The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion,

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Islam and Modernization

Assignment no.

The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.

Question a) Give differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.

Buy custom The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam by Babbar Sattar.Question a) Give 3 differences that the author gives between strict constructionists and liberal constructionists in their approach towards interpreting the sacred text.Question d) In your opinion, term paper

Answer a)

One of the main differences the author points out is the fact that the individuals belonging to the orthodox, strict constructionist school, emphasize on the literal translations on the Holy Texts. Their emphasis is on the "literal interpretation and application" of the word of Allah, the Quran, and the Sunnah, the tradition of the Prophet (PBUH).

Individuals part of the liberal constructionist school, on the other hand, emphasize on understanding the deeper meaning of the Holy Texts. According to the author they emphasize to "comprehend the underlying moral philosophy of Islam…" They instead of literal translation and application, look at the Texts in a more contextual sense.

Another difference lies in the debate over the original intent of Allah's commands. The orthodox constructionists believe that all the laws can be derived from the plain meaning of the Holy Text. Even though there are several verses in the Quran which may be contradicting each other, the individuals following this school of thought do little to reconcile such differences, as they believe that all the answers lie in the literal translations.

The liberal constructionists believe that the verses have to be studied with a much more in depth analysis, and they need to be enhanced with the understanding of the society at that time. According to the author, these individuals believe that "the texts do not speak unequivocally…" by this he means that the liberalists are of the opinion that the Quran speaks ambiguously and thus we cannot rely solely on the pure, literal interpretation of the Holy Texts.

Stemming from the same argument, the author points out a third difference. The liberalists, he says, believe in a comprehensive approach to the interpretation of the Texts. They propose to "recontextualize" the Texts. They believe, that in order to make the Word of Allah "…a living guide for contemporary times…" we need to look at the society at the time of the Revelations, and how it applies to us now, in the modern day. According to the liberalists, certain laws were era-specific, and need to be looked at in a different light to make it comprehensive to us now.

The traditionalists strongly believe that Allah's Word holds true, and "…good for all times and milieu." They do not believe that any law is era specific, and therefore there is no need for to recontextualize. Instead, such an approach according to them is un-Islamic. They believe that there should be no "…deviation from the historical understanding and application…" of the Law.

Question c) Give reasons why Babar feels that the 'institution of ulema' is not desirable. How would a traditionalist respond to such criticism?

Answer c)

Babar feels the ulema have been granted a "…monopoly over religious understanding and interpretation…" The author also states the fact that Islam does not allow any form of institution to "…guard or interpret the message of God." This brings us to the first criticism of the ulema. The ulema, is known to pass fatwas or opinions on the subjects of faith and interpretation. According to the author these "self-styled" ulema, do not provide any form of explanation while passing any of their fatwas. Also the authenticity of the verses maybe questioned. These opinions can very easily influence the Muslims to go against the non-Muslims, in the name of Islam. They can then use Islam as a justification for their various violent acts.

In order to rectify this problem, the ulema have been given ultimate authority on the subject of Shariah and the laws derived from it, on the basis of usul-al-Fiqh (principles used to derive Islamic Law from the Shariah.) This authority, though different from the state and Siyasa (policy), helped in reiterating the authority of the rulers by "…producing convenient interpretations in line with state policies." This led to a branching of the Shariah, and thus a potential conflict between the two. This gave the ulema an authoritative role in the process of interpretation, understanding and application of the Holy Texts while allowing the state to legitimize their actions and policies in the name of religion.

This according to the author has ultimately led to the "cognitive decay" of the modern day Islamic societies. This has been due to the vertical authoritative system put forward by the ulema. This resulted in the stifling of the individual intellect, and the individual Muslim no longer held responsibility in understanding the "eternal truth". Thus no matter what the ulema says, their word is taken as the "gospel of truth". As the author states, the Quran emphasizes the subject of individual responsibility and accountability, and the existence of the ulema discourages the very issue.

Therefore, according to the author, the ulema have been a negative influence on the Islamic societies of today. It has failed to make the understanding of Islam and its Holy Texts easier, and has failed to play a horizontal and cooperative role in the law making. It instead is rigid in its stance and questioning the ulema is like questioning the word of Allah.

Traditionalists' main argument is based on verses such as

"…if you do not know, ask the people of religion…" (17)

The "people of religion" is what the ulema claim to be. They feel that they are the most knowledgeable and pious to have authority over interpretations and application over law making from the Holy Texts. They may argue that they can certainly gauge the gravity of the problems faced by the common man, and it is only them who can pass any form of verdict or opinion. They may argue that the modern man is too engrossed in his material problems, that he is incapable of putting in adequate effort and thought to interpret and apply correctly. It is therefore the job of the ulema to play the role of the religious authority. In the end the ulema may also argue that by passing fatwas, and their authoritative role will eradicate all sorts of confusion the modern Muslim is faced with.

