Pols

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Strategic Behavior in Congress falls between two broad categories

Choices involving the writing and enacting of legislation

Choices that set up congressional rules and institutions

Distributive Proposals legislation that funds the construction of roads, buildings, and other projects. Often described as wasteful because they are spending gov money on little projects that are of little use to anyone.

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18 Transportation Equity Act for the 1st Century ("TEA-1")

~Funded over $50 Billion worth of road projects.

~Described as "tasty highway pork"

~Pork-filled, election year plum for member of congress."

~Some of these projects' benefits are less than the costs.

~Overwhelming majority of house members and senators voted for it.

Legislators favor distributive proposals because delivering these benefits to constituents increases their chances of re-election.

Expanding Distributive proposals ensures that every legislator who wants to claim credit has the opportunity to do so.

• Constituents support their efforts because if they don't, pork barrel proposals will be enacted w/o providing them with anything.

• Districts of legislators will receive projects and pay a share of the costs.

• Districts of legislators outside the coalition will pay some but get no projects.

Committee Deference why rational legislators let committee members to dominate the legislative process for proposals within their committee's jurisdiction.

Committee members not experts seen as a source of information and advice to colleagues not on the committee.

~House members allow them to decide things for them

• Deference is a way for legislators to implement a trade or deal, where they allow colleagues on other committees to act as they see fit in return for the same authority when their own committee considers a proposal.

• Occurs because members are assigned to high-salience committees with this information-sharing goal in mind.

For committees that deal with highly salient, controversial proposals, deference is a way for committee members to share their expertise and information with their colleagues.

