Paradox of value

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Both diamonds and water are scarce resources. A diamond is composed solely of carbon and its formation takes many billions of years. Exposed to intense heat and pressure hundreds of kilometers below sea level, the magical objects of desire are shaped by a powerful, natural process. Water is a daily necessity to each and every one of us. We need to drink water everyday, shower, washing and basically to survive.

Why are diamonds which have relatively little use to society; so costly, yet water which is fundamental to our way of life, so inexpensive?

Adam Smith (17-170) certainly believed that water is necessary for life (we will perish without it). By contrast, diamonds have little of such utility. They are only useful for adornment. It is possible to do without diamonds entirely yet diamonds cost so much more. Smith's "paradox" as it has come to be known, highlights these two incongruous facts

1. If a product's demand is largely dependant on its usefulness, then we would expect water; being the more useful of the two; to command a higher price.

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. Diamonds are more costly.

The scarcity of diamonds will always ensure a high marginal value because an extra pound of diamonds has valuable uses that are not currently being met. Conversely, water is tremendously abundant and thus has a high total value and a low marginal value. A mere extra gallon of water is not particularly important.

For example, we assume that a person consumes units of water but no diamonds. The fourth unit of water would gives her only 10 additional units of utility. However, the first diamond would give her 150 units of utility (the marginal utility of diamonds increases as she consumes more diamonds). Therefore, she would be willing to spend 15 times as much for a 1 carat diamond as for a unit of water.

Conclusion

Consumers clearly get more total utility from water than diamonds. The last liter of water we drink or use in the shower gives us very little marginal utility. However, the last diamond still makes a big difference. People are willing to pay more for extra diamonds than for extra water because diamonds are rare and its value is greater than water. The total utility and marginal utility for diamonds will always increase. William Jevons (185-188) clearly states- "Cost of production determines supply, supply determines final degree of utility, final degree of utility determines value." (Begg, Fischer and Dornbushch, 00, P. 71)

In view of this "paradox", it has been maintained that it is not the usefulness of an object but scarcity that determines its price. Diamonds are expensive because they are rare. Water is inexpensive because it is widely found.

1. Jevons, William. ( 170 ) The Theory of Political Economy, Penguin, Harmondsworth

. Smith, Adam. ( 11 ) An Enquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Oxford University Press, Oxford

. Beggs, David, and Fischer, Stanley and Dornbusch, Rudiger, Economics ( seventh edition ), McGraw- Hill Companies, Inc., 00

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Organizatinal Analysis

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Organizational Analysis of the YWCA

I. Introduction

a. The Young Women's Christian Association states its mission as the following "The YWCA of the United States of America is a women's membership movement nourished by its roots in the Christian faith and sustained by the richness of many beliefs and values. Strengthened by diversity, the Association draws together members who strive to create opportunities for women's growth, leadership and power in order to attain a common vision peace, justice, freedom and dignity for all people" (YWCA Mission). The Richmond branch of the YWCA strives to empower women, children, and families through their current programs addressing family violence, sexual assault, and homelessness.

b. The YWCA currently employs 65 part-time and full-time staff. In addition to the staff, the YWCA utilizes many volunteers and interns to assist the agency in providing various services to women and children in the community. The agency is located in a newly renovated building on 5th Avenue in downtown Richmond. The building is comprised of four levels that have been built to accommodate those with physical disabilities. When entering the edifice, one is located on the first floor that houses the secretary, two conference rooms, the gymnasium, and the only two enclosed offices of the Executive Director and the Assistant Executive Director. The basement is a newly constructed children's center. This location includes several classrooms, a computer room, and a cafeteria. The second floor consists of a break room for the staff, an art room designed for the children, and a large play area that the children partake in many activities including riding tricycles to taking their naps. The third floor contains cubicles that house the student unit, the rest of the full-time and part-time staff (excluding childcare workers), three private rooms for the purpose of counseling services, and a large room utilized for support group meetings. The entire agency atmosphere produces an environment that is conducive to feelings of support, comfort, and an overall sense of openness. This is demonstrated by not only the structure and design itself, but by the employees staffed at the YWCA. Please refer to Figure 1.1 for an organizational chart of the agency.

