JFK's Life and Contribution to today's society

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John F. Kennedy was changing the shape of the political systems in the United States when his life was taken from him. It was a very depressing November day when the life of this young president was ended. It was a very memorable day in the hearts of the American's. Kennedy made huge contributions to society as a young man, a congressman, a senator and finally a president. The impact that his life made is still being remembered to this day.

John F. Kennedy started out with a "normal" life. His mother and father had high aspirations for their child, but what parent wouldn't. John F. Kennedy (JFK) was born on May , 117. His father, Joseph P. Kennedy, was a combative businessman who became a multimillionaire, head of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and ambassador to Great Britain. Kennedy was one of nine children. He grew up in the shadow of his older brother Joseph. Joseph was everything that John wanted to be. Joseph was the smart and athletic one, when John wasn't blessed with the same talents. John graduated from Choate School in Wallingford, Conn., and he briefly attended Princeton University. His stay at Princeton was short lived due to an illness. He then entered Harvard University in 16. At Harvard he wrote an honors thesis on British foreign policies in the 10s; it was published in 140, the year he graduated, under the title Why England Slept. (http//sc4.ameslab.gov/TOUR/jfk.html, pg 1) World War II really impacted Kennedy's life, when he first volunteered to fight in the Army he was declined because he had a weak back, but through dedication and perseverance, he was able to fight in the fall of 141. He worked really hard during the summer of 141 to strength his back so that he would be able to go and fight for his country. In March 14, as lieutenant he took command of a PT (torpedo) boat in the Solomon Islands. His boat was rammed and sunk by a Japanese destroyer. This was a very remarkable time for Kennedy because he rallied up all the survivors and brought them to shore. For several days repeatedly he went out in the water and risked his life looking for a rescue ship. This act of courage and heroism earned him the Purple Heart, the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. Due to aggravating his back injury again, he was discharged from the Army in the early 145. (Encyclopedia Americana, pg ) World War II not only proved Kennedy's dedication and courage, but it was also a very tragic time; JFK's older brother Joseph was killed trying to fight for his country.

The end of his career in the Army marked the beginning of his career in politics. His first really big opportunity came when James M. Curley vacated his seat in the House of Representatives to become mayor of Boston. "Kennedy beat out nine other candidates for the seat, and he nearly doubled the votes of his nearest opponent." (Encyclopedia Americana, pg. ) In 15, Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Senate. His slogan was "Kennedy can do more for Massachusetts." (Encyclopedia Americana, pg. 4) Kennedy wanted to make good on his slogan; by the end of two years he could list a wide array of legislation he had obtained for Massachusetts businessmen. Kennedy wanted to start off his political career by making good on his promises. Kennedy was a relatively ineffectual senator. During parts of 154 and 155 he was seriously ill with back ailments and was therefore unable to play an important role in government. Critics observed that he made no effort to oppose the anti-civil libertarian excesses of Sen. Joseph R. McCarthy of Wisconsin. His friends later argued, not entirely persuasively, that he would have voted to censure McCarthy if he had not been hospitalized at the time. During his illness Kennedy worked on a book of biographical studies of American political heroes. Published in 156 under the title Profiles in Courage, it won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 157. (World Book Encyclopedia, pg. 5) Like his earlier book on English foreign policy, it revealed his admiration for forceful political figures. This faith in activism was to become a hallmark of his presidency. In 156, Kennedy bid unsuccessfully for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination. There after, he set his sights on the presidency, especially after his re-election to the Senate in 158. He continued during these years to support a firmly anti-Communist foreign policy. A cautious liberal on domestic issues, he backed a compromise civil rights bill in 157 and devoted special efforts to labour legislation.

