Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre

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"Drama and Theatre in their content and style reflect the society from which they spring"

To what extent is this true for Australian plays and productions?

Cheap University Papers on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre

Segregation of minority groups in society is a common occurrence in Australia. Segerga

tion can lead to isolation, loss of hope, detachment, a struggle for survival and the re

liance on family for support. Segregation is a major theme in both Gary's House and

The 7 Stages of Grieving. Through the use of Dramatic Forms and Conventions such

as set, characterisation, tension, and the language used, we grasp an understanding

of the underlying meaning of the play and its social context.

Gary's House focuses directly on the survival of one's environment, whether it

be physical, emotional or one's upbringing. Gary's House is about people who dont fit

in but are desperately trying to do so. Australia is a country where the standard of living

is relatively high and employment and home ownership expected. Yet sometimes those

that are estranged from society and have to struggle even harder in order to survive in

these harsh environments, are often forgotten and their efforts to make a place for

themselves, discounted.

The 7 Stages of Grieving is a contemporary Indigenous performance. Whilst

appropriating western form and using traditional storytelling, The 7 Stages of

Grieving gives an emotional insight to Murri life. Its a one-women show that follows the

journey of an Aboriginal "Everywoman" as she tells serious and humorous stories of

grief and reconciliation. In an environment where Indigenous Australians battle racism,

death in custody, a history of violence and anguish over lost land, The 7 Stages of Grieving is a reminder of Indigenous Australian's struggle to survive, and our sense of

humor and irony.

Set Design is an important Dramatic Form and Convention, as the building of Gary

and Sue-Anne's house is a solid metaphor for the chaotic journey that people make as

they try to build there lives. It also represents the getting over of Gary and Christine's

emotional, physical and previous experiences that have been holding them back.

The houses physical appearance also represents how the characters are coming along

in their journey for survival. When Christine experiences a loss of hope she attacks the

house. As shown in Act Two, Scene Ten, Christine attacks the house out of anger and

desperation, she no longer sees her life has any direction and is starting to tear down

the one thing that represented survival and direction in her life. This stage direction only

reiterates that the house is a solid metaphor for survival.

The 7 Stages of Grieving also uses the Dramatic Form and Convention of set de

sign to give us an insight into the struggles faced by Indigenous Australians. In,

1. Prologue, the scene is set

"A large block of ice is suspended by 7 strong ropes. It is

melting onto a freshly turned grave of red earth. The performance area is covered in a

thin layer of black powder framed by a scrape of white."

The layers of black and white earth represents the two races'. There is a great deal

of significance of the use of dirt in this design as it symbolises the two races trying to get by sharing the same land. The white earth surrounds the black earth much the

same way as white society has boxed itself around Aboriginal history and tradition.

Compacting their traditions and values, allowing no room for freedom of movement.

The 7 strong ropes represent the 7 stages of grieving. Suspended by the ropes is a

large melting block of ice. The ice is dripping onto the red earth, this give a visual image

of crying, its as if the melting ice is crying out of grief for Indigenous Australians over

the land that is being ripped away from them by white society. The use of this design

has powerful emotional depth to it. The audience feels drawn to the performance on an

emotional level. The design layout has immediately personalised the performance and

sent a powerful message as to what the content of the play will address.

The characterisation of the characters in Gary's House is also a very important

Dramatic Form and Convention as the audience is able to grasp an understanding of

the socio-economic stasis of the characters, allowing a greater depth of understanding

of the play and it's social context. This Dramatic Form and Convention, is vital to the

performance as it reflects the on the audience's understanding of the society in which

the characters are surrounded. Gary and Sue-Anne are portrayed as "Great Aussie Bat

tlers". This image sets them apart from society as they struggle to survive. The charac

ters in Gary's House are all very stereotypical. Gary is an angary, lonely and handwork

ing male. He is trying to make a go of whatever card his life has dealt him. He is a prod

uct of his childhood and lack of integration into society. The performance allows the

audience a look at to why Gary is the way he is. In, Act One, Scene four, Gary states how growing up in foster homes without a "proper family" and the chance to experience

love has made him they way he is. There is also a greater depth to Gary as the audi

ence sees his understanding of his lack of sociolisation within society, when he says,

"I watch other people- with their friends and their kids and that- and I copy

how they talk to each other. I'm trying to learn.....

But....Someone says something to me and I get it wrong and-y'know..."