• Rational Legislators defer to the members of high-salience committee because these groups were deliberately constructed to function as information sources for the rest of congress.

~~~Distributive Proposals spend federal tax revenue on projects that benefit specific town, cities, or localities.

They are often called "pork-barrel projects" and are seen as a wasteful, inferior way to spend government money.

- Projects/programs are the kind of appropriation that gets mentioned on talk radio or by television comedians because they are SILLY.

• NASA"s new space station "orbiting pork-barrel"

• "Politicians are the same all over they promise to make bridges all over when there are no rivers."

Pork barrel supply benefits

• Supply benefits to as many congressional districts as possible.

• Once supplied to a majority of districts leading to majority leaders to vote for the proposal and enact it!

Distributive proposals like TEA -1 have TWO things in COMMON

• Voter benefits only if the distributive proposal funds a project near where the voter lives.

• A legislator's support is generally tied to whether the measure provides something for her district.

How do rational legislators construct a distributive proposal?

• these proposals will deliver benefits to a bare majority of legislators "minimum winning legislation"

• Will supply benefits to as many districts as possible, with no attempt to limit the size or the cost of the proposal. "universalism"

Minimum winning legislation

• Theory of minimum winning coalitions states that in a legislature that enacts proposals using the majority rule, the authors of a proposal should aim at attracting support from only a bare majority of legislators no more no less.

• Adding more projects only increases the total cost of the proposal.

• The logic is explained as a PIE

• Gives you the largest piece and at the same time receives enough votes to be enacted.

Distributive proposals

• Theory predicts that the distributive proposals will be enacted by minimum wining coalitions.

Universalism

• The problem with predicting that distributive proposals will be enacted by minimum winning coalitions is that the theory doesn't match reality.

• Legislators try to deliver benefits to as many districts as possible - EVEN if they have to increase costs.

• CREDIT CLAIMING increases constituents' evaluations of their member's performance in office and thereby increases the member's chances of reelection

• A member's ability to claim credit has nothing to do with how many of her colleagues are also able to do so.

• Members evaluate distributive proposals in terms of credit claiming and PREFER universalism.

The key feature of pork-barrel proposals is that they provide opportunities for everyone to claim credit where one member's ability to claim credit doesn't in any way reduce his or her colleagues from doing so.

Universalism NORM it defuses opposition.

• Expanding the size of distributive proposals minimizes the number of legislators who might use delaying or publicity tactics.

• Universalism expands the number of legislators who want the proposal enacted so they can claim credit.

Legislators can only claim credit when constituents are happy.

KEY

• Voters are mis-informed about the benefits and costs of distributive proposals.

• Constituents underestimate the costs, and will reward their legislator.

• There is pressure to deliver!

• Rationality does not ensure favorable consequences.

• Credit claiming is reduced by formulas for budgets, and for formula-based allocations is extremely difficult.

Foreign Aid

• Nothing to claim credit for no attention given.

The drive to create opportunities for credit claiming can turn small experimental programs into large, expensive "boondoggles."

Model Cities 160's

• Intended to fund 5-10 projects to find a way to prevent the decay of central cities.

• Instead it was expanded and all of the ideas for this project instead was spread out in cities all over instead on centralizing the money to serve the project better.

• Expanded programs become substitutes for actions that local governments or the private sector would have taken in any case.

Emergency Spending bills in congress

• Designed to help communities after a natural disaster often balloon into catch all bulls that fund a wide range of problems.

• Once members know a bill will be passed they jump on the band wagon and try to get things for their districts included in the bill.

Woodrow Wilson

• In his doctoral dissertation wrote, "Congress on the floor is congress on display; congress in committee is congress at work."

• Committees are the heart

• Committee members plan and manage floor debate

When members of a committee report a new proposal to the full house for consideration, legislators who are not on the committee defer to the wishes and opinions of committee members.

• Deference implies that members accept an argument and approve a proposal even if they know nothing about it.

• Problem with deference giving up your decision-making power to a small group within the congress.

The House of Representatives is supposed to operate with a majority 50 percent plus one to pass things.

Why Deference?

• Two classes of committees

o Low salience deals with programs and policies that few legislators consider interesting or important

o High salience deals with issues of national importance.

The primary function of congressional committees is to develop legislative proposals for consideration by the entire House.

LOW-SALIENCE

Science committee

• Devise an annual budget for each of the agencies and programs in their jurisdiction, deal with new policy proposals that are referred to them, hold hearings on policy questions, and construct their own policy initiatives.

• Confirm the low salience description label attached to them.

• Salience is a measure of worry and importance that a person cares about something.

• Low salience is a perfect setting for deference, with trades between members.

Two reasons House members defer on low salience committees

1. Not interested

. Unspoken agreement where members trade away influence over issues they don't care about in return for being allowed extra influence over the issues they consider important.

Anyone who wants to be on a low-salience committee gets to be.

Unwritten provisions on deference

• The most important is that committees can not expect deference if they propose things that are extreme or extravagant.

High Salience Committees

Mechanisms that facilitate deference on low salience congressional committees will not work on high-salience ones.

EX Ways and Means Comm., Appropriations Comm.

