Social thinking

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Within the social sciences there exists a common subject that links the various disciplines together. That is the scientific study of pattern and diversity in human adaptive behavior. Pattern and diversity distinguishes humans from all other living things, but does not make us unique or better. This adaptive behavior is locally patterned and globally diverse. Although it is genetically transmittable, learned behavior is not. Anthropology is the scientific study of human beings from a biological, social and humanistic perspective. Sociology is the scientific study of social relations or group life of a society. These two disciplines have similar ideas in their practices of material field and conceptions. They also have differences in their forms of methodologies.

There are four basic elements that are used in studying a discipline. They are conception, material field, methodologies, and subject-matter claims. Conceptions create images for structure and dynamics underlying observable phenomena. A disciplines material field is the common-sense principality of objects and events that the discipline studies. Methodologies establish images of safe procedure and a clear conclusion by which a material field may be understood. Methodologies prescribe specific methods for collecting data that are used to evaluate a discipline's conception. Subject matter claims are highly selective pictures of its material field that are made from inferences drawn out of individual methodological rules for the purpose of evaluating particular conceptions.

Eleanor Smith Bowens book, Return to Laughter takes a fictional approach to her study of the Tiv culture. She is an Anthropologist who examines the rules of right behavior as functions in the Tiv culture of West Africa. The material field of Bowens anthropological study is observing the Tiv peoples pattern of behavior in their everyday life. Some limitations to anthropology are that descriptions of the rules are reached with biased emotions, and you cant do controlled experiments because it is real life. When anthropologists are participating with members of the culture, their own views and opinions become obstacles that get in the way of being objective. The conceptions (or culture) are learned through the rules of right behavior. An example of a rule of right behavior in the Tiv culture was laughing at disabled people. That behavior was extremely appalling to Bowen yet, it is a behavior that was acceptable in the Tiv culture. This is an example of how thick culture really does cut. Bowen learned the patterns of the Tiv people by using the methodology of participant observation. In order to thoroughly understand the culture and its people, Bowen had to assume the role of every possible member in society. She was her own best instrumental tool. In being assigned different names by the tribe, she was able to see what is expected from people of different social positions. As well as how the Tiv people interact with and treat individuals from different social positions. In making inferences from her experiences, Bowen arrived to her subject matter claims that the Tiv cultures focal point was witchcraft. The other was that older is more powerful and that power was cast in the male kindred line. It was a way of explaining the unexplained to the Tiv. It gave the Tiv a sense of hope and control, which showed they seriously, believed thats the way it is; things happen for a reason. Bowen, in her study, was practicing normal science. She did not seem to be very innovative in her methods.

Peter Berger examines sociology and social structure in his book Invitation to Sociology. Sociologists study the functions of a population that function by specialization, and categorize members into groups that accomplish tasks in society. The material field is the study of a large population of people. This structure of society is thought to be an instrument of human adaptive behavior. The things that make up this structure must be different. Throughout history, structure endures a cycle of repetition. Roles are designed to establish social structure. The role provides a pattern to which the individual acts in a particular situation. Sociologys conceptions is composed of a collection of like beings of the same kind, whose members live in a high state of interdependency, and who appear to be bent on enduring over time. Members of society find it necessary to seek the behaviors of others in order to satisfy their own wants and needs. They are not able to satisfy these needs on there own as individuals. In order for interdependency to work, it is important for members not to be carbon copies of each other. The limitations of sociology is that interdependency appears to relinquish freedom of choice. However, if freedom of choice were to be utilized by everyone the social system would break down. The methodologies used to study populations are survey research and experiments. This type of methodology can be difficult because it is impossible for every person within the population to be surveyed. Therefore, it is hard to be certain that it is an accurate demographic representation of the large society. The information collected from the surveys and experiments are formulated as the final outcome for the subject matter claims.

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Anthropological and sociological sciences share similarities regarding material field and conceptions. The material field is objects and events that the discipline studies. An example of material field in anthropology was the small group of Tiv people that Bowen observed. The material field for sociology is a study of a large population. Conceptions in the study of anthropology consist of culture, which is the set of rules of right behavior that is shared by the people under study. These rules are shared and transmitted over generations. In sociology conceptions include a population in a high state of interdependency, which is built on trust. These studies involve examining people functioning in social systems, with an emphasis on external differentiation.

Anthropology and sociology have differences in the forms of methodologies.