By 160, Kennedy was but one of many Democratic aspirants for the partys presidential nomination. He put together, however, a well financed, highly organized campaign and won on the first ballot. As a northerner and a Roman Catholic, he recognized his lack of strength in the South and he chose Sen. Lyndon Baines Johnson of Texas as his running mate. Kennedy also performed well in a series of unprecedented television debates with his Republican opponent, Vice-President Richard M. Nixon. Kennedy promised tougher defence policies and progressive health, housing, and civil rights programs. His New Frontier, he pledged, would bring the nation out of its economic slump. He believed that he could come in and completely change the shape of America. He had a very youthful attitude and a zest for life. Kennedy won the election. Kennedy had a very difficult time implementing his campaign promises because he lacked reliable majorities in Congress. Most of his domestic policies stalled on Capitol Hill. In 16-6, he moved to promote civil rights legislation. (Encyclopedia Americana, pg. 4-5)

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In Kennedy's inaugural address, he let the country know, that things will be different when he said, "Let the word go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed on to a new generation of Americans . . . In the long history of the world, only a few generations have been granted the role of defending freedom in its hour of maximum danger. I do not shrink from this responsibility I welcome it." (http//www.time.com/time/special/moy/161.html, pg.) Soon thereafter, the president acted on his anti-Communism by lending American military assistance to the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in April 161. The assault had been planned by the Central Intelligence Agency under the Eisenhower administration. The actual invasion was Kennedys decision and he properly took the blame for its total failure. The Peace Corps program was developed with similar goals in mind. Kennedys chief adversary abroad was the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. As early as June 161 the two men talked in Vienna, but the meeting served only to harden Soviet-American hostility. Khrushchev then threatened to sign a treaty with East Germany that would have given the East Germans control over western access routes to Berlin. Kennedy held firm, and no such treaty was signed. The Soviets responded by erecting a wall between East and West Berlin. Kennedy used the crisis to request increased appropriations for defence, which he received. (World Book Encyclopedia, pg. 10-11)

The greatest confrontation of the Kennedy administration was the Cuban missile crisis. In October 16, U.S. intelligence discovered that the Russians were constructing offensive missile sites in Cuba. Kennedy recognized that such missiles would add little to Russian military potential, but he regarded the Soviet move as deliberately provocative. Resolving to show his mettle, he ordered naval and air quarantine on shipments of offensive weapons to Cuba. At first armed conflict seemed likely. But the Soviets pulled back and promised not to set up the missiles; the United States then said it would not attack Cuba.

In 16, the Americans and the Soviets signed a treaty barring atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons. Kennedy nevertheless remained as ready as before to stop Communist advances. He continued to bolster American defences and stepped up military aid to South Vietnam, where revolutionary forces were increasingly active. By November 16, the United States had sent some 16,000 military personnel to Vietnam. His administration also intervened in South Vietnamese politics by at least conniving at the overthrow of Ngo Dinh Diem in November 16. On November , 16 as President Kennedy was trying to promote peace between the Democratic Party in Texas, he was shot and killed. Lee Harvey Oswald was convicted of the crime.

Kennedy's legacy has been left for future generations. People may not remember what he did for the country, or the changes that took place under his administration but they will remember what they were doing the day of November , 16. They will remember what they were doing the exact moment when the television broadcasted the information that their president was just assassinated. It would be equivalent to the shock of the country on September 11. The tragedy of JFK wasn't anything compared to the horror that happened on September 11, but the shock and fear of the country was very similar. The president, who was considered to be the safest person alive, due to the bodyguards, wasn't actually as safe as everyone believed him to be. Even the "all-powerful" president could be brought down. All it took was some crazy man with a guy to destroy another person's life. No one may ever know or understand the motive behind the crime, but it doesn't really matter because it is not going to bring back JFK and the gunman couldn't destroy his legacy. The gunman may have taken JFK's life but he can't take away the impact that he has had on the country. One would even seeing President Bush using the same lines as Kennedy. After September 11, one of the things that he said to the American people was "Ask not what your country can do for you- but rather what you can do for your country." Kennedy's legacy will last with us for years to come. His courage, strength, and words of wisdom, will be in the hearts of the American's. His name went down in the history books as a hero. To some people he is still very much a hero today!

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In loving memory of Martin Luther King Jr.

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In Loving Memory of Martin Luther

King Jr.

''I had a Dream''

This man "Martin Luther King Jr. is known for the man that had a dream. This world famous speech "I had a Dream" was delivered in the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C.on August 8, 16.