Question d) In your opinion, how can the differences between the liberal and traditional school of thought be bridged as regards the vision of Islam for the individual and collective life?

Answer d)

The differences of the two schools of thought, basically stem from one major fundamental difference of the interpretation and thus the application of the Holy Texts, the Quran, the Sunnah and the Shariah, to the lives of the Muslims today.

The traditionalists believe in the literal interpretation and application of the texts. They believe that the Words of Allah, and His Prophet (PBUH), transcend through space and time. They are unchanging, and apply universally despite the differences in the society and the times. They according to Lone, believe in adhering to "…the principle of interpreting Islam without any foreign influence."

The liberalists on the other hand, believe in the fact that some of the commands given by the Almighty were era specific, and thus the Holy Texts should be interpreted through the historic context, and we should reinterpret them to make them applicable today. As Naim in his article 'Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns', says

"The most that shariah could do… in that historical context…"

And again in the following paragraph;

"…shariah…was justified by the historical context, it ceases to be so justified in the present drastically different context."

Therefore this school of thought refuses to "adhere to and apply literal dictates" basing them on historical context. (Babar)

The traditionalists' main argument lies in the fact that Quran is it self explanatory, and if there is a conflict then we may turn to the Sunnah, the sayings of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). As Imam Ibn Taymiyyah mentions in his article 'How Tafseer is Performed';

"…the best way is to explain the Qur'aan through the Qur'aan. For, what the Qur'aan alludes to at one place is explained at the other, and what it says in brief on one occasion is elaborated upon at the other. But if this does not help you, you should turn to the sunnah, because the sunnah explains and elucidates the Qur'aan." (Taymiyyah, 1)

This is further supported by the following verse;

We have sent down to you the book in truth that you may judge between men, as Allaah guides you; so don't be an advocate for those who betray their trust. [Al-Qur'aan, 4105] (Taymiyyah, 1)

Also;

So set your … There is no altering (the laws) of Allahs creation. …" [Surat Al-Rum0] (Idris, 140)

This therefore supports the view of the traditionalists', that we should only look at the Words of Allah and His Prophet's, without any questioning, and that His laws are immutable.

Therefore in a nutshell the main idea behind the disagreement between the two thoughts is whether or not our present day lives and laws should be dealt literally with regard to the Shariah, or whether the Shariah needs to be rebuilt.

Enver Masud in his article 'Shariah or Islamic Law' defines Shariah as;

"... [Islamic jurists] recognized such a conceptual separation and divided the body of Shariah rules into two categories religious observances and worldly matters. The first,... they observed to be beyond the scope of modification. The second [subject to interpretation] covers the following…" (Masud)

According to him the second category involves criminal law, family law and transactions. Therefore I believe that there are certain aspects of the Shariah that have to be followed without questioning. But also on the other hand there are certain aspects such as those regarding to slavery, women's issues and the issue of non-Muslims. (An-Naim)

The traditionalists could argue to Masud's opinion by regarding those who act in such a way, would be bound to engage in secularism. This implies that for them religion is only a matter of private life and discourages any form of religious intervention in our public lives.

This may not hold true, as what the modernists believe is to reinterpret the existing laws so that they can make current laws in accordance with Islamic understanding. The traditionalists in this context should try and look at things more objectively, and should be prepared to listen to the various points of view put forward by other learned and modern scholars. Debate should be welcomed but within certain boundaries so as to reach a proper conclusion as to what and how should the laws and the Texts be applicable today. Also we know that the Prophet advocated the use of our own intellect in matters where the Quran or the Sunnah may not be able to give adequate answers. We also know that the primary sources of law are the Quran and the Sunnah, thus without the interpretation of these, the Muslim community would be a lost soul. It is also true that pure literal translation can not in come subjects stand on its own, for which we do require the Sunnah, and if that is not adequate we need to delve deeper into the meanin and the contexts od the various Texts. We thus come to the subject of Ijma, Qiyas and Ijtehad, which is collective thinking, and debate. This is necessary for the Modern day Muslim, where both the schools need to sit together and realize their differences, their drawbacks, and discuss within the boundaries of the Quran. We obviously cannot change the law according to our whims and fancies, but there are certain aspects which can be delved into so that we may apply it to our modern day problems.