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c. The YWCA offers a variety of services to women, children, and families located in the Richmond community. For example, the agency maintains two twenty-four hour crisis hotlines operated by crisis hotline specialists and has two confidential emergency shelters for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. The two shelters are located in the Richmond and Chesterfield areas that each can accommodate twenty women and children. The shelters provide individual and group counseling for women and their children, case management services, employment and legal assistance and childcare for victims of domestic violence, and serve as temporary emergency shelter for victims of sexual assault. The main office, located on 5th street, provides individual short-term crisis counseling for women, men, and adolescents who are victims. In addition, group counseling is available for victims of domestic violence with a concurrent group for their children. Groups are also available for adults and teenagers who are victims of sexual assault. Furthermore, a trained volunteer or staff member is available 4-hours a day to meet sexual assault clients at the hospital emergency room to provide support and information. Another example of the services provided by the YWCA is the childcare program implemented for low and no income families. The YWCA Children's Center is the only source of free childcare for families living in area homeless shelters. As one of Richmond's largest Head Start sites, the YWCA serves over sixty preschoolers each day with comprehensive programming (YWCA Children's Center). After school and during the summer, homeless and low-income children enjoy field trips, homework assistance, and educational activities in a safe, nurturing environment. Last, but certainly not least, the YWCA provides educational programs on the issues of domestic violence, sexual assault, and healthy relationships for organizations, businesses, prisons, schools and youth groups.

d. The YWCA serves women, children, and families of all ages, races, and income levels. Specifically, the agency serves any and all primary or secondary victims of domestic violence and sexual assault. The majority of the client population lives in the Greater Richmond area. However, clients are welcome from any location. Moreover, the agency serves the children of no and low-income

families.

II. Theory

a. The political economy model, as presented in Hutchinson (1), reflects the organizational theory that best applies to the YWCA. This model focuses on the dependence of an agency on environment resources in its ability to function and provide appropriate and necessary services to the community (Hutchinson, 1). Specifically, the political economy model addresses two main resources necessary for such organizations (1) political resources and () economic resources (Hutchinson, 1). The interplay of these two sources results in the overall operation of the agency. It is also important to note that this model recognizes clients as a potential resource for advocacy and power in the political arena (Hutchinson, 1).

b. The YWCA is a non-profit organization that depends on both political and economic resources to fund the agency. Therefore, the actions of the political arena directly effect the operations of the YWCA. If the government officials in power have elected to campaign for issues concerning domestic violence and sexual assault, the YWCA can ultimately benefits from such interactions and attention. Often, when political figures get involved in advocating for domestic violence, private donators become more aware of the need for such services provided by the YWCA. This awareness is a potential avenue to raise donations for the agency. Moreover, political figures make the decisions concerning federal and state laws. These political resources provide potential for additional granting and funds for the organization. In addition, several large organizations and businesses, including United Way and Capital One, provide funding for the YWCA. These funds are accompanied with expectations and obligations by such businesses. Therefore, they claim power over what type of services and programming they would prefer to fund. The YWCA is directly affected by their major contributors in that fashion, often creating limitations for the organization. However, the agency depends on these resources to operate effectively and efficiently. A number of other funds and grants are needed to run the YWCA. Whether or not these grants are approved on a yearly basis, seriously affects the clients, community, and the staff. For example, one part-time staff member was recently dismissed from her position because the grant the agency needed to continue funding her position was lost. As a result, they lost the only staff member that ran the Teen Advocacy Program. Since her departure, the YWCA has had to cancel over thirty scheduled teen public education seminars. Due to the political economy model, these types of decisions are often the result of the interplay between political and economic interest. The YWCA had no other feasible options, because of economic resources, other than to eliminate her position within the organization.