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This is one of many historical moments identified with Martin Luther King Jr. during the history of civil rights . He was a prime mover of the Montgomery bus boycott, a key speaker at the March on Washington, and the youngest Nobel Peace Prize winner.

Martin Luther King was known as a nonviolent protester and a dominant force in the civil rights movement during the decade of 157 to 168.

King was born in Atlanta on January 15, 1. He was one of three children of Martin Luther King Sr. His father was a pastor of Ebenezer Baptist Church. His mother was Alberta (William's)King. She was a school teacher. He was born Michael Luther King but was renamed "Martin" when he was six years old.

After King graduated from high school he enrolled in

Morehouse College in Atlanta in 144. King received his bachelor's degree in 148. He then attended Crosier Theological Seminary in Chester, PA. There he won the Placer Award as the outstanding student of the graduating class and the J. Lewis Crozier fellowship. He completed his education with a doctorate in 15.

King was married when he returned to the South to become pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Ala. Here he made his first mark in the civil rights movement by mobilizing the black community during the 8 day boycott of the city's bus lines. True to his belief, he overcame violent harassment including the bombing of his home. The end result was the U.S. Supreme Court declaring bus segregation unconstitutional.

King became a national hero and a civil-rights leader. King gathered black leaders in 157 and formed the organization now known as Southern Christian Leadership Conference. He was elected President and soon began helping other communities organize protest against discrimination.

King wrote his first book and returned from India to the United States in 160 and became the co-pastor, with his father, of Ebenezer Baptist Church.

Three years later, King's nonviolent tactic were tested in Birmingham, during a protest for fair hiring and desegregation of department store bathrooms. King was arrested, but his voice was not silence. Later that year, King was a key speaker at the historic March on Washington. That speech got him the 164 Nobel Peace Prize. King was involved with many other domestic

issues. He was planning a nonviolent boycotts involving camp-ins to protect the poor.

Unfortunately Martin was shot in the neck, by a rifle bullet on April 4, 168. While standing outside with Jesse Jackson and Ralph Abernathy. His death caused a wave of violence in major cities across the country.

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San juan puerto rico

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San Juan, Puerto Rico

San Juan is the capital city of Puerto Rico. It is called "La Ciudad Amurallada." San Juan was founded in151. In 1508 Juan Ponce De Leon the original settlement Caparra know as Pueblo Viejo, behind the almost land locked harbor just to the west of the present day metropolitan area. A year later the settlement was abandoned and moved to the cite of what is now called Old San Juan. San Juan is one of the biggest and best natural harbors in the Caribbean and is the second oldest city in the Americas.

The population of is 47,745. The area1 Km. To the North is the Atlantic Ocean. To the South are the Aguas Buenas and Caguas. To the east are the cities Carolina and Trujillo Alto. To the west is the city Bayaamon.

San Juan is a major port and tourist resort of the West Indies and the oldest city under the U.S. flag. The metropolitan are has three districts Old San Juan, the Beach and Resort area, and other outlying communities. The most important are Rio Piedras, Hato Rey, Puerta de Tierra, and Santruce. Rio Piedras was founded in 1714 but became incorporated in tp San Juan in 151.

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During the early 16th century San Juan was the point of departure of Spanish expeditions to charter or settle unknown parts of the New World. In the 0th century the city expanded beyond its walled confines, known as Old San Juan, to incorporate the suburbs of Miramar, Santruce, Condado, Hato Rey, and Rio Piedras.

San Juan is the largest processing center of the island. The metropolitan area has facilities for petroleum, sugar refining, brewing, distilling, produces cement, pharmaceuticals, metal products and tobacco. It is one of the busiest ports in the Caribbean. San Juan is also the country's financial capital. U.S. banks and corporations maintain offices or distribution centers there. San Juan is the center of Caribbean shipping and is the nd largest sea port in the area ( after New York).

Old San Juan is an interesting attraction in San Juan. It is a 465 year old neighborhood originally conceived as a military stronghold. The 7-square-block area has involved into a charming residential area and commercial district. The streets in Old San Juan are paved with cobbles of adoquine. The were brought over a ballast on Spanish ships. Over time moisture has gave then a very distinct color. It also includes more than 400 carefully restored 16th and 17th century Spanish colonial buildings. The fine beaches and tropical climate is also very attractive. Old San Juan also has several plazas. Plaza de San Juan is famous plaza that has a statue of Juan Ponce de Leon in the center of the plaza. It was made out the bronze from British cannons captured in Sir Ralph Abercromby's attack in 177. It is made up of many historical buildings.