BIBILIOGRAPHY

• An-Naim, Abdullahi Ahmed; "Shariah and Basic Human Rights Concerns." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Idris, Dr. Ja'far Sheikh; "Secularism and Moral Values" Islaam. Rabii Awal17, 140. Gulf Times. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

• Lone, Amar Ellahi; "The Sacred and the Secular." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Masud, Enver; "Shariah or Islamic Law." The Wisdom Fund. Visited on May 1, 00

• Sattar, Babar; "The Challenge of Interpretation in Islam." Reading Package for Islam and Modernization.

• Taymiyyah, Imam Ibn; "How Tafseer is Performed." Islaam 1. Al-Hidaayah. Visited on April 1, 00 www.islaam.com

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Greed in The Rocking Horse Winner

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The Rocking Horse Winner, by D. H. Lawrence is a short story in which money is a symbol of the substitution of love and affection. Lawrence presents an upper class family that is destroyed by greed because they always felt no matter how much money they had, they always needed more. This story is proof that Greed is one of the seven deadly sins.

At the beginning of this story the family did not have enough money to support their opulent lifestyle. D.H. Lawrence illustrates their situation like this â€Although they lived in style they felt always an anxiety in the house. There was never enough money. (p. 406) The family scrambles to pay bills at the end of the month but they keep servants and expensive toys under the tree during Christmas for their three children. An unspoken phrase whispered throughout the house, â€There must be more money! There must be more money! (p. 407) the whispering said. Even though the family had money, they wanted, they needed more.

The obsession of needing more money stems from the mother which has great influence on the whole house, especially her young son, Paul. The character of the other is portrayed negatively, she is not a very loving mother and she had a dysfunctional relationship with her family. She use to think she was lucky until she married her husband. Since her husband didn't have very much money she felt they were unlucky. That is what she told Paul one day when he asked why they didn't have a car of their own. She told him luck was what causes people to have money that she would rather be

lucky that rich. Paul told his mother he was lucky and she paid no attention to him. Her obsession soon became his obsession.

Paul would ride his rocking-horse wildly demanding it to take him to luck. Nobody in the house knew why he rode the horse so furiously but the gardener, Bassett. Paul told Bassett that when he rode his rocking-horse until the end he gets the winning name to the horse races. Paul and the gardener became partners. He picked the horse and Bassett placed the bet. Paul had started out with the five shillings that his uncle Oscar had given him, but his winnings kept adding up. Soon after, Uncle Oscar became partners with Paul and Bassett. When Paul made 10,000 pounds he decided to give his mother 1,000 pounds every year on her birthday for 5 years. Paul didn't want his mother to know he was lucky so his uncle set up the dealing with a lawyer. Paul saw the envelope from the lawyer and asked his mother if she had received anything good in the mail. She said â€Quite moderately nice (p.41) in a cold voice. She liked getting the money, but she wasn't happy, she wanted more.

The same day, she had a meeting with the lawyer who was handling the money. Paul's mother demanded the full sum. Paul agreed, she received the money. The author informs the reader, â€There were certain furnishings, and Paul had a tutor…There were flowers in the winter, and a blossoming of the luxury that Paul's mother had been use to. (p. 414) The money ran out quickly. The voices in the house screamed even more, â€Oh-h-h, there must be more money. Oh, now, now-w! Now-w-w there must be more money-more than ever! (p. 414) The mother had created a vicious cycle. Paul hated that the house was taunting them and his obsession intensified. He rode his horse day and night

searching for the winning horse for the upcoming Derby. He rode himself sick. The winning horse finally came to him, but it was too late. They placed the bet as they always do and he won 80,000 pounds. As Paul lay in his bed looking very frail Bassett told him the news. Paul died. As he lay their breathless all his mother could hear is 80,000 pounds. Right before his death Paul asked his mother if he ever told her he was lucky. Her response was â€No, you never did. (p. 417) But he did tell her that day, if she would have paid attention, would she have stopped him?

People need money to live, and enough to buy the basic goods one need to survive, but everybody wants more money. More money means an easier life. The more money one has, the more money one wants. The family, especially the mother, always wanted more money in the story The Rocking Horse Winner by D.H. Lawrence. The Mother got more money but it was spent quickly and debt haunted the family. In the end the mother received 80,000 pounds but lost her only son. It is a natural thing to wanted money, but the mother took this want to extremes

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More emphasis is needed for the arts in Canada

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In Canada, little emphasis is placed on the arts. The majority of the population takes the arts for granted; but those who embrace them understand their importance within our Canadian culture. People have "multiple-intelligences"; not everyone can describe a scene in words, but instead find it easier to describe the same scene in a drawing or a play. The arts are universal, and should be enjoyed and expressed by all ages, genders, and ethnicities. In addition, artists are not well supported by the government and therefore it is much more difficult to maintain financial security and a good lifestyle. With this in mind, one could argue that in Canada there is not enough public support for the arts.