Although this is just a basic understanding of Gary's personality, the point is that he has

an understanding. No matter how insignificant it may seem, Gary understands in some

way that it is because of his childhood and lack of integration into society that he has

become who he is. He also realises that its too late to change, that he cant learn these

traits just by looking at people its something that is taught as a child. Although Gary

never had a chance to experience love from family as a child, he often expresses his

love for Sue-Anne, which begs the question, do we learn to love or are we born with an

innate ability for it? This home is Gary's last chance- in and out of foster homes all his

life he finally has a go at a real family and future.

Dave is portrayed as a distant character, who is afraid of commitment, as seen in Act

One, Scene Nine, when Christine begs Dave to "please stay". Dave turns his back

and walks away. Dave is drawn to family hence he doesnt leave when he is able to.

Through Dave staying we see a transformation of his character when he is the one

begging Christine to "please stay".

Sue-Anne displays many childlike qualities. She is self-absorbed and is always reliant

on someone to take care of her. This is stereotypical of her socio-economic standing.

Gratitude, affection, respect, sympathy and empathy are all feelings Sue-Anne has no grasp of due to her own cultural and social displacement.

Christine is a hard product of society. She has a cold demeanor and comes across as a

force to be reckoned with. She is stereotyped as a woman of power, placing emotions

behind in order to succeed in her career. The character of Christine is a representative

of feminism. Christine has also had a hard life but has taken a more educated and

isolating path than Gary. She expresses her feelings best when she says,

"I dont expect anything from anyone and I'm not disappointed."

Throughout the performance we see her transform into the very thing she was trying to

surpress, but ultimately she has realised that what she was trying to surpress is the one

thing that makes her happy.

The 7 stages of Grieving uses the Dramatic Form and Convention of characterisa

tion to appeal emotionally to the audience concerning Aboriginal issues. The perfor

mance has family orientated characters and is performed in a family portrait style. The

actor expresses her own personal grief as well as Indigenous Australians as a whole.

Characters are only ever mentioned in the performance and are all portrayed by the

same person. This makes it seem as if the actor is a representative for the Aboriginal

community and is trying to reach for some sort of empathy from the audience.By telling

deeply emotional stories to the audience the actor is giving a deeply intimate portrayal

of life as an Indigenous Australian.

With the use of Naturalised based experiences the performance gives the audience a

lot to think about. In 1. Mugshot, the actor only presents the facts, allowing the audience to make up there own mind.

The Dramatic Form and Convention, tension is used in Gary's House and plays a

significant role. The tension in Gary's House is created by information we know about

the characters. Information such as the characters moral and value codes, for example,

just the mere fact that Sue-Anne and Gary are unmarried and pregnant, and that Gary

is old enough to be Sue-Anne's father as well as the language that they use, makes the

audience aware of a moral point of view. The tension of the play provokes the perfor

mance as well as the audience to question society. It is also through the socio-

economic stasis of the characters that we see a context for the play form.

The Dramatic Form and Convention, tension created in The 7 Stages of Grieving

is one of upset of Indigenous Australians towards Anglo-Saxons and Police. The perfor

mance is primarily about raising awareness, creating remorse, guilt, understanding and

"sorriness". This tension is created by putting the essence of the performance into the

hands of the audience. Its the audience's interpretation of the performance that gives it

meaning and tension. It is through the intensity of emotions that the actor creates, that

delivers tension to the performance.

The Dramatic Form and Convention of language used throughout Gary's House is

highly significant to depicting the characters struggle to survive in Australian society,

and the experiences had by them.

The performance is dominated by colloquial, Australian slang speech.

Sue-Anne describes Gary and herself as "derros" in Scene One, Act One. The use of

the word "derro" reflects on Sue-Annes social, economic and educational stance. This

language suggest Sue-Anne has had little education and limited or no socialisation

skills. Each Character in Gary's house has a style of emotive language that is individual

to that character. Christine for example has a sophisticated speech that contains a lot

of anger,

" Is it too much to ask one of my solicitors to ring me back?

[pause] Don't get a tone with me missy."

Where as Gary's language is uneducated. He finds it hard to understand things. Gary

too has a lot of pent up anger that he sometimes releases,

"When I was ten years old I marched into the Tae Kwon Do

school and I said 'Teach me how to kill a person."

Both actions and words are equally important in Gary's House. By the way the charac

ters act we grasp an understanding of the message being told. Sue-Anne takes up

smoking after she has the baby, and repeatedly is told off by Vince and Christine, yet

Sue-Anne still isnt able to grasp the concept that what she is doing is damaging for the

baby. This tells the audience about Sue-Anne's self-absorbed and childlike personality.