Methodologies are specific methods for gathering data that can be used to evaluate conceptions of a discipline. Anthropologys method of study is participant observation. The anthropologist observes a culture by participating as a member. Sociology utilizes survey research as a preferred methodology. This type of research includes questionnaires that are administered to carefully selected samples in the society under research.

The social sciences consist of different disciplines in which each studies certain aspects of the human adaptive behavior. Each discipline is geared to look at the pattern and diversity of humans in different ways, by asking different questions and using different material fields and methods. The conceptions, material field, methodologies and subject matter claims help to formulate scientific information as well as ideologies of human adaptive behavior. As has been shown, anthropology and sociology contain similarities as well as differences in their practices.

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Tuckets Home

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I. Title Tucket's Home

Author Gary Paulsen

II. Important Characters

Francis Tucket Francis was the main character. He was trying to find his family that he got lost from many years earlier. He had a rifle, which he never lets out of his sight.

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Billy & Lottie Billy and Lottie lost both of their parents to a disease. First their mom and then Francis found them when they lost their dad and they have been friends since.

III. Summary

This story is about a boy who is trying to find his long, lost parents. Along the way, he finds two kids name Lottie and Billy, who also lost their parents to a disease. Lottie and Billy are now helping Francis to find his parents and his way home.

In the story, Francis was watching a herd of buffalo waiting for Lottie and Billy to get ready for breakfast. Lottie was watching the horse graze and Billy was making a bow and arrows he learned how to make from the Indians. A little later, they went to shoot a buffalo for food. Once Francis was about to shoot, all the buffalo started to drop. Someone else was shooting the buffalo.

After the shooting was over, the people that were shooting came out and so did Francis to meet them. The man's name was Bentley from England. That night, Bentley asked them to stay for dinner; they were having buffalo tongue. Francis said they have to move on. Lottie wanted to stay. She didn't want the tongue, but she though Bentley talked pretty. Francis had a feeling that Bentley would get into a lot of trouble.

The next night, he spotted Bentley's campsite. Francis was watching him from a bush the whole night. He then saw a shadow that should not be there and soon there was more and before you knew it, Bentley and his gang were all dead. The Indians chopped them to pieces.

Francis could not believe it, but he had to move fast before the Indians found them. He woke Billy and Lottie up and rode away. They went on for days and days and one day they met their old friend Grimes who had save them from the Comancheros, an Indian Tribe. There was a big cloud of dust coming their way and they knew it was the Indians. Grimes told them to go through a hidden passage in the mountains. Francis didn't want to go but left anyway.

Halfway to the mountain, they turned back. When they got there, all the Indians were dead and Grimes was badly hurt. After a few minutes, he couldn't handle the pain and was dead.

That night while Billy and Lottie were sleeping, Francis was sitting by the fire thinking about Grimes when all of the sudden Grimes came over and sat next to him. When Francis saw him, he jumped and knows it was a ghost. Grimes said to him "It is all right." Grimes then stood up and walked away. Francis didn't know what that meant. He told Billy and Lottie the next morning.

That day they met a man named Orson and his friends. Francis went with them until they came to an Indian village that had a funny language, but they learned some of it. The Indians told them the river they were going to go down would wreck their ships. Francis, Lottie, and Billy traveled on, passing every town asking around if they knew where the Tuckets' lived. One day, they came to a farm and Francis was home.

IV. Evaluation and Favorite Part

I liked this book because it is a cool adventure. I like how the characters are kids and can do almost anything. Even though they are kids, they know how to live on their own and hunt and look out for Indians.

My favorite part is when Francis finds his home because his dad does not recognize him at first. When he does recognize him, he cannot believe it. Lottie and Billy also get a home because they got to live with Francis' neighbor, a lady who lived over the hill from Francis' house.

Please note that this sample paper on Tuckets Home is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Tuckets Home, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom research papers on Tuckets Home will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention

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The Ineffectiveness of Gun Control Laws on Crime Prevention

What effect do gun control laws have on crime prevention and on reducing crime in the United States? Gun control laws do serve a purpose, but gun restriction laws do not prevent crime, but rather entice criminals to continue with their illegal ways. The major problem is that it is easier and faster to illegally purchase a handgun than it is to legally. Additionally, in cities where it is illegal in any way for a citizen to own a handgun, crime rates are higher. This is because criminals know that the majority of homes and people are not protected except through the police. A great example of this can be found by comparing Chicago and New York City. Chicago's homicide rates are not going down as compared with the rest of the country. However, in New York City, where it is legal to carry handguns with a permit, the rates have plummeted over the past decade. In Chicago there is no concealed carry whatsoever.