In Canada the support needed for the arts is quite apparent. Canadians enjoy all types of art; paintings in our museums and art galleries, broadway musicals and the unique sounds from our Canadian musicians and composers. Art has a way to trigger most of our senses and all of our emotions. The success that the art industry has worldwide makes it inconceivable why there is little public support for it in Canada. Not only do artists feel the effects of the lack of public support but also struggle with the lack of government support.

If the government would put more money into Canadian arts, then maybe it would be a more lucrative field for Canadians to venture within. Instead, artists often are forced to find out "blue-collar" jobs to support themselves and earn a proper salary. Individuals should be able to follow their dreams and enter a career that appeals to them. Instead, they are discouraged from doing so. There is a handful of talented artists in Canada who have never pursued their dreams due to a lack of money.

It is very rare to stumble upon a talented Canadian artist, whereas, Americans artists, on the other hand are a dime a dozen. Musicians from Canada most often have American or other foreign contracts, as Canadian contracts are quite difficult to come across. Canadian musicians do not have chance to excel, in their home country, simply because they are not supported financially by the government and therefore are unable to obtain the promotions they need in order to move ahead.

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Without public support, artistic individuals are forced to think in unnatural ways. Everyone's mind works differently. There are those who are easily articulated in their words, and there are others who can only express themselves using sounds, or visuals. For those artistic individuals whose right side of their brain is enhanced, they must learn how to utilize the opposite side of their mind. This is like teaching a right-handed individual to use their left hand. It is an abnormal function for that person. Every entity should be able to perform in an instinctive manner. In Canada, without the public support that the arts needs, many people are pushed into jobs and careers just for the sake of money. Otherwise they will be deemed for failure. With the majority of the population enjoying the arts, it is incomprehensible why there is a lack of support present. Canada should allow every human being a fair and equal chance to meet their goals and follow their dreams.

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ICT IN BUSINESS

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Communication has been made so much easier and efficient due to the introduction of ICT in communication.

ICT can be used in so many different ways in communication, the following are explanations and uses of ICT in communication

Internet

The internet is a vital part of communication of any business, The internet is a link between all computer systems across the world using either a dial up modem or a broadband facility, this is very useful in business as it is but in communications it can be used for email which is basically electronic letters which can be delivered using the internet in a matter of seconds, this can be very useful for ford as it can communicate using this method to anywhere in the world and it will take up very little time and effort. Files can also be attached to the email so ford can send anything across the world using email including designs, spreadsheet files (Accounts) images, any thing can be sent any where across the globe. Email although very time efficient is seen as a informal way of communication and might not be as effective if used in formal circumstances, and as you can not see the person that you are writing to you miss out on at least 50% of his or hers response as Body language is a key part of any communication, this is another negative about email. Email can be used for both internal and external communication but if more commonly used for internal for example emails can be sent to all staff informing them of a meeting or a party etc.

Intranet

The intranet is like the internet but it is more local, it is a network between computers in the same area in a Local Area Network or a Wider Area Network, so it is used as a channel of communication inside the bussiness as only they can access it therefore it is an internal channel of communication. The intranet is a very useful form of communication because as it is not connected to the internet it is completely free. The intranet can be used in many different ways, there maybe a message board where employees can air there views on performance or complaints or anything they wish, this way management get an idea of what employees think and employees feel they have an input in the company and are more motivated. The management could also post sales figures or production figures for the employees to see, So the employees can see if they are performing to their targets.

Video Conferencing

Video Conferencing is a very useful part of ICT, this is where you can contact any one using ICT and you can see them and hear them as you are communicating with them. This can be a very time efficient way of communicating within the business because you can contact any one in the world ad see them face to face and ad body language is a vital part of any communication video conferencing can prove to be a very effective way of communicating. Video conferencing also can save a lot of money in travel for example if a ford director has to meet with a supplier in another country he does not have to travel he can just communicate using video conferencing saving both his time and money.

Ford have realised how important ICT is to the company and the way it communcates so it has invested in a computers for every employee of the company so they can become comuter ilterate, they have also invested time and money in Microsoft's Net Meeting software for Video Conferencing (Article's In Appendix)

There are other ways ford use technology to communicate for example there are electronic information board on the production sites informing employees of targets and units made and any other information that needs to be communicated. There are also TV results which show targets for the month and cascade objectives of the month or show if previous months objectives were met, this can help the employees feel more motivated for the business.

The Communication of the company can be measured by the production sales of the company or the sales figures of the company or for example if there has been a mis communication in the company which has resulted in a loss for the company. For example when in 17 the tyres of ford cars were recalled because they were faulty this is an indication there their was a miscommunication in the ford Production process (Article in Appendix)

.There are also sales figures, which show that in 00 the results of the company in terms of production rose rapidly (Article in Appendix) this can be an indication that the communication had improved in that year compared to the previous year.