A famous fort in San Juan is th "El Morro." It was a very powerful and successful fortress. Construction on the fortress began in 1540 and finished in 158. San Felipe del Morro was named after King Phillip II. Most of the walls were added later during the 1760s - 1770s. It rises 140 feet above the sea. Its 18 feet thick walls made it a formidable defense. It only fell once in 158 to a land assault by the Earl of Cumberland's forces. El Morro is studded with small circular sentry boxes called "garifas," which have become a national symbol.

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Legal Environment In Businesses

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What is the legal environment in which business operates today? My immediate thought when I first read this question was, without regard to the "environment", they operate very carefully. Businesses today are taking great precautions to protect themselves from other businesses, customers, consumers, and State & Federal regulatory agencies. We find ourselves working and living in a litigious society gone a wry. This may seem a bit cynical, but my experience in the MBA program thus far, the information I have learned in this class and my own experience has led me to this conclusion. We as MBA students and prospective business owners must prepare ourselves for this legally challenging environment.

Business-to-business transactions require extensive legal expertise. Businesses incorporated today, and companies that incorporated years ago, are finding themselves hiring lawyers for the simplest of business transactions. In my work experience, we have had many agreements that needed the assistance of attorneys. The first experience, is our most recent, a joint venture with two other well established companies. LaBarge Products, Inc., Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, and Henry A. Petter Supply joined to distribute conveyor-belting products in the St. Louis region. The details of the venture are that Henry A. Petter wanted to move into the St. Louis region with out having a brick and mortar presence, LaBarge agreed to be that for them. Goodyear is involved because it is their product and they have to be careful in regards to distributor territories. Each company felt concern about the venture not having a contract stating each company's involvement, responsibilities, and possible restitution if required. As a result, a legal contract was drawn and due to the involvement of attorneys, this venture took well over six months before being finalized. On the other hand, thirty years ago, this type of agreement would have ended in a handshake and no one thought twice about breach of contract or the possibilities of suing the other partners.

Another business-to-business transactions requiring the help of the legal system is distributor-manufacturer agreements. Again, LaBarge Products, Inc. is a distributor for a multitude of manufacturers. We are required only to have a contract with one, Eaton Aeroquip. This contract outlines the details of our distributorship, listing restrictions to other manufacturer's products we are allowed to carry, whether or not we are a "Premier Distributor" or an "Associate Distributor, and our responsibilities in growing the business here in St. Louis. If Eaton finds us at fault in any of the details to the distributor agreement, they can pull the line at any time. If Eaton feels that we breach a contract-pricing schedule with a customer, they can file suit against us for compensation.

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Business-to-business customer transactions are finding themselves in the world of litigation as well. For example, supply-chain agreements and integrated-supply agreements are now requiring written contracts developing regulations and provisions for breach. A supply-chain agreement is when a company, like Monsanto, will do away with the bulk of their purchasing department and storeroom locations, and hire a company like Texas Mill Supply to handle their inventory. Monsanto contracts this out in order to reduce the number of employees needed and decrease their overhead. Texas Mill engages in an agreement like this because not only are they compensated for the materials, but also a negotiated percentage above that for handling the ordering, stocking, and management of the inventory. Companies need legal protection because now when you are providing a supply or a service in this situation you have employees working in another company's facilities and taking over duties that the customers once did themselves. This protection is health insurance, liability insurance, and workman's compensation to cover these employees. Monsanto would not be responsible for a Texas Mill employee while this employee was at Monsanto doing a stock order.