High salience jurisdictions involve almost all members and they have strong preferences on them. IMPORTANT issues.

• Legislators not on committees are unwilling to let others make decisions on such important issues, and they get more involved.

• Committee members are experts on a specific topic.

• Procedures used to assign members to high salience committees facilitate deference, and create committees of experts who supply information on certain proposals.

• Deference on the floor is rewarded for good behavior and careful assignments.

170 appropriations committee

Deference was the norm.

Late 160's

• Informal rules governing assignments to this committee broke down.

• Members could no longer be sure that the appropriations committee would carry out its assigned task, viewed as biased towards personal interests in gov monies.

• Power to determine the size of the federal budget was given to a new committee the BUDGET COMMITTEE is born!

• Deference declines …..

Committee Deference

Members of the house of reps allow congressional committee members to dominate the writing of policy proposals within their jurisdiction.

Two reasons

• One that applies to low salience committees, and one to high.

• Low personal interests, relevant to their constituents.

• High goal of the committee representative, and can spend money on research and experts, investigations.

Deference is a rational choice facilitates trade across jurisdictions, where legislators can focus on jurisdictions that interest them.

SEPERATION OF POWERS AND THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH

Fundamental institution of America's national government

• The separation of powers between the executive and legislative branches.

• Once legislation is enacted the implementation is the job of the bearcats.

• The separation of writing laws and the implementation of them creates a NEW TASK for the members of congress

o Oversight or determining whether bureaucratic actions are consistent with the intent of the laws they were given to implement.

The Power of the Veto

Checks and Balances

• No federal government can make policy by itself.

• The veto power translates this principle into concrete rules and procedures.

Two distinct procedures for enacting laws

• A proposal receives a simple majority in the house and the senate, plus the president's consent.

• A proposal receives a majority vote in congress, and presidential veto, and then passage though both houses by two thirds vote.

• IMPORTANT president has ten days to act otherwise the bill becomes a law automatically.

• The president's power to veto makes him an equal partner to the legal process.

First mover advantage

• Members of congress have this when a president considers a bill because he can either sign the legislation into a law or veto it. Not a lot of le-way for the president.

• Congress can use this to their advantage and include things for their own personal interests and the presidents knowing that he will sign it into action and reap their benefits from giving a little to him!

• Veto threat influences the kinds of policies that are enacted in the House and Senate.

• The power of the president's veto is seriously affected by the size of the congressional coalition in favor of a piece of legislation, the president's intentions, and the timing in a congressional session.

• When there is majority in both houses but not a two thirds majority the PRESIDENTIAL vote is crucial.

Congressional Oversight

• Congressional Oversight three reasons

o Oversight is lax, power flows from the legislative branch to the executive.

o The systematic investigation of government programs by legislators and their staffs.

o Comparing intent to implications, and is the job of bureaucracy,(study laws and loop holes and find ways implement limits on the interpretation of the laws.)

Problems with relying on bureaucrats

• Do the bureaucrats have it right? Do they misinterpret the laws goals?

• Implementing congressional goals or their own?

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Child soldiers

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This poem was written by Rashid Peters a former child soldier in Sierra Leone only 15 years old.

When I was drugged and injected with cocaine,

Forced to join the war of stains

Brainwashed often and again,

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I would have told you I have so much to gain

With the heavy arms I lug at war.

I killed and raped and maimed and more.

Abducted away from my mother and father

to shoot and murder another

I cannot go any further,

with this shooting and killing that has no border.

Forgive me now if I injured your brother.

I was forced to pull the trigger

By elders who made my childhood wither.

In reality, child soldiers are children young enough to lift a rifle. Denied a childhood and often subjected to horrific violence, some 00,000 children are serving as soldiers in current armed conflicts. These young combatants participate in all aspects of contemporary warfare. They wield AK-47s and M-16s on the front lines of combat, serve as human mine detectors and participate in suicide missions.

Children have now become easy prey for armies. Physically vulnerable and easily intimidated, children typically make obedient soldiers. They are cheaper to keep as they eat less and are easier to manipulate.

Involving children as soldiers has been made easier by the making and selling of inexpensive light weapons. Before, the more dangerous weapons were either heavy or difficult to use, but these guns are so light that children can use them and so simple that they can be stripped and reassembled by a child of 10. The poorest communities now have access to deadly weapons capable of transforming any local conflict into a bloody slaughter. In Uganda, an AK-47 automatic machine gun can be purchased for the cost of a chicken and, in Northern Kenya, it can be bought for the price of a goat.

Children in developing countries desecrated by ongoing civil war find the only road to survival is to wield a gun. In Liberia in 10, children as young as seven were seen in combat because, according to the Director of the Liberian Red Cross, those with guns could survive.

Most of the children in armies come from conditions of poverty and ignorance where they don't understand war and their involvement is a means of survival.