A good foundation and channels of communications need to be formed if communication is to be improved in the company.

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Comparison between Aristotle

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NGO CAFE

Ngo Caf was set up because of growing importance of Ngo's and their development throughout the world. Ngo Caf was set up on the Internet, as a meeting place for all Ngo's to discuss, debate and disseminate information on their work, strategies and results.

The basic objectives of the Ngo Caf

1. To assist Ngo's in improving their programmes and activities

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. To effect a better understanding of Ngo's in general

. To help Ngo's network at local and international levels, both horizontally and vertically

Users of Ngo Caf

1. Researchers who study about Ngo's and their role in the society

. Organizations and individuals who interact and collaborate with Ngo's

. The Ngo's themselves

More than 60% to 75% of the users come from categories other than the Ngo's themselves.

Three key challenges that Ngo's face

1. How can Ngo's scale up their programmes and activities, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in order to be able to reach larger numbers of their target groups?

. How can Ngo's mainstream their programmes and activities into overall developmental activities of national governments international organizations?

.How can Ngo's build legitimacy and accountability of their programmes and activities, so as to ensure greater trust and participation?

Ngo Caf Categories

1.Ngo Pigeon Holes- "Ngo Pigeon Holes" contains definitions and descriptions of Ngo's and related organizations

.Kickstart an Ngo-contains strategies, tools, evaluations and other resources for an Ngo. What roles they need to play? What relationships and partnerships need to be developed?

.Ngo Wise Words-Recent international events, particularly those sponsored by the United Nations, have increasingly had "alternate forums" organized for and by Ngo's. "Ngo Wise Words" links users to various such conferences and events, highlighting their growing influence in international policy and programme making

4.Ngo Bungee Jumps-"Ngo Bungee Jumps" provides a listing of links to various online resources on Ngo's and other organizations

5.Ngo Flash-Those are events, news and press items on Ngo's

ROLES OF NGO'S

There is variety of roles that Ngo plays, but those six are considered most important ones

1.DEVELOPMENT and OPERATION of INFRASTUCTURE

An Ngo's that helps building variety of things for people such as houses, infrastructure (and helps maintain them), public toilets and solid waste collection services. They can also develop building material supply centers and community-based economic enterprises.

.SUPPORTING INNOVATION, DEMONSTRATION and PILOT PROJECTS

Ngo's become pilots for the government projects by their ability to act more quickly than the government bureaucracy.

.FACILITATING COMMUNICATION

Ngo's provides government with the information about peoples lives, capabilities, attitudes and cultural characteristics at the local level. Ngo can provide local people with the information what government is planning on doing. Ngo's are also in a unique position to share information horizontally, networking between other organizations doing similar work.

4.TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE and TRAINING

Training institutions and Ngo's can develop a technical assistance and training capacity and use this to assist both Cbo's and governments.

5.RESEARCH, MONITORING and EVALUATION

Activities need to be carefully documented and shared

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Managerial problems - lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally.

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Managerial problems, such as the case study, stem from a range of hidden problems within the company.

These range from lack of company policy, ill communication, lack of knowledge regarding diversity in the workplace, poor training on solving problems rationally. Diversity is a key issue in the ninetys workplace because of the mosaic of people within a broad range of age groups, diverse backgrounds, with different skills, needs and expectations. Fritz, the supervisor had made a personal agreement with Gary regarding working on Saturdays. Fritz recognised the importance of religion to Gary, and that if Gary's need was satisfied ideally his work would be more productive. Gary displayed his commitment to his work by working Saturdays when necessary, as well as his appreciation by offering to work Sundays at Saturday rates. Fritz failed to inform employee relations, and later , Phil, of this agreement. Phil felt his authority was threatened when Gary refused his request to work the following Saturday. Gary, when pushed by Phil, became defensive and not surprisingly refused to work. Suzy was requested to aid in the discussion, but she was not all supportive with the suggestion to fire Gary. This problem may reach its optimal outcome by following a rational problem solving guide as well as investigating how to manage diversity in the workplace.

Workplace diversity is obviously a key issue in this case study. To manage workplace diversity efficiently means creating an inclusive environment that values and utilises the contributions of people of different backgrounds, experiences and perspectives. Diversity relates to a range of variants such as age, gender, ethnicity, religious belief, cultural background, sexual orientation, language and family background. It also incorporates other aspects such as education level, work experience, socio-economic background, personality profile, marital status, geographic location, and whether or not one has carer responsibilities. In reference to the case study this means that the workplace structures, systems and procedures need to assist employees to balance their work and family responsibilities effectively. Vast diversity has produced positive and negative consequences. Diversity sometimes threatens harmony and understanding, as well as co-operation and productivity. However positive results of diversity include increased creativity, enhanced productivity through collaborative problem solving and synergy with multilevel experience sharing. Successful management of diversity in the workplace involves a range of employment practises such as job-sharing, part time work, flexitime and other flexible practices so individuals can manage their family and other commitments alongside their work commitments.