The 7 Stages of Grieving uses Traditional tribal language and Aboriginal pronounci

ation (broken english). The purpose of using tribal speech is mainly to educate and give

insight to the audience about Indigenous Australian traditions. The use of broken en

glish words such as "Gubberment" is included as it reflects the social, economic and

educational background of who is being portrayed. Words carry the weight of the perfor

mance as it is primarily of a storytelling genre, where colloquial and generalised language is symbolic of Aboriginal people. This language encourages an air of intimacy

between the actor and audience.

.

The actor pauses after speaking a lot in order for the audience to reflect on what was

just said. The actor has direct dialogue with the audience and talks about things she

has experienced which again creates an air of intimacy between the two. This is shown

in, 11. Murri Gets a Dress,

"have you ever been black? You now when you wake up one

morning and your black?"

The language used throughout The 7 stages of Grieving gives the audience and emo

tional insight into the Aboriginal culture as well as reaching out for some understanding

from us.

From the use of the Dramatic Forms and Conventions discussed, we can see clearly

that Gary's House and The 7 Stages of Grieving do in fact reflect the society from

which they spring. The use of Dramatic Forms and Conventions adds a deeper under

standing of the social, economical, educational and emotional context of the perfor

mances and the characters. It is with these Dramatic Forms and Conventions that

meaning is added to the performances

Please note that this sample paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Dramatic Forms and Convemtions in Australian Theatre will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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Canterbury Tales

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The Canterbury Tales offer many characters whose vocation does not match his or her tale. This often provides humor and provokes much thought. Yet Chaucer makes the parson match his tale. This provokes a more serious train of thought. Thus Chaucer shows forth his brilliance in his versatility of subject matter.

The first thing one should notice in the Parsons tale is that the Parson refuses to tell a fable. In lines 0-6, the Parson gives his reasoning for a straightforward prose. He will not tell a story mixed with chaff and wheat. Rather, he chooses to tell a tale in nonfiction prose so all can understand with clarity. His object is not so much to tell an impressive story but to show forth what he deems important.

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Second, he speaks in a respectable medieval manner by calling upon authorities. Whereas the wife of Bath says she will not reference authorities, he does so unashamedly. He references the Biblical figures Matthew, Jeremiah, Solomon, David, Jesus, Job, Hezekiah, Ezekiel, Peter, Jeremiah, Moses, Isaiah, Micah, John, Joseph, Paul, Zechariah, and Luke. In addition he refers to scholars and saints such as Ambrose, Isidore, Gregory, Augustine, Chrysostom, Bernard, Seneca, Basil, Damasus, and Galen. As Augustine has been the most influential person in Church history, Augustine is the most quoted authority he uses.

Moreover, he includes a lengthy discussion on mortal and venial sins. He exemplifies many ways one may fall into one of the seven deadly sins. Such offenses include birth control as murder and nocturnal emission as adultery. He also gives guidelines how to prevent those sins. He offers hope to the penitent by setting forth the prescribed method of reconciliation ordained by Holy Church. He takes his duty as a Christian seriously. He wishes none to suffer or perish but to serve God and Holy Church.

Thus, the Chaucer creates a character altogether appealing to the medieval mind. He exemplifies the medieval ideals better than the other characters in The Canterbury Tales. By making the perfect character, Chuacer amplifies the humor of the other characters shortcomings. This shows forth Chaucers versatility in writing.

The Canterbury Tales offer many characters whose vocation does not match his or her tale. This often provides humor and provokes much thought. Yet Chaucer makes the parson match his tale. This provokes a more serious train of thought. Thus Chaucer shows forth his brilliance in his versatility of subject matter.

The first thing one should notice in the Parsons tale is that the Parson refuses to tell a fable. In lines 0-6, the Parson gives his reasoning for a straightforward prose. He will not tell a story mixed with chaff and wheat. Rather, he chooses to tell a tale in nonfiction prose so all can understand with clarity. His object is not so much to tell an impressive story but to show forth what he deems important.

Second, he speaks in a respectable medieval manner by calling upon authorities. Whereas the wife of Bath says she will not reference authorities, he does so unashamedly. He references the Biblical figures Matthew, Jeremiah, Solomon, David, Jesus, Job, Hezekiah, Ezekiel, Peter, Jeremiah, Moses, Isaiah, Micah, John, Joseph, Paul, Zechariah, and Luke. In addition he refers to scholars and saints such as Ambrose, Isidore, Gregory, Augustine, Chrysostom, Bernard, Seneca, Basil, Damasus, and Galen. As Augustine has been the most influential person in Church history, Augustine is the most quoted authority he uses.