Children seeking escape from poverty join military forces out of desperation however the majority of child soldiers are abducted and enslaved into guerrilla groups. Children of 15 or younger have been abducted from the villages and the poorest quarters of the cities, as well as from schools to enlarge forces. Once recruited as soldiers, children are treated as adults. Childrens actual duties in warfare cover the whole range of military activities. While children might be thought to be the people deserving greatest protection, as soldiers they are often considered the most expendable. Captured children are forced to kill implicating them in criminal acts making them fear being shunned should they manage to escape back to their community. Thus the army and the elders who stole their innocence become the only choice remaining to these children.

In Northern Uganda the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), an armed opposition movement fighting the Ugandan Government has over the last twelve years abducted more than 1,000 children and forced them to become child soldiers and slaves. Ninety per cent of the LRA are children, mostly aged between thirteen and sixteen kept and forced to work in conditions so appalling that it amounts to slavery.

The abducted children are systematically terrorized and brutalized. Once recruited, children undergo varying degrees of indoctrination. socializing them into violence. The elders in charge control all aspects of the children, they are tyrannized to take part in atrocities and forced to take drugs to overcome their fear or reluctance to fight.

In the civil war in Sierra Leone often after the RUF attacks a village they abduct the surviving children. The children witness or take part in the torture and execution of their own relatives are then removed to special camps, trained usually for about two or three months on how to kill other people. Thousands of children witnessed and participated in horrible atrocities against civilians, including beheadings, amputations, rape, and burning people alive.

Girls are also used as soldiers in many parts of the world. In addition to combat duties, girls are subject to sexual abuse and may be taken as "wives" by rebel leaders in Angola, Sierra Leone and Sudan. In Uganda they are forced into what the children call marriage to senior LRA soldiers or are given as a sexual reward for boy soldiers who are obedient. Nearly 100% of escaped girls and women from Sudan after being child soldiers have sexually transmitted diseases.

Because of their immaturity and lack of experience, child soldiers suffer higher casualties than their adult counterparts. Few peace treaties recognize the existence of child soldiers, or make provisions for their rehabilitation and reintegration into society. As a result, many end up on the street, become involved in crime, or are drawn back into armed conflict. Rehabilitation of the child soldiers is a difficult process. The children have been brutalized and have carried out killings. They have wielded life-and-death power over adults often in their local communities.

It is often suggested that too much money is spent for defense in both the developed and developing countries of the world, and that some of that money might instead be used to relieve hunger and to promote childrens survival and development. But, worldwide, many national budgets stay sharply skewed in favor of defense year after year to secure safety. If security means the protection of our most precious assets, child survival should be high on the agenda of all defense departments. Why isnt it? Perhaps in reality, the operational function of defense establishments is not so much to maintain the security of the country as a whole but to assure that the powerful remain in power. Rather than serving all their citizens interests, defense budgets serve the survival of the rich, not the children or the poor.

The world continues to watch as child soldiers are denied a childhood, only educated in violence in the interest of others. Are they responsible for their actions of destruction if they are forced to carry out these actions? To carry a gun is the cost of their survival but what does this really cost the world? Children uneducated brought up in evil, what is the future? The territorial and civil wars where child soldiers are trapped in torment may be of no consequence to your life. Their suffering however touches and effects everyone's future as through technology and globalization the world has become a smaller place bound closely together. I am sixteen and comparing my life of opportunity and freedom to that of Rashid Peters a former child soldier a year younger than me makes me question the morals which fabricate society. If I were powerless and suffering, I would hope that those

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Aristotle Quote

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Aristotle Quote

Aristotle once said "[w]e cannot learn without pain." I find this statement to be

very true. Without pain, how would we know anything is "real"? Pain is just the

realization that something is real, and something is possible. Pain can be physical or

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emotional, depending on the situation. Physical pain is not the only entrance to learning.

Emotional pain is probably more knowledgeable than physical pain itself, because

sometimes it lasts longer, and leaves a deeper impression.

My first example of this is simply a child learning new things through experience.

A parent tells a child not to touch a hot stove, because it will burn. This child does not

know what "burn" is, and is curious to find out. This child sees the stove, and it is

tempting. They reach up and touch it, and a hot, searing pain rushes through them. This is

their first step to learning what a "stove" is, and what "hot" means. Had this child not

touched the stove, they would not know what this "hot" feels like, and they would not

have learned why to not touch a stove while it is burning.

Incorporating my own experience into an example, when I was a young child, no

older than one, I was told not to drink from this bottle with a long straw on it. Although I

do not remember my exact thoughts at the time, I'm assuming that my first thought was

that since this can contained a straw, why could I not drink from it? I went behind our

television and drank some of it, disregarding my parents' warnings, and later on

discovered it was VCR cleaner, which was poisonous. My parents had to take me to the

hospital and get it flushed out of my system, but I learned what "pain" felt like, and that

you do not always drink from things which contain straws.

Another example is of a person's "first love", or "first heartbreak". Although we

do not truly have a heart break, we do feel emotional pain. Without this pain, though, we

might not learn to not give our hearts out so easily. But, "heartbreak" is not always simply

"love", or relationships. It can also occur when someone close to a person passes away.