The next area of business heavily hit by litigation is the business-to-consumer division. Companies now carry large dollar liability insurance to protect themselves from consumer claim. Our company used to carry only a $1 million dollar product liability umbrella, but with the increase in litigation forced us to increase it to $10 million dollars. All paper work and products have warranty disclaimers, to protect retailers, manufacturers, and consumers. Invoices and receipts of purchase have disclaimers claiming we are not liable for anything. This is a result of consumers favoring frivolous and nuisance litigation. Consumers jump at the chance to sue a manufacturer as proven in examples in class. The prime example offered in class, was the consumer who sued a ladder manufacturer after he fell off the ladder because it was place in a pile of cow dung. Now as we discussed did the consumer need protection or to the companies need it from consumers like this one.

Businesses also need to protect themselves even from their own employees. This is another radically cynical statement but it is true that businesses today face litigation from their own workers. Businesses are now including arbitration clauses in contracts to prevent lawsuits. The types of litigation employers are protecting themselves from are sexual harassment, discrimination, and competitive information leaking from their business. Businesses are either holding seminars or sending employees to seminars to learn about sexual harassment to protect themselves from future lawsuits. This is a large cost incurred by the employer not to mention the cost of liability insurance to handle situations. Many employers are having prospective employees sign "Non-Competition Clauses" or "Non-Disclosure Agreements", these agreements protect the company if the employee should not stay with the firm. Each company's clause/agreement details different restrictions put upon the employee upon leaving the company. LaBarge Products' clauses/agreements prohibit a former salesperson from contacting current customers within a certain mile radius of the city. They are prohibited from taking customer lists with them; they are even prohibited from joining a competitors firm until three years upon leaving LaBarge. LaBarge has put these details in the clauses/agreements for protection.

The fifth partnership that businesses need to protect themselves from is the Federal & State regulatory agencies and acts. These Federal agencies and acts include the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), just to name a few. The two important agencies/acts in my opinion are OSHA and the EPA. These two agencies ultimately affect the way a business operates and influences how a company goes to market and effects the cost of goods sold. The cost and liability involved with these two agencies is unbelievable. For example, a few years ago, our company purchased castings made in St. Louis, we then machined the parts, sent them to be anodized, and then we would assemble, package, and ship them. The casting manufacturer here in town paid so much for disposal of the by-products, casting run-off, slag and molder sand, which was over 60% of his cost of making the parts. We can now purchase the same castings from China completely machined, anodized, and assembled cheaper than the original casting alone. This is because the Chinese casting manufacturers' regulatory cost is cheaper than those in the United States are. Their utilities are free, and they have no EPA to monitor the disposal of the run-off the companies just dump the run-off onto the ground. There are no lawyers to sue these companies in China for pollution or environmental neglect. On the other hand, lawyers specialize in EPA cases, suing companies for violating the rules and regulations. There for, companies carry a high insurance policy to solve issues like these. The State agencies are typically mirror bureaucracies of the Federal agencies. These agencies are another level taking another piece of your pie.

I believe that this environment is a product of the influx of new attorneys graduating each year. Every year there are more lawyers then engineers graduating. The increase of attorneys as made the legal system go a wry. There are law offices on just about every corner in some cities that are more than willing to take on a lawsuit against anyone.

When this country was starting out, many of the legislators were citizen legislators. A citizen legislator was a legislator that owned land, was a farmer, business owner, and a legislator part of the time. Now, the majority of legislators are lawyers. This is a conservative opinion, and by no means is do pass negative judgment on lawyers.

The opportunity to sue businesses and other people presents itself to be an easy task. All it takes is a plaintiff to file suit against a defendant, and whether the plaintiff wins or loses, there is no cost to them. On the other hand, the defended is out cost of lawyers, possible loss time at their job, and the embarrassment of the lawsuit.

The change in the legal environment I would like to see is a reform in the litigation system. The legal system is strongly political in the United States. Trial lawyer lobbyists will oppose reform. Trial lawyers thrive on lawsuits and litigation any type of torte reform would be frowned upon.

The torte reform I propose is to mirror the British court system. In Britain, any plaintiff that files a lawsuit is responsible for the costs of the defendant if the suit is found in favor of the defendant. This kind of reform in our legislation will curb the appetite of prospective plaintiffs raising suit against another.

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Hitler's foregin policy

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Was Hitler's foreign policy one of the most important reasons for the outbreak of World War?