Moreover, he includes a lengthy discussion on mortal and venial sins. He exemplifies many ways one may fall into one of the seven deadly sins. Such offenses include birth control as murder and nocturnal emission as adultery. He also gives guidelines how to prevent those sins. He offers hope to the penitent by setting forth the prescribed method of reconciliation ordained by Holy Church. He takes his duty as a Christian seriously. He wishes none to suffer or perish but to serve God and Holy Church.

Thus, the Chaucer creates a character altogether appealing to the medieval mind. He exemplifies the medieval ideals better than the other characters in The Canterbury Tales. By making the perfect character, Chuacer amplifies the humor of the other characters shortcomings. This shows forth Chaucers versatility in writing.

Please note that this sample paper on Canterbury Tales is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Canterbury Tales, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Canterbury Tales will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA

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"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are

endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,

Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness (Thomas Jefferson).

The Declaration of Independence is that it does not say, We hold these truths to

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be self-evident, that all men including their race, creed, religion, or color are created

equal, that they…. Thomas Jeffersons words were hypocritical. Not all men were

created equal and these men were slaves. Slavery has existed throughout the United

States at the time and by 1760 there were about 5,800 African slaves in North

America.

Slavery in America started when the New World was first discovered. It started

off when the first colonists came to the Americas and in order to survive they needed to

farm the land and grow crops. Since they were not accustomed for the hot sun and were

too lazy for hard labor. In order to survive they needed a large labor force to farm the

lands. They tried to capture the native Indians and failed, for many reasons one of them

was from smallpox, and from various diseases, which killed them. Another reason that

the Europeans could not capture them was because they had been in America all their

lives and they were a majority. Therefore the Europeans set out to seize African slaves.

Africans were the perfect choice of slaves to farm in colonial America, because

slavery had already existed in Africa. Plus Africans could endure the heat of the raging

sun, since Africa and America's weather were similar. Also both African and European

colonist's bodies could resist many diseases, unlike native Indians.

Africans were shipped from Africa by the Europeans in what was called the Triangular

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade. This was an organized route where Europeans would travel

to Africa bringing manufactured goods, capture Africans and take them to America.

Eventually they would take the crops and goods and bring them back to Europe.

However the Europeans had no humanity what so ever. For example, they

separated Africans from their families by the age of ten. After that they were shipped in

uncomfortable ships. Most of them suffered from suffocation, disease, and lack of

sanitation.

"And disease had begun to swell the legs of some sudlts. Yet other develop fevers with

heavy sweating and trembling chills" (Roots, 11)

Some of the African slaves committed suicide, the reason for that was because

they could not stand the lack of sanitation or the deseases and sicknesses that spread

around the boat. They were also the basis of Americas economic system since they grew

most of the crops, such as tobacco industries. That helped their economy to grow due to

the effect that the demand for tobacco was very big in Europe, so exporting the crop was

a major factor in developing the agricultural economics.

" Fend kiling dorong leh warrata ka iteh tee ( Behold- the only thing great than

yourself)" ( Roots,)The African natives were of all ages and sexes. Women usually

worked in the homes, cooking and cleaning, whereas men were sent out into the

plantations to farm. Young girls would usually help in the house. Young boys would help

in the farm by bailing hay and loading wagons with crops.

Large numbers of African slaves working together on the same land or lands close

together would usually talk to each other in their language (the Gullah language).

Speaking in their own language helped them keep their own cultures traditions, and

identities.

The harshness of slavery was different depending on the plantation in which the

slaves were located. Slaves in California were very ill treated. Californians believed in

racism, they didn't like to treat black's equally. Therefore they treated them harshly.

Slaves in Richmond and other towns would work as artisans or laborers, as long as they

sent part of their wages and the money that they make to their masters, they still had

harsh laws.

There came a time when the population grew and was about 50,000, that

happened because of the mixed economy. Everyone worked in different occupations. The

African Americans worked in either the fields or as cooks, housekeepers, personal

servants, or artisans. Some of the most important jobs were to work as lumberjacks or

shipbuilders. They built these ships because some slaves worked on the docks, or as

merchant sailors, fishermen, whalers, and privateers. Some African American men and

women worked in urban areas, in manufacturing and trading or as servants in the homes

of the rich families.