When my grandmother passed away, I felt this extreme emotional "emptiness", which later

turned into emotional pain. I felt that I had not spent enough time with her, and that I did

not appreciate her enough. This, in turn, made me appreciate the people around me, such

as my parents and other grandparents, more. Thus, I learned a lesson to never disregard

those close relationships you have.

Lastly, the war in Iraq is a large example. George W. Bush saw these Iraqi people

as a threat, which some of them might have been, but he sent troops which killed more

than necessarily. Innocent bystanders were killed, because the United States did not know

if they were dangerous or not, or they merely got in the way. Our army killed with what

seemed little remorse, until it later hit that we had, indeed, killed many innocent people,

while the true "criminals" were still out there, in hiding. Since there was no way to take

this back, one would think this would be a way to learn that sometimes, going into

something without planning it better is not the right idea, but apparently it was not,

because we sent our troops right back out to kill and be killed. I guess that's the real

lesson we're being taught here, "kill or be killed."

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The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2)

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He did not see her standing there. She didn't know how long she'd been staring at him but she was pretty sure she'd been there awhile. She was captured with the way he seemed to be following a young pretty girl in a plain grey dress. Why was this man captivated by lower class? He seemed to be well dressed and responsible. I'll admit, she was good looking. Maybe he has a real big heart, maybe he just wants someone to love. But what did she know, after failed marriages she was beginning to lose hope in men. The spring was alive and brought about a new enthusiasm, and she was once again rejuvenated, feeling the pangs of loneliness nip at her like the insects in the garden. The young girl in the grey dress turned and made eye contact with her. What did she think? Was she judging me? Does she know he's there? She must, for he is quite obvious in his actions. I better turn away, thinking to myself. I wonder what's on her mind, is she thinking the same of me? Surely she must be attracted to my pretty red dress and my expensive jewellery. Her mind drifted off as she thought about her past husbands. Most had married for money or because her father was a top-notch lawyer and they wished to climb the ladders of success, and most of them had been introduced to her by her parents. Being brought up with everything she wanted she did not quite understand and appreciate the value of money, for it had only made her miserable. Now, here she was, 5 and unhappy. She often took walks in the gardens. Young men frequented the area and the sights, sounds, and scents of the gardens captivated her. She moved over to a bench adjacent to the young man. She'd made up her mind, the next husband would be her last and she would do anything at all to keep him. As she was daydreaming, the young man had risen and turned off to follow the young girl. She leaped from the bench and took off around the corner, there they were. The way he diffidently followed the girl gave her a warm feeling, so she gave in and started following. He strode so poignantly, so strong. She could see herself, strolling down the aisle with him. The way all of her friends would envy her, with her handsome rich boyfriend. They would have wonderful, beautiful babies. Soon, he would inherit her fathers house and they would live in the biggest house for miles. Yes, she could see it. She could here the people calling, there goes Misses Jaynie Brougham and her husband. And he would look at her and say, "Jaynie, Jaynie" and then she snapped to and realized it was her chauffeur calling her. "Just another minute, Roberto, I'll be back soon" she replied to him. He diligently got back into his car, and she skipped to keep up with the man. She was thinking of a way to get his attention, a way to meet him more formally. Air des Clochettes was playing at the opera house tonight, she shall ask him to join her. She hated the show, but her father would be there and he probably enjoyed the opera, most high class people did. As she thought the words, she looked around and realized she was not in a high class area. It was getting into the brick row houses that permeated the slums of the city. She began to feel cold, so she buttoned up her jacket now. She checked her watch, almost 500. She had spent hours following the mystery man, only to follow him to his shack in the ghetto. She watched as the woman went inside, and he turned around, hailed a taxi, and was gone. If only she'd had the courage to be seen or talk to him. But maybe it was for the better, what would her father say if she brought home a peasant. Reality was coming on like the spring, and the thoughts had no sooner past than the afternoon. She walked back to the car and got in the back. "Take me home" she said to the driver, and the air rumbled with the sound of the big American car as it drove off toward the big gates of her house.

Written as a second part of air des clochettes to demonstrate use of point of views.

Please note that this sample paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2) is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2), we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on The Air of Spring (Air des Clochettes 2) will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Activity-based costing

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The method of Activity-Based Costing (ABC) was developed primarily for solving problems which emerged from traditional cost management systems. Troubleshooting in the management of companies throughout the late 70's and especially the early 80's held a constant presence.

The problems generated were mainly from the traditional cost accounting systems' way of functioning which provided the management with inaccurate data. Where the old cost accounting systems failed badly was in supplying the company's management with inappropriate information in order for crucial decisions to be taken in the correct and true perspective of a given company's true position in its market territory. Since this currently accessible "itemized" information could not be provided to a company's decision making sector, the information provided had an impact which of course distorted the decision which would have otherwise been taken in the light of different and more accurate information.