III. Critique

a. The YWCA performs poorly under the political economy model. Unfortunately, due to the nature of a non-profit organization, these conflicts will always be an issue and effect the organization on some level. Because the YWCA is so heavily dependent on political and economic resources, it is not always possible to provide efficient and effective services to clients, nor is there always the possibility of implementing additional programs the community addresses as needs. It is also important to reflect on the aforementioned staff member who was dismissed due to lack of funding. Now that her position is eliminated, the Teen Advocacy Program has no available staff to take her place resulting in the elimination of a community educational program. Therefore, this indicates a lack of efficiency and effectiveness to service those potential client populations. Moreover, the lack of government and overall funding is causing the agency to collapse positions together resulting in staffing patterns that are inappropriate the services being provided. For example, the Director of Domestic Violence has additionally been assigned the position and responsibility of Director of Community Outreach. She is not only handing an abundance of individual domestic violence clients, but is now responsible for follow-up and outreach counseling in the community. It would be impossible for her to adequately, efficiently, and effectively serve each client to the best of her ability. Unfortunately, many of the other staff members are encountering the same problems and issues. Another example are the childcare workers. They often have more children in their care than they can feasibly manage. In addition, they are not trained appropriately to provide the necessary services to the population of children. The problem here arises in the issues of salary. The YWCA cannot afford to hire qualified individuals in their childcare programs. As a result, the programs offered to these children are not performing to their highest expectations. As a whole, there are not enough people within the organization to accomplish the expectations given to them on a daily basis. This could, and probably is, affecting the way clients are being served at the agency. However, there does seem to be a common understanding among management and line staff within each program about problems, populations to be served, services to be provided, and client outcomes to be achieved. The problem arises when such needs, issues, and problems are not being met. Most of the issues concerning efficiency and effectiveness of the YWCA stems from the political and economic resources the organizations depends on for its existence. On a more positive note, the YWCA does utilize their clients as resources in the political arena. Often, the clients return to collaborate with the YWCA on political issues. Together they advocate for new governmental policies and regulations. These collaborations have proven to be effective process for change.

b. The contingency theory should be considered as a possible model that might prove to be effective for the YWCA. This theory states that there is no "one best way" to organize (Hutchinson, 1). It maintains that flexibility within the organization is key to identifying and adapting to the changing environment. Since the YWCA is consistently redefining issues of importance within the community, a more flexible theory would assist in the organization of the agency. However, the failure to recognize the strong influences of political and economic forces regarding the agency may ultimately be a limitation.

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Franklin's Tone

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Franklin's Tone

Benjamin Franklin is a world renowned writer, and essayist, his works have become strong literary works in American history. He has had strong perspectives and opinions in various subjects. One in which he shows the attitude of the early missionaries toward the Indian culture, and religion. "Remarks Concerning the Savage of North America", is an essay in which two men are discussing their beliefs in a certain area of their religion. The Swedish minister explains the story of Adam and Eve, where they eat an apple, and must be saved my Christ. The Swedish minister reveals this history with much pride, and is appreciated by the Indian orator. Thus the Indian orator begin to tell a tale of two young hunters, who gave a piece of their catch to a beautiful woman who needed food, and how the two young men were soon rewarded for their kindness. After explaining this tale to the missionary, he became disgusted, and refused to even think twice at the chance that this might be true. Franklin expresses the minister more on the evil side of the spectrum, because his tone changes while going from the orator to the minister.

Christian beliefs differ in a large way, from those beliefs of the native Americans. And the Christians were not tolerant at all of those people who expressed these beliefs in public, or in any way preached them. The Swedish minister is portrayed as a man who believes that his way of thinking is totally and utterly correct, and is the only belief in the world which has any true meaning. Franklin shows this by the choice of words he uses with the minister. " The good missionary, disgusted with this idle tale,…", by using the word disgusted, Franklin shows that the minister is not going to accept the Native American story, but try to tear it down, and make the orator feel insignificant.

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The Indian is shown as an accepting humble person, and Franklin obviously appreciates this way of thinking. By portraying the Indian orator as a gracious man. "When he had finished the Indian orator stood up to thank him…", this is showing that Franklin, likes the orator, because he is portraying him as the humble victim, who does not understand the hostility used in the ministers deliverance of the tale.

"What I delivered to you were sacred truths; but what you tell me is mere fable, fiction, and falsehood.", this is a direct quote from the minister himself, who shows no gratitude towards the orator for sharing his story with him. " What you have told us… is all very good. It is indeed bad to eat apples. It is better to make them all into cider. We are much obliged by your kindness in coming so far, to tell us these things which you have heard from your mothers." this is a quote from the orator, who is showing his appreciation towards the minister, and wishes to thank him for the brief story.