" After you get hitched, I'm takin' back tthat travelin' pass! .. "(Roots

45) Life was hard for both the free and non-free African slaves. Both were treated badly

and disrespectfully. They had to obey a number of harsh rules; for example they couldn't

gather for a harmful dance. They needed written passes to leave town or even if they

wanted to travel more than forty miles from their destination, their punishment was to be

cut up into pieces.

Anti-slavery ideas started in the north, since they were allowed to become

popular. Eventually it moved down to the south; however, it took time for the southerners

to accept it. This was bad for the landlords because if slavery were abolished then most

or all of the economy in the south would collapse. Therefor plantation owners or

landlords would no longer have cheap labor which will then result in expensive products

so that means they can no longer compete in the market.

After anti-slavery ideas began to rise, political problems rose with them. After a

little while the civil started, at the end of the civil war, as you might know the north was

victorious over the south, that moment was when the north forced the south to ban

slavery. Which ended up in the destruction of the south.

The right of a nation to determine its own form of government does not include the right

to establish a slave society (that is, to legalize the enslavement of some men by others).

There is no such thing as the right to enslave. A nation can do it, just as a man can

become a criminal- but neither can do it by right. (Ayn Rand)

I come to conclude that slaves were people just as their slave owners were people.

Despite the difference of opinions throughout this great country, it was an inevitable

conclusion that everyone should have been treated equally. The enslavement of humans

obviously produced different opinions among many Americans, which in turn I believe to

be the start of the Civil War. African-Americans suffered through many hardships and

losses over time. One must come to the realization that all humans should be treated the

same no matter what their race, creed, or color. This is all in the past and Americans

should treat it as such. We must never forget the hardships each and every American has

gone through. Instead reflect on what has happened in the past and learn from it. Look to

the future and remember all men are created equal.

Please note that this sample paper on SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA, we are here to assist you. Your persuasive essay on SLAVERY IN NORTH AMERICA will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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I Love Summer

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Winter, spring, summer, fall, the four seasons of the year. Each with its own qualities that might grab one person but not another. The season that really turns me on is summer. Not that I dont like the others its just that during spring it rains alot and its kinda saying just a couple months and summers here. So I think spring along with winter and fall tease me that summers just around the corner or a year away they almost make me cry. Summer is the season that I wait for and when it comes I take full advantage of it but once its gone I have to start the long count down till next year. In the spring time stuff is growing coming to life, in the fall and winter stuff is dieing or already dead, but in the summer everything is alive and its when I come alive too.

During the summer I can do almost anything immaginable or at least try. School is out so there is only one thing stopping me from have the best time I can my parents. But most of the time they let me do whatever I want thank god. In the summer I can wake up to birds singing, a view of the lake, and the sun gleaming in through my windows. I love waking up to all of this but wish I could put it on hold for a couple hours because waking up at 6 a.m. is not my idea of a good mourning. So after a week or two the blankets go up and my room is transformed into the liar of dracula. I crawl out of my room at about 11 every day and retreat back to it at about 1 a.m. then I have to drown out the noise of crickets and frogs to go to sleep. One of the main reasons I love summer is because my parents are gone all day not that Id do anything bad like throw a party, Im a good kid. I turn my house and yard into a playground, riding dirt bikes around the house, moving every matrise in the house down to the basement and playing football, or jumping from the roof onto the trampoline, and most importantly covering up every trace of the stuff I had do to the house. Soccer is my sport and I play it religously all year. But its the best in the summer, Im on so many teams that its nice to just ride my bike to the fields and practise by myself. Living on a lake is nice but summer glorafies it and makes me apreciate it so much more than any other time of the year. When most people are stuck inside peeling themselves off of the coffee table to fix the fan, Im living it up in the water. Doing what ever I want to racing my boat, skiing, tubing, para-sailing, or my favorite playing pirates. I get my canoe and go sink who ever I run into. When I have nothing to do Ill go eat at the famous Essex House of Pizza, which is redicuasly over priced same with the Junction but when they are the closest thing to food Ill caugh up the dough. To me summer is like a journal you can write what ever you want in it an nobody has to know, which is just like my summers I can basically do whatever I want but sometimes you could say people look in the journal and I do get in trouble, but its summer where being grounded dosent last long because before long mom kicks you out of the hosue.

Summer is my favorite season and where I live its set up for summer. So even though its only a couple months of the year they are the best, They are the months when animals come back and the our part of the planet comes to life. Between spring, summer, fall, and winter, summer is the only one that represents life so in the famous words of Sid the Sloth from the movie Ice Age I choose life.

