makes to me how the literary use of language can be used to offset and identify two sub-cultures of the United States during Chesnutt's time period.

Please note that this sample paper on "The Goophered Grapevine" is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on "The Goophered Grapevine", we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on "The Goophered Grapevine" will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Innocence of age

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The Innocence of Age

General Response

When reading "The Innocence of Age", I found the author, Neil Bissoondath, had a very unique writing style. He incorporated many flashbacks into his writing and had a unique method of character development. For instance, when a new character was brought into the storyline there was no immediate descriptions or background information provided about that character. As the story progressed and the character continued to appear, information was then revealed about the character's past and I was then able to visualize how this character fits into the plot. I found this interesting because at first I had no idea how the character tied into the novel but as the novel progressed I was able to put it all together. For instance, from the start of the novel Pasco always thought about a girl named Edna. At the beginning I had no idea who Edna was and how she tied in with the storyline. I eventually found out that she was his wife, and later on I found out that she died from a stroke. After finding out all this information Bissoondath provides flashbacks of Pasco's and Edna's life together. Sometimes it seemed as though this novel was going backwards. Personally, I do not like this writing style because it can be awkward and confusing to read. When reading this book I often had the feeling of being lost because I was not always one hundred percent sure who exactly each character was. However, I feel it is an effective technique because it forced me to want to read on and find out.

One thing I liked about this book was Bissoondath's vivid imagery. I liked how he was able to paint a clear picture in my mind of what was happening. Instead of just reading the words off the page, I was able to visualize what was being described. He seemed to make the book come alive with his details and descriptions. For instance, when Bissoondath used the words, " He was perspiring, his undershirt, white and growing ratty at the seams, cool where it clung damp to his skin,"(page 18) to describe Pasco waking up from a disturbed sleep, I had a distinct picture in my head of what he was describing. I feel that imagery is a very important part of a good book and I found Bissoondath's imagery to be very effective. I like it when the author's words come together to show me what is going on, without simply just telling me.

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I was disappointed with the ending of this novel. The book just seemed to stop and there was no real resolution. It felt as though the book needed to be longer because its storyline did not come to a close. I found that this novel had a broken storyline. It was comprised of numerous subplots, which had no relation to one another. I did not like how a conflict would rise, and then one of the other subplots was discussed without resolving the conflict in the first subplot. For instance a skinhead named Emile commonly threatened Pasco, tension was developed between the two characters but the tension was never resolved. Emile threatened Pasco and started causing mischief in Pasco's restaurant but then a different plot took place and the situation was never resolved. Emile was never spoken of again in the novel, which did not make sense to me. I felt as though I was left hanging. What disappointed me the most about the ending of this book was that it ended with one of the very insignificant subplots of the story. I found that the main theme, Pasco and his son Daniel growing distant of each other, was not concluded. It felt as though I read the book for no reason, the ending was meaningless.

Passage Response

This passage from "The Innocence of Age" illustrates a key moment in the development of the main theme of the story. The story is about a father and son, Pasco and Daniel, whose lives grow apart and proceed down different pathways. During the story, Daniel and Pasco drift farther apart from each other as they find themselves living in two separate worlds. This is an important theme in the story and I use the word distance to describe this theme. Daniel and Pasco have opposite views and strategies in which they live their lives. As they peruse their lifestyles, they grow distant from each other. Their different views of ideal reality cause conflict to erupt between them and therefore their relationship becomes more and more distant as the story progresses.

Pasco is the owner of a restaurant, Pasco's that is also known as the Greasy Spoon, and Daniel is an inspired businessman. Daniel is enthusiastic about change and he peruses an improved lifestyle. He is money hungry and the thought of increasing the size of his wallet makes him tick. He is driven by the thoughts of expansion. Being in

real-estate, he inspires to increase the value of any building he has connections with. Making money is his number one priority in life.

Pasco is threatened by change. He is an old fashioned man who is trapped in a world that is changing around him. This scares him. He lives in the past and dwells on his previous life when his wife Edna was still alive. Unlike his son, he has no concern for wealth and prosperity. He seeks independence and hides himself from the world of expansion. Pasco and Daniel have variations of reality, which contributes to their distance from one another.

Since Daniel's world evolves around money, he constantly attempts to increase the value of his father's possessions. He aspires to turn Pasco's (his father's restaurant) into a first class diner and immensely increase profits. He presents many ideas of expansion to Pasco, which he impassively disregards. Daniel feels that his father is not living his life to its highest potential. He does not understand why his father would turn down the opportunity to make more money and live a high-class lifestyle. He did however manage to convince his father to renovate his house to increase the value, but this took a lot of convincing and bribery on Daniel's part. I don't think Daniel understands his father's views of life. Daniel feels he is practical while his father is shallow.

Pasco is not inspired by the thought of increasing profits; he desires independence. He previously gave up a higher paying job as an insurance agent to work in the restaurant. He wanted to possess the feeling of being in control and to be his own boss. The different views between Pasco and Daniel caused many disputes between them. They commonly fought with each other while attempting to make the other see their ways. Neither of them were willing to change their views of reality to suit the others needs, which lead them to becoming distant of each other.

This passage presents a clear message that Pasco and Danny are very different; they possess opposite values and ways of thinking. Through out the story the theme of distance is developed between them. Daniel lives a straightforward life in the real world, while Pasco creates his own world of illusion; a world without change. For example, when his friend Montgomery passed away, he resisted the truth by not attending his funeral. Daniel, a realist, views his father as someone who lives in a world of lies. Because the difference between Pasco and Daniel grew so large, unfortunately they became very distant as they perused their separate lives.

Please note that this sample paper on innocence of age is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on innocence of age, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on innocence of age will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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