I think that without any doubt we can say that Hitler's foreign policy was one of the main reasons for the outbreak of the second world war, but his foreign policy would certainly not have been feasible if it had not been for a variety of reasons including the extremely poor outcome of the then newly formed league of nations, They were however a number of reasons that would ensure the League of Nations would fail right from the start, first and foremost was the exclusion of America and the U.S.S.R from the league, The U.S.A by choice and the Russians were simply ignored, these proved to be a huge faltering point for the league, as none of the countries actually in the league were willing to commit an army as they wanted their army for various other reasons; France wanted theirs as they were concerned about the growing threat of Adolph Hitler to the east, and Britain was more concerned about defending her empire in Asia and Australasia, and the other nations were simply to small to commit an army, so the League didn't actually have any army to threaten or "flex it's muscles" with which greatly helped Hitler among others expand their empires, which was proved by the Japanese taking Manchuria, and the Italians taking Abyssinia, and zb as the league was busy fretting over these problems, Hitler started probing Neville Chamberlains great theory of appeasement which consisted mainly giving the problem causing nation what they want in an effort to keep them quiet and happy, this technique soon proved to backfire horribly on the league of nations as this allowed Hitler to take complete advantage of his position and occupy the Rhineland, then go on to take over Austria, though this move was deemed fair by most but not officially as they agreed with Hitler that the Austrian population was greatly Germanic anyway. However Hitler was about to make one move to far which was to try and takeover Poland, and when he attempted this(successfully) Britain and France finally decided that enough was enough and declared war on Iraq. Hitler's conquest of Poland was fuelled by his somewhat crazy idea of "Lebensraum" or living space which stated that the new "Aryan" race would need extra living space and Hitler believed that Eastern Europe (Russia in the end) would solve this problem.

The people in Britain and France did not want another War after they had all been through the Great war, so Chamberlain was praised at first for his policy of appeasement, it was only when Hitler started demanding more and more that peoples minds started to change, and when he invaded Poland most people knew that war was now inevitable, so when war was declared people couldn't really blame Chamberlain because at the time they though that he was doing the right thing.

Hitler was helped by the fact that the British people sent to negotiate with him were very "tea and crumpets" in the way that they were very posh and believed Hitler when he promised he was happy with the Sudetenland and would not demand any more of Europe, looking at all of these points we can say that Hitler's foreign policy was a big factor in the outbreak of the war, but we must not forget how big a role some of these factors played.

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Coke

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I. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE

This article illustrates a systematic approach for teaching fundamental investment analysis.

Students analyze the investment potential of a publicly traded corporation. The semester project

consists of three parts a complete ratio and DuPont analysis to determine the current financial

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position of the company, a strategic analysis to determine the major strengths and weaknesses of

the company, and a forecast of the future performance and discounted future cash flow analysis

to determine the companys intrinsic investment value.

II. THE IMPORTANCE OF HISTORIC RATIO ANALYSIS

At the core of fundamental investment analysis is the ability to calculate, analyze, and

interpret the meaning of financial ratios to determine the financial position of the firm. Ratios

are used to discern changing patterns and potential trouble spots that may arise in the future

business life of a firm. They allow the analyst to standardize key financial variables from the

balance sheet and income statement for comparison to industry averages or those of a major

competitor. The semester project requires each student to obtain financial data on his or her target firm

from the SEC website (www.sec.gov) and, using integrative Excel spreadsheets supplied by the

professor, to calculate relevant ratios in the four financial management areas liquidity, asset

utilization, employed leverage, and profitability.

III. ANALYSIS OF THE COCA COLA COMPANY

The Excel spreadsheet (Exhibit 1) is set up with logic statements to make assessments

regarding time-series trends and cross-sectional analysis. The cross-sectional analysis allows the

student to compare his/her selected company to the industry average, while the time-series

analysis allows for a trend comparison over the past three years.

Coca Colas liquidity is substandard when compared with the industry. The current ratio for

16 is below industry average. In addition, its quick ratio also indicates less liquidity than the

industry average with no discernable trend of improvement over the last three years. Therefore,

Coca Colas liquidity position could be characterized as substandard.