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Ford vs. Firestone

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The two companies I chose for this assignment were Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc. Despite the fact that the two companies operate in different industries, they complement each other very well. The reason why I chose Ford Motor Company was because they are thought of as leaders in their industry for total quality management. The minute I decided to use Ford Motor Company as one of my companies, the Firestone tire recall of August 000 was the first thing that popped into my head. Because the recall made such a huge impact on Ford Motor Company and individual consumers, I felt that it would be a perfect company to use to demonstrate the aspects of poor total quality management versus superb total quality management and how that affects not only individual consumers but also business consumers.

Ford Motor Company began a manufacturing revolution with its mass production assembly lines in the early 100s. Now the company is firmly entrenched in the status quo as the worlds largest pickup truck maker and the # producer of cars and trucks, behind General Motors. It makes vehicles with such brands as Aston Martin, Ford, Jaguar, Lincoln, Mercury, and Volvo. Among its biggest successes are the Ford Taurus and F-Series pickup. Ford owns a controlling % stake in Mazda and has purchased BMWs Land Rover SUV operations. The finance subsidiary, Ford Motor Credit, is the U.S.s #1 auto finance company. It also owns Hertz, the worlds #1 car-rental firm.

Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc., the North American subsidiary of Bridgestone Corporation, makes Bridgestone, Firestone, Dayton, and private-brand tires for cars, trucks, motorcycles, tractors, and earthmoving machinery. They also make air springs, roofing materials, synthetic rubber, and industrial fibers and textiles. The company is trying to regain traction after recalling 6.5 million of Firestone ATX, ATX II, and ATX Wilderness tires, primarily the ones on Ford Motor Company's Ford Explorer, due to the allegations that the tires fell apart at highway speeds. This recall ended Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc.'s 5-year relationship with Ford Motor Company.

There are several differences between the manufacturing processes, corporate culture, and the performance results of Ford Motor Company and Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc. that distinguishes one as a quality company and the other as one of the opposite. Ford concentrates more on the elimination of waste, prevention, and continuous improvement versus Bridgestone/Firestone's attitude of tolerance of waste, inspection, and fire fighting. Ford's rebuilding strategy has an explicit focus on improving quality and building on work in progress to improve quality in their design, sourcing, and production processes. They are using 6-Sigma processes to identify and resolve quality issues in their manufacturing and business processes. This is an extensive quality improvement initiative designed to reduce variability and improve efficiency. One way of enhancing their current manufacturing processes and reducing variability in their systems is through the new Ford "Quality is Job1" 00 standard. Since its inception, Ford Q1 certification recognizes supplier facilities and organizations whose quality systems meet stringent prerequisites. It builds on existing requirements and stresses continual improvement, consistent metrics, manufacturing discipline, variability reduction and customer satisfaction. These Joint supplier/Ford 6-Sigma projects are producing improvements in both customer satisfaction and waste elimination.

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Bridgestone/Firestone Americas Holding, Inc., however, is doing the complete opposite of Ford. Instead of using its efforts to eliminate waste and strive for continuous improvement, Bridgestone/Firestone is tolerating waste and confronting problems only as they occur. According to USA TODAY, there is evidence that the tire company did, in fact, recognize a problem well before the recall. The Bridgestone/Firestone documents showed that it tracked ATX tread-peeling problems since 14. The ATX tires accounted for 4% of property-damage and personal-injury claims among light-truck tires in 14, up from just 1% in 1 (Healey, 000). Eventually, the ATX tires accounted for more than half of the companys light-truck-tire claims. In spite of all that, the company decided to increase the production of the ATX tires so that its prominence in the claims didnt raise a flag. Even though the executives and managers across the company knew about the consumer claims for reimbursement for damage caused by peeling treads, it didnt trigger alarm bells because the industry uses warranty claims to measure tire performance. On top of that, eight former employees of Bridgestone/Firestone confessed that they used out-of-date rubber stock for their tires; that radial coils were exposed to high humidity from a lack of air conditioning, making it more likely that corrosion would occur on the brass-coated steel in the steel-belted radial tires; and that final inspections were done too quickly. According to the Washington Post, some Decatur employees would engage in practices, such as puncturing bubbles on tires, to cover up flaws on products that should have been scrapped (Grimaldi, 000). As a result, Bridgestone/Firestone didn't confront the tire problems until it was too late. It wasn't until people's lives were lost did they recall 6.5 million tires.