Franklins attitude towards the two men differ completely, this is shown through his choice of words. Using stronger words when in text with the minister, and softer, more allusive words with the orator. Franklins tone is this passage is more angry towards the minister, because Franklin wrote the essay, to show the discrimination the natives were put against with the Christians.

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The Minister's Black Veil

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Perfection is an idea that has challenged man in his own society, but is man actually capable of obtaining and maintaining a complete and steady state of perfection within his own inner being? As Plato would say, "Perfection cannot exist without the 'idea perfection' in the mind of an individual." There is really no accurate state of perfection that exists in human nature. Perfection is determined by the different interpretations given to it man himself.

Many times man is caught in a trance to become better than his spiritual father, God. Many individuals believe that if they can outdo their Creator than they will obtain a "free scholarship" to the University of Heaven that contains the best teachers in the universe, rated number one above Harvard University. Yet, doesn't this mean that to outdo God would make man his own god? This would be hypocritical to everything that man attempts to teach his fellow species in church every Sunday from the biblical scriptures. In that case man would be worshipping his own identity and following his own set of "commandments," refusing to follow what Jesus Christ established centuries ago. The battle for perfection continues today as many individuals strive to live a pure life like the Creator of heaven and hell. So does this mean that the Creator and His Son only love those with pure hearts and souls? Jesus himself loved Mary Magdalene, the prostitute in the biblical era, some much that he was willingly to teach her the correct path to heaven and peace, leading her to become one of the most prominent Christian figures in the Roman Catholic Church.

The famous first "true" Christian writer, Nathaniel Hawthorne, wrote a series of short stories that deal with the "fall of man's society" as well as the hypocrisy that occurs in the church today, leading man to break the first commandment, " Thou shall have no other Gods before me." Each short story is connected with the other in many important factors such as hypocrisy in the church and man becoming his own God. Hawthorne utilizes great imagery of biblical illusion in his work to bring his message across to "the sinners of our Father."

In Hawthorne's, The Scarlet Letter, the minister, Arthur Dimmesdale represents that all people are just human and potentially they are entitled to commit mistakes in their life. Dimmesdale lives a thousand faces but the primary face is that of hypocrisy as he is faced with a battle against his own conscience. Dimmesdale has committed the ultimate sin, yet his cowardly reputation restricts his mouth from reciting the truth to his fellow villagers. Dimmesdale has acted against everything he has preached in his sermons. The minister is no hypocrite! He is perfect!

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This is the reputation that man has interpreted for the authorities of the Holy Church, demonstrating the "perfection" of God here on earth. Because Dimmesdale is a minister he is not entitled to make any mistakes himself; he is paralleled to Jesus Christ who taught his people "truth and honor" for one another. The bible only gives you the human interpretation, which man has created over the years but the real truth lies undiscovered. Only Jesus could tell his people about the life he lived here on Earth free from evil and temptation. In a symbolic way, he did not live a life free from evil and hate for he was persecuted for the sins of all mankind. We all make up part of our Father and through our sins we cause him to lose His sense of purity.

Hawthorne illustrates through the character of Pearl, the sin of Dimmesdale, that she is the perfect "perfection" that man battles for in life here in their society. She is symbolic of God's pure forgiveness of mankind's sins against themselves. Pearl also symbolizes that true perfection is maintained only as a natural birth of your own identity. The vision of Pearl is a constant reminder to Dimmesdale that he has sinned against his Father and has failed to keep his commitment to the church of his Creator. Dimmesdale foreshadows the actions of one other character created by Hawthorne Mr. Hooper.

In The Minister's Black Veil, the character of Mr. Hooper, the hypocrite of his congregation, symbolizes man's quest to surpass his own Creator and judge his people based on the laws of hypocrisy. The black veil which lies upon the face of the minister is symbolic of the distance which he has placed himself from his congregation. He is too perfect for the presence of his sinners. Likewise, the congregation can sense that their minister has not been faithful to them.