To begin, it is important to seek a plan of action on how to solve the problem. In assessing the problem following Whetten's flowchart, it is a problem able to be solved rationally rather than creatively. The outcomes are predictable, there appears to be sufficient information present and the means-ends connection is relatively clear. Rational problem solving is only useful when the problems are relatively straightforward, alternatives are readily available and when a clear standard of judgement exists against which to judge the correctness of a solution. This falls into the category of "computational problems" of which the main tasks are to gather information, generate alternatives and make an informed choice. However the case study is not strictly a "computational problem", as it involves the complex task of managing diversity.

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The first priority is to define the problem and specify underlying causes. These appear to be Fritz's failure to communicate with the relevant people about his agreement with Gary, resulting in Gary being underpaid for his work on Sundays. Fritz has followed the natural tendency to select the first reasonable solution that comes to mind Whetten citing March and Simon 158). Phil has not acknowledged the importance of religion to Gary. Suzy , as an employee relations officer does not appear to be well trained. Suzy's offering of advice that "we could fire him if we wanted to..." highlights her lack of knowledge in this area. Suzy definitely needs diversity training. Diversity training teaches people to respect and respond to the diverse requirement and needs of different individuals.

It needs to be examined why Gary should be allowed time off for religion. Gary's desire to practise his religion needs to be supported by the company. Hereit (et al. 1715, cited in Fulop 1 84) research in the UK of the ideals that both employees and organisational representatives deemed to be the "organisational obligations." Both the employee and organisational group believed that "Need - allowing time off to meet personal or family needs" are of importance, and had similar statistics of 5.77% and 4.88% respectively. This highlights the need for Gary to practise his religion, which appears to play a large role in his life. It is therefore not surprising that Gary, when questioned by Phil, was not willing to be flexible, nor maintain his commitment about working the following Saturday. This could be described as a "Violation." (Fulop 1; 86 citing Morrison and Robinson 17; 0 -1.) Fulop defines violation as " the emotional or affective state or experience that can also accompany one's belief that there has been a failure by the organisation to fulfil a psychological contract." According to Morrison and Robinson, "violation creates feelings that involve disappointment, frustration and distress stemming from the perceived failure to receive something." It is therefore a high priority that Gary not be left feeling violated, in order to be a productive member of the company.

The consistency of company policy needs to be monitored more closely. Gary had discovered that a relative of the same religion, an executive in the same company had reached some type of agreement to allow him to practise his religion on Saturdays. This agreement had actually been made to make it easier for Gary's uncle to have access to his religion. To Gary it may appear that his Uncle received special treatment because he was an executive, and Gary's desire not treated as important because he is a process engineer.

The second step in rational problem solving is to generate alternative solutions. This would involve a meeting with Phil, Fritz, Gary and Suzy, with ideally all parties suggesting alternatives that are consistent with the goals that Gary still be employed, have access to his religion and complete all work. Short term and long term alternatives must be discussed. It is important to consider that Gary is an inexperienced trainee who currently needs more time for planning. Therefore in the long term will not need as much time for efficient planning and as a result not required to work as much on weekends. However in the short term he will still be required to do so. Although the arrangement will have to allow for both the long and short term solutions.

A solution needs to be evaluated and the alternative selected. Gary needs to practise his religion and should not be disadvantaged because the day of worship is a Saturday. It is important to remember that calendars are based upon the Christian and Catholic religion, which recognises Sunday of a day of rest and worship. Continuing on that note, the company should agree to allow Gary to have the majority of Saturdays off. If he has not completed the planning for the week, he should be given the opportunity to complete it on Sundays. However, if Gary will need the whole weekend to complete his work, if absolutely necessary, Gary will need to work on a Saturday. This should not exceed one Saturday a month, thereby still allowing Gary the majority of Saturdays off. This policy of allowing time off for religious and family needs should be extended for all within the company whether it be executives or process engineers. It is a priority that the company show flexibility for issues of personal importance such as religion. Suzy, in employee relations will need to be informed of the decision in order to use this case as a precedent. She would benefit from more training on diversity and in general improving employee relations. The main effects of this decision may be that Gary works overtime during the week , or harder to complete his planning on time. This could in fact be an incentive. It is to be hoped that Gary will feel pleased with this decision and remain loyal and committed to the company. As a result of these feelings will work obliging on Saturdays when necessary. Phil will perhaps be somewhat annoyed at this decision, but he may need to revise his view of diversity, and policies to ensure a committed and positive workplace. The side effects will be that Gary earns double rates for Sundays rather than one and half rates for Saturdays, therefore earns a higher salary. Another side effect is perhaps more employees will request more leave for religion or family needs. This is part of improving the management of diversity, by acknowledging and accommodating these needs.