This misinformation had an adverse impact on a multitude of managerial decisions especially in the multi-product firm sector in respect of long-term, mid-term and short-term consequences such as investments in technology, quantity and specification of product production. The accuracy of data on which management decisions are based in order to maximize efficiency and establish one's company identity in a competing market through, besides quality, a selection of sound marketable prices applied in the proper time scale to all of a company's product range, is of paramount importance.

In other words activity based costing pin-points problems by focusing on the activities associated with operating the business. The traditional cost systems haven't the capability to afford this insight, and so do not touch the subject, only in the case of reports that isolate salaries, benefits, and so on.

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If a manager were told that the cutting of cost was first on the list of priorities, he or she would cut headcount, understandably believing that it might possibly be the only largest cost contributor in the entire company. But today people are not the major cost contributors, it is, in fact, the cost of the activities that people are engaged in which contribute more to the firm's costs. How often have we heard the lament, the workload is the same although we have cot down staff by ten percent? Activity based costing allows managers to attribute costs to activities and products much more accurately than conventional accounting methods. This method is more than an accounting tool. These tools give you a view of what you have done financially and are fundamental to shareholding disclosure and the statutory reporting. But it is just as equally important to have the ability to be able to translate this cost information into the language of operational units and the business in which it is to be applied. With activity based costing management is in a position get a strong and comprehensive, internal view of the company products or services and customers. Armed with this information, the management of a company is automatically put in a position where financial, operational, and strategic decisions can be made, such as outsourcing and pricing.

Activity based costing identifies the activities that are responsible for costs. It is sometimes calles Transaction costing and its major advantage over other methods is that it can greatly enhance the tracability of overhead costs. This can result in more accurate unit cost data for managers, if placed into the correct hands. Activity costs are passed on to products or services only if the product or service uses the activity, for example activities consume resources, and products or services consume activities and so on. As the number of activity measures increases, activity based costing is better able to capture the underlying economics of the companys operations, and the reported costs of activities, products and services come to light. In addition, activity based costing analyzes all activities that exist in a company in order to support production as well as possible and deliver goods and services as efficiently as possible.

The optimum accuracy in costing can be attained by recognising four general levels of activities within a company, each of which can be further subdivided into specific cost activity centres. These four are as follows;

Unit level activities. These arise as a result of the total volume of production going through a facility. An example could be the consumption of power as a result of the number if hours required by a machine to complete all units on a production line which could be thought of as a unit-level activity. Some companies recognise one unit-level activity centre but most companies recognise two; One related to machine activity and the second related to labour activity.

Batch- level activities. These could include things such as placement of purchace orders, shipments to customers. Costs at batch level are dependent on the number of the batches produced rather than on the number of units made, or sold. The actual cost of, say, placing an order would be the same for one item or 10,000 items, so the total cost generated by a batch-level activity would be the function of the times an order would be placed rather than on the total quantity of items ordered.

Product level activity. These are specific and are related to the support of the production of a particular product like for instance special test routines, machine maintainence inventories.

Facility-level activities. All of these activities relate to the production as a whole and therefore are usually combined into a single activity centre. These costs can include such items as insurance, property tax, athletics facilities for the workers.

Where companies are using Activity based costing as a secondary system they should not add facility-level costs to the products. This can lead to misleading data made available to managers and in turn result in wrong decision making, however, most companies do this whether Activity based costing is their primary or secondary system.

There are various approaches for designing and implementing an activity based costing system. The size of the company and desired outcome must be considered before even thinking about, let alone attempting to make the transition from a traditional cost accounting system to an activity based costing system. Larger firms should consider pilot programs before implementing the new system across the whole organization.

The most basic approach is to use activity based costing in conjunction with a companys current accounting system. In this case, software which has been developed over the years for this specific purpose can be bought to help structure the tiering down from the traditional accounting system to a detailed activity based accounting configuration. The traditional accounting system is still used and the activity based costing structure is an add-on or shadow system to be use when specific information is needed for a management based decision. An off line system can allow an organization to improve its cost information without disrupting their current information and financial systems. This is recommended for small firms or as a first step towards full activity based costing integration for a larger firm.