The activity ratios reveal a second dimension of the Coca Cola Company. These ratios

indicate the relative efficiency with which the company uses investors assets. The inventory

turnover ratio measures how rapidly the company turns over or uses dollars invested in

inventory. In the case of Coca Cola, there are positive values reported based on industry average

and cross-sectional comparisons. The inventory turnover for 16 was 7.08 in comparison to an

industry average of 5. Likewise, the three-year trend indicates a continual improvement in

inventory turnover. Other activity ratios indicate similar positive results based on both cross-

sectional and time-series analysis.

The third group of ratios deals with the use of debt in the capital structure as well as the

ability to meet interest payments from operating income. Both the total debt ratio and the debt-

to-equity ratio indicate a favorable assessment based on cross-sectional and time-series analysis.

In addition, the times-interest-earned (TIE) ratio indicates that the company covers interest

charges over 16 times. This again compares favorably to the industry average of 15 times.

The fourth category ratios deal with profitability. Coca Colas gross profit margin is clearly

superior in comparison with the industry average. It is also obvious that Coca Cola does a

superior job of cost cutting, resulting in higher operating profits when compared to the industry.

In addition, the net profit margin of 18.8 percent net return on sales compares well to only 15

percent for the industry.

Next, return on total assets also indicates favorable performance. Coca Colas 16 return

on total assets is percent compared to 16 percent for the industry. Further, the return on

equity for 16 was 57 percent, more than twice that of the industry average of percent.

The DuPont analysis for Coca Cola (Exhibit ) allows the students to consider all the parts

that affect the stockholders return on equity. The 16 return on equity of 56.7 percent is a

function of three triggers the financial manager has to control the performance of the firm the

net profit margin, total asset turnover, and the financial leverage multiplier. The strength of the

DuPont system is its ability to dissect the balance sheet and income statement and isolate

financial areas of low performance or concern. A comparison of the firms net profit margin,

total asset turnover, and financial leverage multiplier to the industry averages can pinpoint

area(s) of substandard performance that led to a low average return on equity.

Exhibit

DuPont Analysis 1

14 15 16

Return on Equity 48% 55% 57%

Net Profit Margin 16% 17% 1%

Total Asset Turnover 1.x 1.x 1.x

Financial Leverage Multiplier .7x .8x .6x

1 numbers are rounded

In summary, the ratio analysis suggests superior performance over the last three years. Coca

Cola is an excellent example of a fundamentally sound, long-term growth company that

continues to return to its shareholders in excess of 40 percent return on investment per year. It

meets the criteria of a franchise product company, one whose product is unique with few

substitutes, has a high demand, and has little or no government regulation. In addition, Coca

Cola continues to be an aggressive cost cutter as reflected by a continual increase in the

operating profit margin.

IV. STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

The strategic analysis includes an assessment of the companys strengths, weaknesses,

opportunities, and threats. In addition, the student is required to do an environmental scan of the

industry in order to determine who the competition is, what the relative market share is and could

be, and the degree to which the company has a competitive advantage in both domestic and

international markets.

The Coca Cola Company has many strengths and opportunities and only minor weaknesses

and threats to face. First, the companys product is clearly a franchise-that is its major strength.

Second, its ability to get the product to the customer at the least cost, when they want it, is a

strength that is surpassed only by its advertising prowess. Coca Cola recently entered both the

Chinese and Indian markets with distribution networks that have been in place for a number of

years. Its relative success in these markets will ultimately determine if sales will double every

three years, according to the companys CEO.

The strategic analysis requires the student to consider the non-quantitative factors that

contribute to the overall fundamental soundness of the company. The student is required to

consider these non-quantitative factors in the final analysis of whether the company should be a

prospective investment.

V. FORECASTS OF FUTURE PERFORMANCE

In the final phase of the semester project the student determines the intrinsic investment

value of Coca Colas stock. The intrinsic value is based on the present value of the annual cash

flows the stockholders receive over the next 10 years. Exhibit uses historic data for the last six

years to determine the stockholders cash flow, the annual growth rate of stockholders cash

flow, and the six-year average past growth rate of stockholders cash flow.