The final step in rational problem solving is to implement and follow up on solution. The solution should be discussed with Suzy, Gary, Phil and Fritz.. Fritz has agreed to work the next Saturday , and the solution should be brought in for the following week. Everyone involved should be given opportunities for feedback. Perhaps scheduling a meeting a month later to discuss whether or not the solution is proving effective, and suggestions for any improvements. An improved method of communication, and consistency of company policy should also be investigated. It is a good idea that the company review all of its policies in regard to diversity management. This involves a commitment from top management downwards with a spectrum of initiatives such as diversity training programs, employee support groups, recognising and allowing for family and religious needs, communication standards, and perhaps even a manager accountable for diversity management success within the company.

The management of diversity in the workplace is by no means easy and straight forward. However with communication and understanding diversity can intervene in situations involving potential discrimination, such as the case study of Gary. Gary's need to practise his religion needed to be acknowledged, and his workload flexible to allow him to pursue this whilst still maintaining his commitment to the company. Diversity management involves commitment and support for flexible practices and approaches to working which respond to the various needs of working individuals. It is to be hoped that the solution would serve as an example of recognition and support of diversity. By which it is enabling individuals to make full use of diverse talents, work schedules and experiences they bring with them to the workplace.

Bibliography

1. Australian Public Service Commissioner last updated Feb. 6th, 18.

(http;//www.psc.gov.au/publications8/managingdiversity.htm)

. Balkin, B. And Cardy R. (18) Managing Human Resources (Second Edition) Pittsburgh, USA. Prentice Hall Publishing.

. Cox Jr, Taylor and Beale, Ruby L. (17) Developing Competency to Manage Diversity; Readings, Cases and Activities, Berrett-Koehler Publishers Inc., San Francisco, California. (CASE STUDY)

4. Diane Bailey Associates (DBA), Training Design Consultancy last updated August th, 1. Lancs, England. ( http//www.dba.co.uk/diverse.htm)

5. Fulop, l. Linstead, S. (1) Management, A Critical Text. South Yarra (where is that?), Macmillan Education Australia

6. Module by Ella L. J. Edmonson Bell, Ancona, D. Kochan, T. Scully, M. Van Maanen, J. Dr Westney, E. ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (16) Managing for the Future, Organisational Behaviour and Processes, Managing Cultural Diversity, Ohio, USA, South Western College Publishing - An International Thomson Publishing Co

7. Linstead, S, Grafton Small, R, Jeffcutt, P. (16) Understanding Management, London, Sage Publications Ltd.

8. Kyambalesa, H.(1) Business Innovation and Competitiveness in the Developing World. Aldershot, England, Avebury.

. Sitterly, C. (11) Learning Guide to Accompany Kossen The Human Side to Organisations, New York, HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

10. Smith, B.(Ed) (1) Management Development in Australia, Marrackville NSW, Harcourt Brace Jonavich Group Pty Ltd.

11. Whetten, D. Cameron, K. (11) Developing Management Skills (Second Edition)New York, HarperCollins Publishers Inc.

1. Australian Public Service Commissioner last updated Feb. 6th, 18.

(http;//www.psc.gov.au/publications8/managingdiversity.htm)

1. Worthington, L. "Workplace Diversity" last updated 18th Jan, 1.

"http;//www.lworthington.com/managemnt/wpdurst.htm

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Lord of flies

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LORD OF THE FLIES/RITE OF PASSAGE

Section 1-Theme

Lord of the flies, written by William Golding, is a suspenseful and entertaining novel that relates a lot with the book that I've read called Rite of Passage by Richard Wright. Both of their contents compare to each other in many cases. On keeping with several of Wrights black hero's, Johnny is jolted out of his innocence into the stark realization of the world as a hostile place, when he escapes from home, and is on his own. This theme in the novel is extremely similar to the theme in Lord of the Flies, when a group of boys get violent on an island where no adults live. They both revolve around the theme of evil. Such as in both, the main characters/ character loose their innocence during the entrance to reality in the world and what it's all about. The difference although is the fact that a part of Rite of Passage deals with racism as its form of evil, whereas in Lord of the Flies, it's more about power or survival of the fittest and violence. "Somehow it feels better" Skinkie one of the black kids in Rite of passage said . When he spoke those words he was answering Johnny, the main characters question about mugging white people rather than black. "But the island was scorched up like dead wood-Simon was dead.." We see here, that at the end of the book, evil shows itself, as the way the boys finally leave the island.