At the other end of the spectrum, activity based costing can be used in place of the traditional accounting system. Every cost related facet of the accounting system would be reported to the activity based costing structure. In order to institute major organizational change, all employees must fully incorporate activity based costing into their work practices and use it as their primary source of business information. Cost and performance measurement systems and all incentive systems, for obvious reasons, have to be tied to the activity based costing numbers. The advantage of using activity based costing as the sole accounting system is that it will be used consistently for daily managemental decision making and employees will not retreat to their old practices. A traditional accounting system usually cannot report costs by processes because the purpose is to help the accounting department keep the books. The purpose of activity based costing is to help operations do their job by making cost information available at a level that everyone can use for day to day decision making.

The biggest obstacle to incorporating activity based costing as a way of life is employee resistance. Unit managers may be afraid that activity based costing is just a way for senior management to discover detailed information about a department or to reveal inefficient practices that had previously been hidden by the traditional accounting system. The corporate culture must be such that new information is not used against a business unit.

Instead, all company employees should be encouraged to dig up problems and inefficiencies so that all of those practices can be changed and decisions can be made that will benefit the company as a whole. The decision to adopt the system taken, it is essential that everyone should understand and agree that a cost-conscious approach is the companys priority, and activity based costing is the tool to make that possible.

Managers of lower levels should be part of the activity based costing system implementation team as well as representatives from manufacturing, engineering and information systems since all of these people will be using the system coherently. A diversified group also helps achieve a higher level of acceptance and ownership throughout the company. Information on the progress of the new system should be available to everyone at any time. Before any implementation is put into action, it is helpful to convince key employees to give activity based costing a fair chance before they are made redundant. Once the system is in place and employees see its benefits first hand, they are likely to be excited about being involved with the new system. To obtain continued support from employees, management must show that information from the activity based costing system is actually being used to make decisions and track performance on every level. When the new system promotes changes that reduce costs and eliminate inefficiencies, employees should be made aware of how their efforts have positively contributed to the increased profitability of the company. By doing this, employees will feel like an important and inseperable part of the new operation and thus offer less resistance when it comes down to implementing the activity based costing system.

Another important step to implementing activity based costing and getting buy-in at all levels is extensive training. All employees must be educated in the principles and mechanics of activity based costing. Depending on the level of involvement, employees may be trained in the basic concepts of activity based costing, problem solving, information analysis or how to build a new activity based costing system.

Implementation of activity based costing can take anywhere from to 15 months depending on the size of the company or plant. After the new system is in place, the old accounting system should be disguarded as soon as possible if activity based costing is to be used exclusively.

The process for setting up a new activity based costing system is not simple and goes beyond the scope of this paper. A matrix must be established for each product that tracks all activities performed for the product and all of the resources the activities consume. This information is probably not readily available and must be dug up. This can be done through searching existing documentation and historical cost information, workshops, surveys and interviews with the people who do the work. Many statistical measurements must be developed to spread overhead costs to products and processes. Larger companies usually hire a professional in activity based costing to help get the system up and running correctly.

The reason activity based costing produces such significant results is that it changes the culture of the organization. If a companys priority is to make cost conscious decisions and eliminate inefficiencies and unprofitable activities, then all employees must be given the tools, the know-how and the encouragement to work towards that objective. Activity based costing provides visibility to information that was previously hidden in a traditional accounting system especially when companies adopt Just-in-time inventory systems, eliminating inventories and reducing costs.

Therefore, it is my considered opinion that if given the right data and correct incentives to make the required adjustments to corporate culture, employees will have the means and the motivation to work towards eliminating excess costs and to work towards achieving the most affordable product possible.

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Self-Evaluation

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I had taken Introduction to Acting last semester and I enjoyed it so much that I decided to take Advanced Acting this semester. The closeness the class develops after they have worked together is something you can hardly experience in another class at college.

I came into the class with some knowledge of acting and I expected to learn as much more as I possibly could. I had done some plays in junior high school, but they were all not the kind that I could say I did with experience. I wanted to know how to connect to my character. My main concern was knowing how to portray myself as the person I am playing. We definitely worked on that in class. I think all the questions that were asked to be answered painted a clear picture of who our characters are. For example, making a history for our character, why is he/she saying this?, who is he/she talking to?, what kind of setting?, etc... All these questions helped me to personalize my characters and to therefore do a better job at performing them.

I think from the time I first came into class till now, the end of the semester, I have definitely changed. We did our first performances without knowing much about what was expected, but as we went along it was explained that what was missing or what needed to change to make the scene work. By the time I was doing my final scenes I already knew what was to be expected. I am not saying I became a professional because I know that takes years (or just plain talent), but I did learn a lot and I am more knowledgeable that any one else at Baruch.