The minister displays his cowardness through wearing the veil, which distorts his image of the world around him. Although the veil distorts the images from his sight, the small light, which he can see through his mask, symbolizes God's hope for Mr. Hooper. God will not give up on this individual, causing the veil to remain transparent rather than opaque. The veil also serves as a reminder to society that they have caused a veil to form between themselves and their Creator every time they choose to sin against His will. Through the veil, Mr. Hooper attempts to hide his sins and cover his track in the ministry. The character of Mr. Hooper is that total opposite of Jesus Christ, who never once shunned himself from society because he was too perfect.

Although Mr. Hooper displays the acts of hypocrisy in his church, leading to him become God himself, he does teach a valuable lesson to his congregation. " Why do you tremble at me alone?" "Tremble also at each other! … "I look around me, and lo! on every visage a Black Veil!" Mr. Hooper reminds his society that my making faces at him and gossiping about him around the church, they too have sewn a black veil on their face. They have sinned without knowing it. His entire congregation has become hypocrites of their own. They have also attempted to play the role of God through trying to judge Mr. Hooper for the veil that symbolizes "the fall of man's society." Man will cause his own destruction as Hawthorne has displayed through Dr. Rappaccini in his next story.

One of the most symbolic works of Hawthorne is Rappaccini's Daughter, the story about a doctor who will go to any extent to gain powerful knowledge about life and the nature around him. In this work of Hawthorne, Dr. Rappaccini enacts the role of God by creating an experiment out of his naïve daughter. Her father's experiment causes for Beatrice to bring death to every thing she lays her hand upon. Hawthorne utilizes a great biblical allusion in this story about the hunger for power and the deadly power of love. The scene with Beatrice and Giovanni are symbolic of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and story of the tree of life. Giovanni falls in love with "the plant experiment" out of lust; he falls in love with her after the fact that he sees her beauty. He is tempted to visit her in the garden, arriving with purple flower that is symbolic of the apple of sin. The flower wilts after Beatrice infects it with poison. This is symbolic of the rise of Death. After Adam and Eve ate the apple from the tree, God created death. Death is inherited as part of our life when we are born into this world. The flower's wilting signifies all the sacrifices which man must make in life to survive in his constructed society.

Dr. Rappaccini emotionally and physically "rapes" his daughter from life after his sins are the result of his beautiful Eve's death. Once again man has tried to succumb the power and knowledge of his own Creator and results in a total tragedy causing the death of many innocent lives. Dr. Rappaccini "would sacrifice human life, his own among the rest, or whatever else was dearest to him, for sake of adding so much as a grain of mustard seed to the great heap of his accumulated knowledge." The flower from the garden of life is symbolic of his own sacrifice of his daughter to gain this knowledge, which his brain hungers. Dr. Rappaccini has gone against every word that is read in the bible. His greed has overtaken his soul; he no longer loves his daughter but views her as the experiment that will gain him that "grain of mustard-seed of knowledge." He has become a hypocrite of society's rules to love and protect your loved ones.

Hawthorne has utilized these characters to teach us humans' valuable lessons about the world around us. Should they been forgiven or condemned for their ignorance to realize that God is the supreme being of the world? If man continues to seek for happiness in the idea of perfection, he will remain lost in melancholy for eternity. Hippocrates believed that moderation, harmony, and a "sound mind in a sound body" lead an individual to a healthy lifestyle, physically and emotionally. Antithenes believed that true happiness lies in not being dependent on such random and fleeting things. Perfection will only be an idea that has no true definition. According to St. Augustine, evil comes from mankind's disobedience. The good will is god's work and evil is the falling away from God's work. We are entirely at his mercy.

No one can judge the creations of Hawthorne because we have all committed sins in our life. He, who has not sinned, be the first to cast the first stone at these characters. Condemning these characters would only put you in their place as hypocrites of the church. They can receive "financial aid" for being the minority of society so that they can still get accepted into the University of Heaven. But are these hypocrites truly the minority or are they the majority that can be found around the corner in the hall of your school. We must remove the black veil that we each wear before we can make any statements. We must review our past, accepting our own faults and condemning ourselves first before condemning our neighbor. Man should live a life full of peace and happiness within their heart rather than competing with each other for the power of "perfection". We are God's family and if we destroy ourselves amongst each other it is like symbolically crucifying him once again. Hypocrisy is a natural instinct of man and he must learn to overcome it before ever developing the "idea perfection."