To look at an example of how proper enforcement of current gun control laws and more productive policing techniques have dropped the homicide rate, one only needs to look at New York City. The homicide rate fell from over 000 in the early 10's to just over 600 in recent years. In 001, Chicago had more homicides than any other city or metropolitan area in the country. In Texas, where it is also legal to carry concealed weapons, there were 116 counties that had a zero murder rate! We see that states that have shall-issue permits for handguns have on average a greater drop in homicides than the rest of the country.

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Not only do we see the laws in this country having a varying effect on crime deterrence, but also when we look at other countries the results are astonishing. On September rd of this year, the mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, said "I do feel safe in London, but I don't feel as safe as I did when I went to New York, I want to be back to something more like I grew up with. We have lost the visible (police) presence on the streets." Although this does not directly have correlation with gun control, it shows that other measures besides gun control have a much more greater effect on crime deterrence.

Since it can be proven that gun control does not have a great effect on preventing crime, especially when comparing these statutes with other policing techniques, I am curious as to why more alternative measures have not been implemented. It concerns me that the public and the government should be so focused on only one element to prevent and deter crime. Perhaps if more attention was focused on these alternative measures, we would see greater results.

"Hot" home invasions, or burglaries that occur when the home is occupied are six times greater in Europe and over times greater in Canada than in the US. When asked about this, criminals in the United States say their primary fear during a robbery is being shot or attacked by the home occupant. In Britain, criminals do not have this fear, for the only citizens with firearms in the home are criminals. If the level of home invasions rose from current American levels to Canadian levels, based on the percentages there would be over 500,000 more assaults every year. This number alone would raise violent crime rate by almost 10%! (Bender 1) Most people would say that 500,000 violent assaults are a not a good replacement for the more than 15,5 homicides that occurred in the United States in 18, and most of these homicides would probably still occur even if firearms were banned. If the percentages were compared with Great Britain, there would be over 1 million more assaults! Personally, it troubles me that some people would suggest banging firearms and preventing some murders in exchange for a massive amount of violent crime. It is ludicrous to suggest replacing one type of violent crime for many more of another.

Now, one can argue that comparing two different countries is fatally flawed, and I agree to some extent that it is. If one wanted to look at examples in our own country, we only need to look to the town of Kennesaw, Georgia. This community passed an ordinance in 18 that required every household to own a firearm, save criminals and conscientious objectors. There were 45 burglaries in the seven months before the ordinance was passed. Seven months after the law, there were only five residences burglarized, and no firearm related accidents. In the next five years, Kennesaw saw an 85% decrease in burglaries as compared to before the ordinance. (Bender 15) The most reasonable explanation for this huge drop in residential crime is that burglars feared getting shot. This is a reasonable explanation, since one in 1 burglars are shot while committing their crime. Looking at these facts, one can see that the exact opposite of gun control has a greater effect of preventing crime.

We can also take the Kennesaw example and apply it to gun ownership outside the home. We could hypothesize that in one area where more people are likely to carry a concealed weapon, the crime rate would go down. When one looks at the evidence however, it is no longer an assumption or hypothesis, but a fact. A study published in 17 that used data from every single U.S. County found that on average, concealed carry laws reduced homicides by 8.5%, rape by 5%, and severe assaults by 7%. (Bender )

One of the main arguments touted by the anti-gun lobby is that guns simply cause more crime, and do not deter it in any way, shape, or form. The facts listed above throw that claim right out the window. Another argument is that more guns in the home will lead to more accidents. My challenge to that is that all gun accidents can be prevented through firearm education. In jurisdictions where firearm training is required for gun ownership or carrying, we see the number of accidents drop sharply. Although there are no current laws that require families of gun owners to undergo firearms training, we see that youth who undergo training have far less gun accidents.

Liberal promoters have suggested that mandatory sex will reduce sex crime, unwanted pregnancies, and has other benefits for all Americans. Since the left is adamant that mandatory sexual education is beneficial, wouldn't the left and anti-gun supporters agree that mandatory firearm education would be beneficial and reduce firearm crime and accidents? Many anti-gun activists quote a study that says handguns are more 4 times more likely to injure a family member than a criminal. This study is inherently flawed because only 4 deaths were used for the study, and 7 of those deaths were suicides. (Kellerman 14) Additionally, The rate of gun accidents is so low the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission doesnt even mention them in their annual safety reports. I find such studies that limit their scope to be extremely irresponsible, especially when much more information is easily accessible.