In addition to the manufacturing process differences, there is also a difference in corporate culture between the two companies. Ford Motor Company presents itself as an extremely customer-driven company whereas Bridgestone/Firestone is more company-driven. Ford focuses on measuring customer satisfaction in many ways, including surveying customers about the appeal of their products, their satisfaction with the sales and service experience and the quality of the product throughout the customer's ownership. Studies are done as early as 0 days and as long as four to five years after purchase. These studies enable Ford to build future vehicles to the customers' specifications. Ford also tracks the percentage of first-time and repeat customers each year. Ford Brand sales and service satisfaction continues to improve every month and, so far, both measures are indicating an all-time high.

Bridgestone/Firestone, on the other hand, focuses more on productivity and financial results rather than the customers. The Firestone plant in Decatur, Illinois that manufactured many of the 6.5 million tires recalled was rife with quality control problems, with workers using questionable tactics to speed production and managers giving short shrift to inspections. In order to meet stringent quotas, inspections of finished tires were for 0-0 seconds or often virtually nonexistent. A retired Bridgestone/Firestone employee, Joe Roundtree, stated, "If you got behind on the lines, some of the tires would pass without being inspected" (Grimaldi, 000). Employees also had powerful financial incentives to release botched tires to the motoring public. Quality was definitely being sacrificed for quantity.

On top of that, there is also a distinct difference in the value placed on employees between the two companies. Ford, who operates in a leadership style, realized that in order to be successful in any business, their core assets, their employees, must be taken care of and valued as an important part of the company. So to show part of their appreciation to their employees, Ford has established some programs and strategies that help better the lives of their employees. They have created a program that enhances worklife integration through the Family Service and Learning Centers. More than 00,000 active employees, retirees and their families will benefit from childcare, before- and after-school programs, teen programs and adult and family education classes. A volunteer support network also will allow families to contribute to their communities. With regards to stress, Ford formed a program that made significant efforts to address job-related stress and workload issues. Ford remained committed to the process of feedback, action planning, communication, and management initiatives to reduce levels of stress throughout the year. In addition to employee stress reduction, Ford has also established accountability for health and safety performance. They measure health and safety performance according to several standard indicators including lost time injuries and severity rates. They use indicators of their capacity to manage health and safety effectively to prevent accidents and improve continuously. Through the Ford Production System, they conduct periodic safety and health audits of the management systems and procedures globally.

Besides taking care of the employees, Ford has also empowered its employees by letting them be a part of the company through communication and decision-making. They communicate with their employees through email, intranet and television broadcasts. The managers use a cascading process to share and discuss key decisions and initiatives with all of their employees. They work closely with union leaders to identify and address issues of concern to their hourly workers. They also recognize the need to go beyond communication to true engagement by providing means and opportunities for employees to contribute their views before important choices are made. A process of this type already is in place in Europe where Ford has well-established arrangements for consulting with employee representatives on a wide variety of matters including restructuring.

Bridgestone/Firestone, however, doesn't seem to place significant value on their employees. They operate in a more management style in which they treat their employees as mere workers and not valuable assets. The workers at a Bridgestone/Firestone plant in Decatur, Illinois were on strike during the time many of the 6.5 million tires recalled were made. Labor discord flared at Decatur after Bridgestone/Firestone demanded concessions from the union in 14, including a move from 8-hour work shifts to rotating, 1-hour, day-and-night shifts. When the union struck, the company hired lower-wage replacement workers. The union eventually capitulated in 15, and union members began returning at reduced pay to work 1-hour shifts alongside replacement workers. Besides the long work shifts and low pay, Bridgestone/Firestone employees also worked in poor working conditions where there were high humidity and no air conditioning. Employee empowerment was also unheard of at Bridgestone/Firestone. Employees felt intimidated by management. The intimidation was so overwhelming that the employees felt that they had to do whatever to meet production quotas, even if it meant producing poor quality tires. Rather than encouraging input from their employees, Bridgestone/Firestone management told the employees what to do and how to do it. There is evidence that suggests that the 10's labor dispute and poor working conditions at the Decatur, IL plant contributed to the production of the many defective tires

As a result, because of Ford's superb total quality management, the ,500 6-Sigma projects that they undertook in 001 resulted in customer satisfaction improvements in many vehicle lines and $5 million in cost savings. A recent study done by the National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration showed that not only did Ford have fewer safety recalls than its major competitors, but significantly fewer vehicles were affected. In addition, employee satisfaction is slowly improving. Compared to global blue-chip companies that employ at least 10,000 employees, Ford's favorable ratings continue to exceed similar manufacturing companies, including many of their competitors, by an average of nearly seven percentage points.