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1984 Propaganda Writing

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The Oceania society depicted in the 184 George Orwell novel is simply driven by propaganda. It seems as though every citizen of the "Super State" country must interact with a daily intake of propaganda create by the government so that control is maintained. Even the "non-citizen" Prolitarian community, which is the ignorant majority, is lead into a life filled with propaganda that inflicts feelings such as fear and hatred so that they can be controlled in a mental manner. Every person in Oceania is continually reintroduced to propaganda on a day to day basis so that they adore what their government does and whole heartedly hate any person who is against their ideals. The book is about control. Controlling a majority keeps the minority in place. The government in the novel knows that its citizens can be kept at an appropriate level of control if a lie is constantly told.

As you know everyone in Oceania is working for the benefit of Big Brother. The Party members and inner party members are lead to believe that they are laboring for the good of the country and for their comrades, but in reality they are only working to help Big Brother and the government obtain absolute power. The government makes sure that every level of knowledge in Oceania is obscured. The book written by Goldstein explains how a party member is preferred to be slightly incompetent. The government ensures that even the smallest details of history and literature is falsified to meet the ideals of Big Brother. Winston knew that things such as the "two minutes hate", the constant announcements of winning battles, and even how much supplies the country had are all tools to get the citizens to believe that the government is doing good rather than evil. A constant flow of wartime propaganda is also present throughout the text. The various posters of the Eurasian soldier with "The gun that seems to follow you from whatever angle you are looking at it from" are meant to inflict fear in the citizens and make them feel patriotic.

Not only is the propaganda constant, but it is also changing. One portion of the book Oceania will be at war with Eurasia and then instantly they will be at war with Eastasia. This is shown in the book when Winston was in the street listening to an orator speaking of the war and "In mid-sentence without a shudder in his words" the speaker changed his speech to say that they were now allied with Eurasia and at war with Eastasia. Although the Proles experience propaganda, it is not as abundant as it is with party members. The Proles are controlled with such freedoms as "the lottery" and most importantly thought.

I believe that the government that is shown in 184 is quite a mastermind. It is able to control its citizens with a constant flow of lies. Because the government is perpetually lying to its people then it never has to worry about making a mistake in the truth. The position of the leader Big Brother is propaganda in and of itself so that a constant influx of lies makes no difference in the commander's effectiveness. Without propaganda the totalitarian society of 184 would crumble.

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Hucelberry fin

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Huckleberry Finn, is it racist or is it anti-racist? The adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a man who goes on lots of adventures with his friend Jim who he has an affinity for who is a black man. In these adventures Huck and Jim get into lots of things like they meet up with ex-cons. The book Huckleberry Finn is a racist book because it uses a lot of racist language and perpetuates stereotypes of African Americans.

Reason number one, In this quotation Huck and Jim talk about how French people talk and Jim gets angry about it. "S'pose a man was to come to you and say Polly-voo-franzy-- what would you think?" "I wouldnt think nuffin; I'd take en bust him over de head, dat is, if he werent white. I wouldnt 'low no nigger to call me dat." This quotation shows that even the black people are racist towards their own race and thats pretty racist if all that they have been taught is that black people are different. My second example is when the are on the ship wreck and they're on the boat. "It warn' the grounding that didnt keep us back but a little. We blowed out a cylinder -head." "Good gracious! anybody hurt?" "No'm. Killed a nigger." This quote shows that the people back then thought that black people weren't even people because when she asked if anybody was hurt they said no, even though that the black person was just killed. My third example is "Miss Watsons nigger, Jim, had a hair-ball as big as your fist, which had been took out of the fourth stomach of an ox, and he used to do magic with it. He said there was a spirit inside of it , and it knowed everything." In this quotation the book is trying to show that the black people are stupid and treated like they are stupid even though they are human beings and they have a brain. What had poor Miss Watson done to you that you could see her nigger go off right under your eyes and never say one single word?" In this quote the arduous Aunt Sally is telling Huck that he is making a futile mistake by saying that how is it that you could let a nigger go. My last quote is, when they are talking in the house about how he let Jim go when he ran, Aunt Sally is an eccentric person who always changes her pattern, and Huck is like the advocate to Jim. "What did that poor old woman do to you that you could treat her so mean?" why, she tried to learn you your book, she tried to learn you your manners, she tried to be good to you every way she knowed how. thats what she done." In this quote they're saying the same thing as the last quote. She has been there for Huck, and she's done so much for him.