Let's talk about some of the gun laws we have and how they are ineffective. California has a trigger lock law and saw a 1% increase in fatal firearm accidents in 14.

Texas doesnt have one and experienced a 8% decrease in the same year. (NCHS '5) Trigger-locks do, however, render guns inaccessible immediately for self-defense. Additionally young children, sometimes as young as seven years old have demonstrated that they can operate a gun with trigger locks by either breaking or picking the lock. (GAO /11) In 16 there were only 44 accidental gun deaths involving children under the age of 10. That's less than 0.0001% of all guns in the United States. According the Washington Post, 1 out of trigger locks can be easily picked with tweezers or a paper clip. (W. Post, /7/1) When I think about this, I find myself going back to the education question. Why would you need gunlocks if your family has been properly education about firearms?

In 18 President Clinton placed an import ban on 58 different firearms. When he did so, he claimed that banning all these "military type assault rifles" would lead to a great reduction in crime. What his administration failed to inform the American public of was that these specific firearms were rarely ever used in crimes and that you could still buy extremely similar models made in the United States. Additionally, all these firearms were semiautomatic, meaning you had the pull the trigger every time you wanted to fire a round. By definition, an assault rifle is an automatic. Some people have recently brought up banning the type of weapon the Washington snipers used. This weapon, an AR-15 variant, was a semi-automatic rifle, and they did not fire at long ranges like a "sniper" would, but rather usually less than 75 yards. These people were not snipers, but rather deranged criminals. Other rifles that anti-gun promoters want banned are .50 caliber rifles. Their claim is that they inflict an unnecessary amount of damage to a victim or target. However, they overlook the fact that .50 caliber rifles have been used less than 0 times for a criminal activity. The fact is they are simply too expensive for most homicidal criminals to own, and are extremely hard to operate without proper military or police training. I have used such a rifle myself and can attest to this fact.

John Lott notes that according to the ATF, the guns banned by President Clinton are difficult to convert to automatic fire and that only a gunsmith with high-precision equipment can do this. This is of course beyond the point that this is a time consuming and expensive process, not to mention illegal. Additionally, as I will note below, it is much easier for someone to obtain a fully automatic weapon illegally.

A very disturbing trend is the fact that it is now easier to get a firearm illegally than it is to obtain one legally. In 16 over ,000 Chinese AK-47s were seized in Long beach, CA. The source? A Chinese corporation known for global arms shipments. The U.S. Customs service does not deny that a lot more illegal firearms get through than those that are caught. If this is true, than there are a lot of illegal guns being imported into this country. What good are gun bans if firearms are still going to get into this country? Dogs can sniff out drugs and/or bombs, but not guns. Personally, I'm greatly concerned when I hear about illegal importation. If these guns were legalized, it would stand to reason that the government would have a greater idea about who has these types of firearms than they do now!

Instead of trying to put more gun control laws on the books, how about enforcing the laws we currently have? According to mayor Ed Rendell of Philadelphia, the average prison sentence for gun violations is 4 months. Federal guidelines suggest at least 5 months in prison. It is my belief that incarcerating these felons for longer periods of time will save lives, save carnage, and save people from fear. From 160-180, per capita imprisonment for violent crimes fell from 78 to 7. In the same period, violent crime rates nationwide tripled. In both 17 and 18 the Clinton administration only prosecuted 4 people for assault weapon violations. (Heston 5) About 6,000 children were caught with guns at school in 17 and 18. Out of these, 1 were federally prosecuted. (Price, A) If you could only see the look on my face when I heard this statistic. What good are gun laws if they're not enforced!

Project Exile, which is the fierce prosecution of federal firearm laws, has cut the crime rates drastically wherever it's been implemented. According to Virginia state authorities, "more than 00 armed criminals have been removed from Richmonds streets, one violent gang responsible for many murders has been destroyed, and the rate of gun carrying by criminals has been cut nearly in half." The only people who have complained about project exile are criminals themselves, and leftists who believe the cost and expenditure to keep these criminals in prison is too much. Can the government put a price on life and liberty?

What about the number of homicides and non-natural deaths that are have no connection to firearms? In 17 only 68% of all homicides in the U.S. were committed using firearms. That's 10,6 people in 17. More people died from accidental poisoning. More people died from simply falling. Over four times that amount died in an automobile. In 15 there were 5 fatal firearm accidents for 15-1 year olds. In 16 there were 6,1 automobile fatalities for that age group. Does this mean auto manufacturers can be sued since they obviously make defective products that are simply deathtraps? Common sense says no, and it should also say no when debating suing gun manufacturers.