Section -Development

Cheap University Papers on lord of flies

As said in section 1, evil, taking part as the theme in both of the novels, compare and contrast to each other in both of the books. A good way, in which I am able to explain this, is through two literary elements, such as character and setting. I've decided to chose Jack Merridew as my character from Lord of the Flies and Johnny Gibbs as the character in Rite of Passage. Jack Merridew is known as the chief of the leader on the island. Jack compares to Johnny in some ways but not all. Jack is described by Golding as tall, thin, and bony; and his hair was red beneath the black cap. His face was crumpled and freckled, and ugly without silliness. Out of this face stared two light blue eyes, frustrated now, and turning, or ready to turn, to anger. Jack is the leading advocate of anarchy on the island. Jack is the leader of the savage tribe which hunts the pigs. He supports the notion that one's desires are most important and should be followed, regardless of reason or morals. Jack is the kind of person which Golding believed everyone would eventually become if left alone to set one's own standards and live the way one naturally wanted. Golding believed that the natural state of humans is chaos and that man is inherently evil. When reason is abandoned, only the strong survive. Jack personifies this idea perfectly. He is domineering and lacks restraint at times. He does have leadership; it's almost as if he is "power hungry". The conflict that arises between Jack, is with another character named Ralph, about who will be leader. Id say that in my opinion Jack is a dynamic character because the seeds of evil were always there to begin with. Even though he does in fact become as one would say "eviler", this is only but in degree not in kind. As for Jack's credibility, he could easily represent what a person could really be like. It's very credible for everyone to become savage, especially when freedom comes around.

Johnny Gibbs, is a 15 year old boy, he is black skinned, does well in school and is very well behaved. He is found to be a "good and happy boy" according to Wright. But this was only at the beginning, before Johnny had learned what was really out there, in the open world, where he was all alone. "The world was rosy and happy" Indeed, it was until the loss of his innocence while he lived on the streets after running away from home. This for one is something that compares to Lord of the Flies, when the boys received their freedom on the island. There are a couple of conflicts in this book, but the one that is most important to me would probably be the conflict between Johnny and himself. Whether or not he should let himself go and become some one else, whether or not he should let his evil take over and whether or not he should join some street friends and their acts of mugging and stealing In order to survive on the streets. This certainly contrasts with the conflicts in Lord of the Flies, where the conflict is mainly all the time between boys and their abuse with each other whether emotionally or physically. In my opinion, in contrast as well to Lord of the Flies, Johnny upholds a trait of being a static character. In the beginning of the book Johnny was in fact opposite what he had become in the end. Although evil lurks in every one of us from scratch, the change was so drastic that it makes us think this way about him. Finally, Johnny, in comparison with Jack, is also a credible character because this is something that can for sure happen in real life. Kid leaves home, lives on the street, and isn't sheltered anymore. The environment he is now in is going to change him. This happens in every day life, in the past in the present and will most likely happen as well in the future.

Secondly, the setting of any book is certainly very important. It makes us more involved in the book, as well as more aware of what's happening. It makes us feel like we are inside the book and it expands our imagination.

The setting in Lord of the Flies, of when the boys first arrived on the island, is a beautiful place, a paradise… that gave us the impression of silence, and peace. Just like in the beginning of Rite of Passage, When Wright says "About him the boys and girls whistled, jumping Jupiter, he was free till Monday" happy atmosphere equals enjoyable plot. Although later on in the book Lord of the Flies, Golding's whole "paradise" idea, gets destroyed into a disgusting a horrible dirty atmosphere. That was when things started to get worse and worse. "Then the clouds opened and let down the rain like a waterfall. The water bounded from the mountain top, tore leaves and branches from trees, poured like cold water over the struggling heap on the sand" This stormy weather was only a bit before the killing of Simon occurred. It is warning us and letting us know that something bad is going to happen.

Section -

As I finalize this report, I would like to say that I definitely found Goldings concept of evil more convincing, because in his novel its shows gradual change as the evil gets worse and worse until some body actually dies. Where as in Rite of Passage, the concept of evil is shown in a less obvious way such as racism on the streets, and stealing money or mugging people. Evil, in Lord of Flies is shown through out the who time, whether through emotional abuse , physical abuse or just violence. "Maybe it's just us.." one of the boys said. He was surely right. It was only them. It was them without rules.

After reading that book we should all be able to realize that with out rules and laws the evil inside all of us is bound to come out, the temptation is just too strong.

Please note that this sample paper on lord of flies is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on lord of flies, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on lord of flies will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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