This book The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by mark twain is racist because of the language and the stereotypes that are shown in this novel. This should be taught in school because it shows a path that the future people should not go down or use. I think that this book was a really good book. It taught me and it kept me going on it. I respect what was said because of the time frame but in these days it is good to be read so we dont fall into the racist game and also so we dont pull out the race card.

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War on Iraq

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How African American Student Athletes Deal With Going To Predominately White

Colleges Or Universities?

It was March of 00 and I was at my annual cheerleading competition. I am

from an urban public school where my squad is one of the only diverse ones.

Custom Essays on War on Iraq

Looking around I noticed that my squad was one of the few that had any

minorities present. As we sat down to wait our turn for mat time (a practice

run through of the routine before the actual competition) I over heard some of

the Caucasian females snickering from behind about our squad. They were

saying things like black girls are not supposed to be cheerleaders,

cheerleaders are supposed to be white girls with tans. Our cheerleading squad

is one of the most hated and disrespected of all squads. A perfect example of

that disrespect and hatred is the fact that we were robbed at our second

competition. When we got to the competition we were a little apprehensive

because we had to share a small area of the locker room with the LaSalle

cheerleaders. They were our worst enemies, our rivals, our opponents, and the

only people that we went to the competition to try and beat. When one of our

fellow cheerleaders went to the locker room to return some loose money she had

found to her surprise and dismay that all of the other money she had was gone.

She checked and rechecked her wallet to see if she was just not looking well

but to her shock she had not overlooked. She no longer had her money. When

she came and told our coach our whole squad went into the locker room to see

if they too had been robbed. To everyone's sadness they too had been. In

total our squad lost over 00 dollars of hard earned money. Fortunately we

did win second place in the competition but because of that incident we could

not even rejoice. Discrimination and stereotyping against not only black

cheerleaders, but all minorities, as well as people that hang with those

minorities can feel the wrath of it. This happens largely at predominately

white establishments or institutions. Discrimination not only takes place at

school but at other places as well, like my cheerleading competition.

African Americans are being stereotyped every second of every day. Regardless

of what stereotype is said it happens. A very common stereotype placed on

African Americans is "all black people are great athletes." This stereotype

becomes more and more prevalent as further African Americans come to

predominately white colleges or universities. The main reason for stereotypes

is ignorance. An example could be a tall African American with a slim build

walking about the campus. A guarantee could be that the majority of people

would assume that he was an athlete but in all actuality he could be attending

the University of Rhode Island on an academic scholarship. I can remember

talking to my friend and telling him the exciting news of me joining the track

team. The first thing that he said was I know you can run fast, all black

people can run fast. I asked him why he made that assumption and his reply

was, they have to be able to run fast to flee from the cops. Although quite

comical that statement could have quickly made anyone else upset, it was a

perfect example of prejudice and racism.

Still there are other problems that African Americans will have to face when

they come to a predominately white college or university. One example could

be the stress or anxiety to conform to the new lifestyles or style of

teaching. Another could be the high drop out rate of first year African

American students that is hung over their heads. Yet another could be the

effect the school, professors or area has on the black student. (Spigner

1) Many different things regardless of how big or small have been known to

create anxiety or stress. Many people are not happy with change. Most will

try to avoid it at all costs, so the mere shift of moving to a predominately

white college or university could drive anyone insane. Lastly there is

racism. Racism is not what it used to be many differences have risen over the

years. Decades ago African Americans would never have been given the

opportunity to go to school. If they were given that right the school was not

a knowledgeable one. African Americans would not have been able to play

sports, be on television or vote. Racism is still a widely studied issue.

The issue in the last couple of years has been the ignorance people have to

the fact that they are being racist. Decades ago racism was defined as the

blatant disregard for someone else or their feelings. It is not that obvious

anymore, but that does not mean in any way that it has stopped.