Chicago is one of these cities that entered a civil suit against gun manufacturers. So is Washington D.C. These lawsuits were summarily thrown out of court. Both of these cities have a virtual ban on handguns. Both of these cities have extremely high crime rates. Washington D.C. passed a ban on handguns in 176. Between 176 and 11, Washington D.C.s homicide rate rose 00%, while the U.S. rate rose 1%. (Kates 1) Chicago currently has the most homicides in the nation. It doesn't take a genius here to see that there is a correlation between handgun bans and rising crime rates.

Furthermore, there are many other laws that have little or effect whatsoever on reducing crime. John Lotts crime study found mixed results regarding the adoption of waiting periods. The data he collected shows no overall beneficial effect on violent crime rates. There are instances where enraged people go out and buy a gun and quickly proceed to commit a crime with it. There are also additional instances where people attempt to purchase a firearm for self-protection because they have been threatened, and are murdered during a waiting period. (Lott 11)

Incidentally, a few states ban a certain Glock handgun, because it has a plastic polymer frame. Proponents of control against this gun will not tell you that it is over 8% metal, cannot escape metal detection, and is often used by law enforcement agencies because of the low weight. There is no such thing as an undetectable gun. Until some new material is radically discovered, it goes against simple laws of physics. Guns require metal.

When used in a defensive purpose, gun owners accidentally kill innocents about % of the time. Everybody agrees that this number is unacceptable, that there should be a 0% margin of error. Police officers routinely accidentally kill innocents about 11% of the time. (Cramer) Which number is more acceptable?

To sum up everything, one can easily see that jurisdictions with concealed carry statutes tend to have less violent crime. I have shown how without firearms in the home, residences are "hot" burglarized at an enormous rate. I have shown, that in a municipality where it is known that almost everybody has a gun, the total crime rate drops overnight and is reduced to a very manageable amount. I believe I have shown how education could help with accident prevention, as opposed to stricter, non-enforced laws. There is proof on this paper that the laws are not being enforced nearly as well as they should, and this causes more crime? What happens when you slap a criminal on the wrist? It lets other criminals know they can get away with firearm violations.

One can clearly see that illegal firearms are getting into this country. How can one pass more laws to prevent this? They can't, only more enforcement of current laws will prevent the spread of illegal weapons. As previously stated, during the past decade firearm offenses have been prosecuted less and less, while advocates are screaming for more laws. What's the point without enforcement? Wholly one-third of homicides are not caused by firearms. Will the other two-thirds that are caused by firearms magically disappear? What about people who would like to see all guns off the streets. You can stop legal sales and manufacture easily enough, however it doesn't take a genius to know criminals will hold on to their guns, while law abiding citizens who have registered their guns will be forced to give them up, and it could cost billions to do so. The government legally has to fairly compensate gun owners if they take their guns away, which could mean chaos to the national budget.

So long as people are smart about firearms, they won't hurt anyone. Unfortunately, not everybody is as smart as we would like them to be, so people must be prepared to defend themselves.

Works Cited

In Text

Bender, David L. Guns and Crime. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 000. 1-18.

Bender, David L. Guns and Crime. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 000. -.

Arthur L. Kellerman, Protection or Peril? An Analysis of Firearm-Related Deaths in the Home, 14 New Eng. J. Med. 1557-60 186

National Center for Health Statistics, 15

General Accounting Office, "Accidental Shootings many deaths and injuries caused by firearms could be

prevented," United States General Accounting Office, March 11.

Washington Post, Feb 7, 001, Page A01

Heston, Charlton. Truth and Consequences. 1.

Price, George Howard. Governor sees charges against killers' moms, dads. The Washington Times, April 6, 1.

Kates, Don B., and Gary Kleck. Armed. Amherst, NY Prometheus Books, 001. 1-60

7 - Lott, John R. Jr. More Guns, Less Crime. The University of Chicago Press, 18. Pages 1, 11, 4

Cramer C and Kopel D. Shall Issue The New Wave of Concealed Handgun Permit Laws. Golden CO

Independence Institute Issue Paper. October 17, 14.

Other Readings

Nisbet, Lee. The Gun Control Debate. Buffalo, NY Prometheus Books, 10. 1-41.