Bridgestone/Firestone, on the other hand, suffered tremendously from their poor total quality management. Because of the poor quality of the tires, 148 lives were lost and 55 people have been injured. In addition, they had to spend $750 million in direct costs for the recall and on legal settlements. They also ended up sabotaging a 5-year supplier relationship with Ford, one of their biggest consumers, and they lost confidence from their individual consumers as well. Things had gotten so bad that the company's own public relations agency, Fleishman-Hillard, had to dropped them. A recent CNN.com poll asked, "Would you ever buy a Firestone product again?" More than 6% answered "No" (CNNMONEY, 000). According to Rod Lache, automobile industry analyst at Deutsche Banc Alex, the Firestone brand is damaged beyond repair.

In conclusion, it is obvious here on how important it is to have total quality management in every aspect of your business. Even though implementing a total quality management system is expensive and seeing results is a slow process, in the long run, it is extremely profitable. Ford is an example of how patience is rewarded in the long run with quality products and high customer satisfaction. It was too bad, however, that Bridgestone/Firestone had to learn this the hard way. They had to learn that in order to satisfy external customers, they had to satisfy their internal customers, their employees, and their internal processes. However, by the time they found this out, it was too late. Because of their neglect and out-dated management style, the Firestone brand is forever damaged in they eyes of their consumers.

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Theories of management.

Back in the early part of the 0th century, organisations had very little structure, and the workers simply did tasks the easiest way, and not the most efficient way. Decisions that needed to be made were simply made on guesses or hunches, with no real thought of what would benefit the company and production efficiency.

Now days due to 4 management theories that have evolved over time, organisations usually have a very defined structure, with managers to make all the important decisions. Before these decisions are made, much consideration and thought goes into the matter, and a final decision will be made, and this decision will more than likely be of benefit to the organisation. There are four main principles that have been created, all of which define processes and ways in which decisions can be made. These four principles are Scientific Management, General Administrative, The Quantitative Approach and Organisational behaviour.In 111, Frederick Winslow Taylor published 'Principles of Scientific Management'. These principles, which formed the basis for Scientific Management, uses scientific method to define the best and most efficient way for a job to be done. Taylor was a mechanical engineer, and he was appalled at how slow the workers were. He thought that if the job was done a more efficient way, rather than the easy way it was currently being done, production could quite possibly be increased. This resulted in him publishing the guidelines, in the hope that efficiency of the workers would increase. One flaw with scientific management is that it treats people as machines.

General Administrative management formed from two main peoples ideas. Henri Fayol and Max Weber. Fayol described management as a set of functions, planning, organising. commanding, coordinating, and controlling. Fayol's 14 principles formed the basis for General Administrative. Weber's ideal organisation was one of bureaucracy, where there was a division of labour, a clearly defined hierarchy, detailed rules & regulations and impersonal relationships. Weber regarded rationality, predictability and authoritarianism very highly. These idea's created the basis for many of today's organisations, as most organisations have a clear hierarchy, and some rules. The General Administrative approach however, does inhibit creativity and new ideas.

The Quantitative approach uses statistics, optimisation models, information models and computer simulations in order to make statistically the correct decision. While these tools are often very effective in decision making, managers find it difficult to relate to models and computers, in relation to real life situations. Therefore this approach to management is not the most widely used principle.

Organisational Behaviour is concerned with the actions of people at work. It promotes motivation, leadership, teamwork and conflict management. The Hawthorne studies were extremely important to the ideas behind Organisational behaviour. In 14 a study began of the effect of illumination on the efficiency of workers. Despite varying levels of light, over time production continued to increase. It was found that the behaviour of a person was closely related to their sentiments, and that group influences have a significant effect on an individuals behaviour. Not surprisingly after this was found, a new emphasis was placed on human behaviour in the functioning of a company, resulting in the human relations movement, where people believed very strongly in employee satisfaction.

All of these principles of management are used today to at least some extent, and different organisations use different forms of management. For example Macdonald's uses Scientific management mainly, as each task has a specified procedure, with specific times to cook food. This does however limit the amount of creativity that an individual can put into the job. There is one way of doing things, and one way only, leaving no room at all for creativity and new ideas. Whilst Macdonald's uses mostly scientific management, they also use some of the principles of bureaucracy- they have a defined hierarchy, predictability, and a high level of efficiency. As with Macdonald's, most organisations do not solely use one principle of management, but uses portions of many types in order to run their company efficiently.

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