Racism as a whole is no longer blatant. Atwell (11) article discusses how

racism is no longer as openly spoken as before but someone of African American

decent could be dealing with racism from their professor or athletic coach and

not even know it. With the student athlete programs the lines of academics

and sports is blurred. Academic support services may instead be aiding and

abetting a racial status quo by emphasizing more of a social desire for sports

entertainment (Atwell 11). That quote is stating that academics seem not to

be as important as how the school does entertainment wise.

It is argued here that targeting student athletes ostensible to provide

academic guidance may in actuality serve to reinforce sports interests over

educational pursuits. Such expropriation seems particularly significant (but

not exclusive) on white campuses, in part because such campus illustrate a

glaring over-representation of black players. (The Chronicle of Higher

Education June 17, 1, as cited in Spigner, 1).

There are many ways that schools of higher learning try to make the academics

of African American players seem up to par when in reality they are only

mediocre, maybe even less. Wiley and Hatchett (11) pointed out that

institutions of higher learning used misleading or inconclusive data to make

the dismal student graduation rates look better. Edwards (18a; 18b; 184,

187, 1, as cited in Spigner.) has long noticed the contradictions and

hypocrisy of providing a meaningful education against the more sought after

national publicity and notoriety from intercollegiate sports.

There are many questions as to whether or not these African American athletes

can perform as well in the classroom as they can on the field or on the court.

Research conducted by Ellickson (10) showed that participation in college

athletics saps the energy needed for a more positive classroom performance.

Engstrom and Sedlacek's (11) study of existence of prejudice among the peers

of student athletes indicated that students generally possessed some negative

attitudes towards the student athletes, particularly regarding academic

performance. Smallman, Sowa, Young, and Bryce (11) feel as though the

research of the ethnic differences in student athlete responses to stressful

life events revealed that blacks reported significantly higher ratings of

evasiveness or stress.

There are many reasons why student athletes are not becoming successful

adults. One reason is because there are fewer teachers of African American

decent. The potential of African American student athletes to graduate is

seriously compromised by the fact that so few staff, faculty and other

students on campus look like them. They feel less welcomed than white students

on our campuses (Lapchick, 17).

On most college campuses the over representation of black student athletes is

as stark as the under representation of black teachers. In 18-10, only

4.5 percent of black faculty compared to 88.5 percent of white faculty were

employed full time in a U.S. college or university (Chronicle of Higher

Education Almanac, August 6, 1 as cited in Spigner, 1). A larger black

presence of faculty particularly on white campuses could theoretically promote

a better climate to help improve black student athlete development, though

black teachers have their own problems of profession survival. (Banks, 184;

Spigner, 10-11, as cited in Spigner, 1).

In the fall of 185 black faculty were decreasingly represented in ranks of

assistant, associate, and full time professor. The percentage of this was 5.

percent, .7 percent, and . percent of full time African American

instructors. The white professors ranked the same way, had increased

representation at 87.5 percent for an assistant, 0.5 percent for an

associate, and .7 percent respectively for full time college professors

(National Center for Education Statistics, 1 as cited in Spigner, 1).

Stress and anxiety can and have been known to overtake people of all ages and

ethnicity's. They have been known to push people to the limit and test their

strength, because of these limits some people are unable to pull through. If

you are faced with stress or anxiety and cannot withstand the trauma you may

obtain disorder. For those that can face the trauma will make it through to

live and fight another day. African Americans in a new environment,

preferably a white college campus will probably have to deal with some of

those everyday traumas of the world. If they do not learn how to endure, they

too could succumb to a stress or anxiety disorder.

Abstract

How African American student athletes deal with being at a predominately

white college or university? There are many reasons why African Americans

would not succeed at an all white college or university. One reason would be

the racism that remains prevalent in white communities as well as schools.

Racism comes from the most unexpected people and places. The fact that racism

is not as noticeable as in the past makes it harder to see. Another problem

African Americans have at white colleges is the stress or anxiety to conform

to their new surroundings. The pressure of academic success is another that

could cause stress or anxiety. Lastly, the slack that African Americans

receive because they are students as well as athletes at these schools can

cause numerous amounts of stress. Many people feel as though students have it

easier because of the fact that they are athletes. These are the main topics

I will be speaking of in my paper.

Please note that this sample paper on War on Iraq is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on War on Iraq, we are here to assist you. Your cheap college papers on War on Iraq will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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