Bender, David L., and Bruno Leone. Gun Control. Sandiego, CA Greenhaven P, 17. 1-185.

DeConde, Alexander. Gun Violence in America. Boston, Ma Northeastern UP, 001. 1-40.

Klier, Barbara . Gun Control. Wylie, Tx Information Plus, 1. 1-171.

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Document Response to Federalist Number 10.Madison's reasoning in choosing a governing system for the Union of States

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In this document Madison is proposing the establishment of a republic in the form of The Union of The States. He states a variety of reasons why he has come to the conclusion that this will be the most functional type of government for their specific situation at that time. This essay will outline his reasons for his decision and an explanation of his concerns as he sees them.

In this brief he considers what he feels is the primary danger facing a government as it is developed and functions and how this danger can be best managed and controlled to avoid conflict and breakdown of the system. His main concern is the danger of the development of factions within a new governing system and their influence on the government. By faction he means "a number of citizens, whether amounting to a majority or a minority of the whole, who are united and actuated by some common impulse of passion, or of interest, adverse to the rights of other citizens, or to the permanent and aggregate interests of the community". The danger of a faction is that it might not be a representation of the entire community and therefore, not in its best interests. As Madison sees it, if you have a system that encourages and allows for liberty, you will always have factions, because when opinions are allowed, as in liberty, it follows that factions will develop. Because of the nature of people and their need to state their opinions, factions will always form as those of similar opinions group together to make themselves heard. Madison writes that "the most common and durable source of factions has been the various and unequal distribution of property". Because there are those who have, and those who don't have ownership of property, the interests of these groups will always be opposing ones. It is for that reason up to the government to regulate these groups of different interests, and maintain a balanced order.

As Madison states, it is necessary to reduce negative externalities by controlling its effects. "The inference to which we are brought is that the CAUSES of faction cannot be removed, and that relief is only to be sought in the means of controlling its EFFECTS".

If a faction is a minority then it can be voted out by majority group and be controlled in such a way. However if a majority prevails then a faction will rule over the public good and rights and needs to be controlled in a different way. Madison writes that you can solve this problem in two ways you either prevent the majority from forming or split up the faction, so it cannot go into effect. He feels that pure democracy won't be applicable because it will promote factions to form because that is the nature of a democracy. Everyone can voice their ideas and work to promote them. Because people are not equal in their possessions, opinions and passions, and because of that cannot be equal in their political rights, a true democracy is not possible as a governing system for their particular situation at that time.

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Madison for that reason decides that a Republic will provide the best method for government of The Union of The States. By examining the role of a republic government and comparing it to that of a democracy, he points out that it is more effective to manage through a group of representatives of the people, chosen by the people, as in a republic, than by allowing everybody a voice, as in a democracy. He then considers what will be more functional, one large republic, or a number of small ones. His answer is that the representatives chosen by a large group of people to be their voice will be more likely to be true to their choices than those of a small group. As a result Madison feels that a certain number of elected representatives can make up an effective government that will represent the public in a large republic, and can better manage to avoid the infighting and oppression of factions that would occur in a democracy or in a number of small republics. Factions might cause some disturbance in their own states, but in the total number of states of the larger republic, be outnumbered and over ruled, allowing for stability to the overall Union of the States.

It is for these reasons, his fear of factions causing disruptions to the government of the states in various forms of government, that Madison has concluded that the best system of government is a Republic of the Union of the States.

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Shay's Rebellion

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We, the people of Massachusetts, are in an uprising. I think that this upheaval is very necessary, and I support it to the fullest. Shay's Rebellion is a crisis that has occurred in Massachusetts that should enhance the support of the Nationalists' cause. This rebellion is the result of excessive land taxation, high legal costs, and economic depression that came after the American Revolution. As citizens of Massachusetts and America, we must think of solutions to the problems that we are facing today.

Years have passed and the American Revolutionary War is over. True enough, the war may be over but like always where one problem ends, another begins. The merchants and wealthy people who loaned money to the states now want their money back. They are forcing the bankrupt states to pass high taxes in order to collect the money to pay off the debts. Legislators here in Massachusetts have now passed the heaviest direct tax ever. The he tax has to be paid in specie, rather than paper money. Specie is far more scarce and worth much more than paper money. The insurgents are mainly poor farmers that are being threatened with loss of their property and imprisonment for debt. The rich are not affected by this tax much. They are the beneficiaries of this tax. I feel as though everyone should be treated equally. The amount of the tax should be based on how much land you own, and the legislators should accept whatever kind of money that the taxpayers have. This is only one of the injustices that people like me are being faced with. I strongly oppose the high land taxation along with the other unfairness that we are facing.