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Along with the professor I have to say that I had a lot of help from my various Self-Evaluation (Cont'd...)

partners. When two people think about the scene the result is much better than if I were doing it myself. Your partner can tell you where your lines might not be working the way your saying them, whereas for you alone it might be difficult to tell. You can also play off your partners emotions better than you can play off the reactions of some imaginary person on the wall. I also have to say that our partners were chosen almost very accurately for us. When the scene partners get along the scene becomes more enriching.

What pleased me about this class is that we had a lot more performing to do than the last class. I thing that is a challenge; to remember all those lines and emotions and not get confused. I like the fact that we did monologues. That was definitely something I have never done and it was a nice experience.

I don't know if I want to pursue acting as a career, but it is something that I would like to consider part time. Not so much television or anything, I know I can't do that, but theater is definitely an option I'd like to keep open. What I' like best are the comedies. I would love to do more comedic plays. I feel I can do my best in those rather than serious plays.

I feel theater has an important role at Baruch because Baruch is a business school. What I mean is that students can get bored really easily of all these classes about accounting and financing, and to make their experience at Baruch more fulfilling, so they won't turn out like zombies, I feel there should be theater classes at Baruch. Theater is like real life. People need to experience at least some type of theater, if not acting then watching a performance, so they can understand real life a little better.

Please note that this sample paper on Self-Evaluation is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Self-Evaluation, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on Self-Evaluation will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Alcoholism and Teens

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Alcoholism And Teens

Alcoholism refers to the drinking of alcoholic beverages to such a degree that important things of an individuals life - such as work, school, family relationships, or personal safety and health; are seriously and repeatedly interfered with. Alcoholism is considered a disease, meaning that it follows a characteristic course with known physical, and social symptoms. The alcoholic continues to consume alcohol even though the destructive consequences he/she may face. Alcoholism is serious, and a very difficult habbit to break. If not treated, it may be a habit that cannot be broken, or maybe even a fatal problem.

It is generally thought that once the disease has developed, the alcoholic will not drink normally again. It is important to note that the particular symptoms and pattern of drinking problems may vary with the individual. Alcoholism is, therefore, a very complex disorder, and this complexity has led some researchers to question the accuracy of the disease of alcoholism. There are generally four basic types of alcoholism. The first type is called Alpha Alcoholism. It is being purely psychological dependent on alcohol (Haskins, 84). With Alpha

Alcoholism the person depends on alcohol to relieve bodily and emotional pain.

This stage and all stages are serious in teens drinking, because any alcohol intake is dangerous for teens still developing mentally and physically. Another term for this alcoholic behavior is often called problem drinking.

The second type of the alcoholic behaviors is called Beta Alcoholism. It does not involve either psycological or physical dependence on alcohol. But yet worse on your body than Alpha Alcoholism because the heavy drinking may lead to ulcers, cirrhosis of the liver, damage to the nerves, and kidney problems(Haskins, 85). Beta alcoholics have a shortened life expectancy and suffer from financial and emotional demands due to excessive over drinking. Just like smoking, it costs money like everything else, the demand for alcohol will get to the circumstance of pinching every penny to just get one more drink. The third drinking behavior is Gamma Alcoholism, the alcoholic becomes physically dependent on liquor. So this means that the bodies tissues, become tolerent to the new substance and the tissue becomes immuned to it, and the the bodie tissue needs the constent pressence of alcohol. Gamma alcoholics crave the need for alcohol but yet can only live without alcohol for a short peroid of time. If the

Gamma alcoholic does not get there alcohol there body reacts very violently.

Gamma alcoholics is one of the most common types of alcoholism in the United

States. The fourth type of alcoholism is Delta Alcoholism. In Delta alcoholism the drinker cannot stay away from liquor for even a day or twowithout suffering from withdrawl syptoms. Usually this type of alcoholism is found where alcohol is drank customarily. Addiction to acohol is very much like addiction to heroin.

Alcoholism is a very tough habit to break, many people that have been classified as a alcoholic can never have a normal life again. Teenagers that are alcoholics are much more easily disturbed than adult alcoholics. In the near past the

United States has been expeirenceing a widespread use of alcohols by teenagers (Haskins, 40) Today there aree some 500,00 alcoholics between the ages of ten and nineteen, and it is estimated that one of every fifteen young people today will eventually become an alcholic(Haskins, 4). Teens drink for curiosity and to act like adults, not only that but peer presure and just to look cool in front of friends. Parents are a stong influence to teenagers to not drink or limit the use of alcohol by young people, as statistics show. If none of the parents in the United States drank, then neither would most of there children(Haskins, 105). Teenage drinking is getting to the point where the age group is getting younger and younger, it is now not uncommon to find teenagers with alcohol problems in nine-, ten-, and twelve year olds(Haskins, 1).

Please note that this sample paper on Alcoholism and Teens is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Alcoholism and Teens, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Alcoholism and Teens will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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