EXHIBIT

Return on Equity Calculations

Calculations

11 1 1 14 15 16

Price Per Share 14.884 0.664 1.084 .75 1.8 4

Owners Cash Flow

(NI + Dep - Capl Exp) 1085.4 11.147 175.7 06.75 507.77 40

Annual CF Growth Rate 0.04117 0.5748 0.176 0.116 0.1755

5-Year Average CF Growth .10%

Annual Sales Growth 10% 0.101 0.0686 0.1581 0.1104 0.015

5-Yr Average Sales Growth

Value Added 7.674 0.18 0.8440 7.715 6.4856

Average Value Added $4.7

Owners CF Per Share

0.40848 0.4158 0.6687 0.811056 1.00166 1.187878

Using the 16 shareholders cash flow ($.4 billion) the cash flow to the shareholders is

projected to grow at the six-year average past growth rate (Exhibit 4) over the next 10 years.

Next, using the dividend valuation model, the capital asset pricing model, and the bond

yield-plus-risk-premium model, the investors required rate of return for investing in Coca Cola

is estimated to be approximately 15 percent. This rate is used to discount the stockholders

future cash flows to their present value. Finally the terminal value of Coca Colas stock 10 years

from now is estimated using the dividend valuation model (P 10 = D 11 k s g) and also

discounted to the present value at the investors required rate of return. The sum of the present

value of each of the next 10 years cash flows to the stockholders and the present value of Coca

Colas stock 10 years from now represents the intrinsic investment value of Coca Colas stock.

Finally, the student compares Coca Colas intrinsic value to its actual stock price to make an

investment decision.

VI. CONCLUSIONS

This paper presents a systematic approach, using Excel spreadsheets, to teach fundamental

analysis. The student semester project consists of three major parts, a complete ratio analysis

based on historic financial statements, a strategic analysis that identifies the companys strengths,

weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and a present value analysis of stockholders future

expected cash flows. The discounted future cash flows to the stockholders represent the intrinsic

value of Coca Colas stock and is compared to the actual stock price.

While the project appears to be extensive, the Excel spreadsheets tend to make short work of

the analysis. Students have found the experience quite rewarding.

V. REFERENCES

Copeland, Tom, Koller, Tim, and Jack Murrin, McKinsey & Company, Inc.,

000, Valuation,

Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies

, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Fraser, Lyn M., and Aileen Ormiston,

000, Understanding Financial Statements

, Prentice Hall,

Inc.

Higgins, Robert C., 15,

Analysis for Financial Management

, Richard D. Irwin, Inc.

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Open yet restricted rivalry and hostility that developed after World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, feared the expansion of Soviet power and communism in Western Europe and elsewhere. The Soviets were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. The Cold War (the term was first used by B. Baruch during a congressional debate in 147) was waged mainly on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. It was at its peak in 148-5 with the Berlin blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage occurred in 158-6 with the Cuban missile crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by both sides. A period of dtente in the 170s was followed by renewed hostility. The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 11.

Open yet restricted rivalry and hostility that developed after World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, feared the expansion of Soviet power and communism in Western Europe and elsewhere. The Soviets were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. The Cold War (the term was first used by B. Baruch during a congressional debate in 147) was waged mainly on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. It was at its peak in 148-5 with the Berlin blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage occurred in 158-6 with the Cuban missile crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by both sides. A period of dtente in the 170s was followed by renewed hostility. The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 11.

Open yet restricted rivalry and hostility that developed after World War II between the U.S. and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. The U.S. and Britain, alarmed by the Soviet domination of Eastern Europe, feared the expansion of Soviet power and communism in Western Europe and elsewhere. The Soviets were determined to maintain control of Eastern Europe, in part to safeguard against a possible renewed threat from Germany. The Cold War (the term was first used by B. Baruch during a congressional debate in 147) was waged mainly on political, economic, and propaganda fronts and had only limited recourse to weapons. It was at its peak in 148-5 with the Berlin blockade and airlift, the formation of NATO, the victory of the communists in the Chinese civil war, and the Korean War. Another intense stage occurred in 158-6 with the Cuban missile crisis, which resulted in a weapons buildup by both sides. A period of dtente in the 170s was followed by renewed hostility. The Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 11.

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