There are certain things in life that should cost very little or nothing at all. It is ridiculous when people have to pay to protect themselves. We are living in what is supposed to be a democratic republic. Legal costs are extremely expensive. We are supposed to be free and independent. It does not seem that way when we have to pay to be treated fairly and equally. We have forced courts to close, due to rejection of our petitions and public meetings. Because we are not focused as a people, we are divided. We will never again be content if we remain economically, politically, and socially divided and depressed.

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As a state, we are in economic depression. The citizens of Massachusetts have been hit with an incredible economic blow. We are in debt. No one group of people should have to deal with the consequences of the whole country's mistakes. The whole country made the decision; therefore, the country as a whole should endure the consequences. During the war, prices were extremely high. Prices are extremely high. Inflation has reduced our ability to buy goods. The price of a bushel of corn has risen from less than a dollar to almost eighty dollars. This is bizarre and intolerable. I will not stand for it. This is a prime example of the causes and need for this rebellion.

I would personally like to thank Mr. Daniel Shays for taking the initiative to finally speak up and protest these ludicrous punishments that the citizens of Massachusetts are being faced with. We are not responsible for this war and its effects. It seems as though the legislators would like to make the impoverished states pay off their debts. It is simply inequitable and unbearable. We will not take these harsh punishments. This was the reason for cutting all of our ties with Britain. Who would think that after declaring independence from Britain, we'd have to declare independence from America. We are demanding protective legislation, the abolition of the court of common pleas, and a radical reduction of taxes. This must be done through a cooperative effort.

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My Family History

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Every year my family members usually come home together to have new year dinner. Especially last year, we celebrated for one family member (my brother) who just came to US from VN. Normally, after my fathers statement, everybody started eating, talking and giving to each other all the best wishes for new year. I sat at the corner of the table and looked at every single family face. I mutely thanked God for he has given us the strength to pass all the difficulties. I suddenly remembered the day we just came to the US. With a big family, we had a lot of things to support food, cloth, furniture, etc.. that is why we started to look for job right away. My father, the main worker in the family, found an assembly job but they paid him a little because he had no experience and he was old. Besides that, my brothers and I couldnt stay there and look. We also got some work to do even we didnt like the kind of work dish washer, toilet cleaner, waiter or whatever. At that time, work had a meaning like to survive for my family. And that word is attached with the hold life of my ancester, my father, my mother and myself.

My ancestors were the hardest workers. They were born in wartime. So they had to face with the death by guns and bullets everyday. They also had to work to support the needs in family. At that time, husbandry was the most popular work to do. They tried to reach their own land to plant but it wasnt easy as they thought. The war destroyed everything but it did not make my ancestor given up. However, for their family and their own surviving, they just kept planting and hoped for the next harvest. Their belief really helped them in work and also gave them the hope, the strength for their children in future.

Coming after my ancestor, my father was also the great worker. Since the day his children were born, he had to work harder to feed them. He could do any kind of work like dresser, waiter, wheelwright, cobbling. He usually told his children, to be a good person, you have to work and work hard. Even when we came to US, a luxurious place, he did not stop working. I usually talked to him that he was getting old, so he just stopped working and let my brothers and me support the family. But he disagreed because he wanted to model and let his children to follow that model. It was the great precept, which made me always proud of my father.

To imitate my father and to repay my moms kindness, I tried to be a hard worker and work hard as much as I could. At that time, I didnt have much experience and any chance to work in a good place, so I just tried to seek the normal works like waiter, dish washer, janitor, etc. Working in such a kind of place, I had to wake up so early in the morning. It was too cold and hard to get up at that time. Sometimes, I just wanted to stay home and sleep straight to noon but when I thought about my father, my mother and my family welfare, I got out of bed happily and went to work. My father usually told meIf you want to be a bigger person, you have to win yourself. Day after day, I got a little experience from friends, from work. Then I applied in a good company, which gave me a lot of benefits. Besides that, I decided to continue my education. And unbelievably, my study had been processing perfectly. Since then, I can imagine a good horizon waiting for me ahead.Cheap College Papers on My Family History

In conclusion, my family is a laborious working family. The reason we worked so hard was heading to a bette future. Now, I am working in a good place, and my family no longer faces as many problems, but I still remember how we passed all the difficulties, because that period is really an unforgettable page of my family history.

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Indeginous African theatre

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Indigenous West African Theatre Pre-colonial

African traditions of professional entertainment date back to ancient times. Storytelling, music, and dance have all played a central role in African culture, because they help preserve history and religious and social customs Traditional drama in Africa combines storytelling, songs, and dances with costumes, masks, mime, and drumming. Another important part of that tradition are traveling entertainers, including griots (poets) and singers who praise tribal leaders and other important figures. Playwrights today draw upon these traditions for dramatic material. Contemporary social issues or political events, such as the struggle for independence or tribal warfare, also supply themes and plots for plays. (I thought this would be good introduction for our section-both groups- I was thinking of doing it).

Presently the Drama in French West Africa has been fostered by French-language academies. In West Africa, theatre artists received their training in public schools and universities fashioned after European models. However various factors have been responsible for the indigenous Pre- colonial West Africa Theatre.

How indigenous West Africans came up with their play

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Class formation and social innovation were very much part of pre-colonial history and were reflected closely in the performing arts. The way in which pre-colonial African societies organized their labour to create the necessities of life was meditated in an initiating way by popular theatre. A good example of this is the Kote-tlon theatre of the Banama people in Mali.

· The Kote-tlon was a group of young Banama comedians. Their plays were based on showing how the system of the "age-grade association" was good for their community.

What was the "age-grade association"? Banama labour teams were organized through age-grade associations known as Ton and were not allowed to marry nor have total freedom until a certain age. The Ton was called Ngonson ton when it acted as a collective agricultural labour force or was used on public work projects initiated by the council of elders; the same group, under the age-set leadership, called Flamekew, operated as an entertainment society, known as Koteba ton, for the production of theatrical performances. These groups through acting showed their frustrations in those "age-grade associations".

The Kote-tlon portrayed through acting that if there were no "age-group association", the young men would in return become greedy, unfaithful morons. Such stereotypical problems would reduce the productivity of agricultural, which the community was very dependent on.

The labour exploitation system enforced ate marriages. This resulted in frustactions, which led to their themes of plays to have satire on sexual themes aimed at unfaithful wives, impotent old men and cuckold. This is a typical case of youth venting their sexual frustrations in an inhibited manner.

· A good example of a pre-colonial masquerade, which developed a sophisticated system of satiring caricature, was the Okumpa drama of the Afikpo from Nigeria Cross-river region.

The Okumpa masquerades, like those of Banama, were very related to all-male ancestral cults, controlled by the elders in the Afikapo society. It was particularly the wealthy, titled male elders who displayed their influence over the Okumpa by acting as patrons, for the plays, either through direct support to the performing troupes or by "dashing" the actors during arrangements for the plays. To start with, the timing of the performances (in the dry season after the harvest) was one of the economic adjustments, when prominent farmers wished to show their wealth.

The satires referred to general targets, especially members of alien groups such as Muslims. More often, however they referred to specific individuals in the society. There were two favourites groups of targets women who intruded on the all male privacy of the cult and greedy, selfish or ineffective elders. The stereotypes were backed up by stylising masking, costume and props.

· Another focus of pre-colonial conflict, which performing arts helped to meditate, was that of tension between the chief's desire for centralized control and commoner's tendencies to cut themselves off from the royal palace.

Such tension can be seen in the early nineteenth-century state of Benin, where the conflict between the "pure" metropolitan Bini people, loyal to the Autocratic Oba and peripheral Ekpo community of ex-salves was expressed in the performing arts. The rituals of the Bini people centred on the semi-divine Oba who controlled the judiciary, the system of tribute, patronage and the granting of title; the theatrical elements at court constantly reintegrated the Bini people into that power nexus.

Special Effects

Masks in Africa have been part of the early theatrical traditions of both East and West. Masks helped enlarge the actors features for visibility at great distances, and they express basic emotions, such as grief, anger, horror, sadness, or pity. They helped create an altogether different presence for the actor wearing the mask. That presence can be stately, heroic, awesome, or mysterious.

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Please note that this sample paper on Indeginous African theatre is for your review only. In order to eliminate any of the plagiarism issues, it is highly recommended that you do not use it for you own writing purposes. In case you experience difficulties with writing a well structured and accurately composed paper on Indeginous African theatre, we are here to assist you. Your cheap custom college paper on Indeginous African theatre will be written from scratch, so you do not have to worry about its originality.

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